According to the official results, the 1929 presidential elections were won by Pascual Ortiz Rubio, who received 93.6% of the vote.[1] The opposition candidate José Vasconcelos refused to recognize the official results, claiming that a massive electoral fraud had taken place, and proclaimed his "Plan de Guaymas", urging the Mexican people to rebel against the alleged fraud. He was subsequently jailed, and after being released he moved to the United States.
Many modern analysts, such as Enrique Krauze, have arrived at the conclusion that the 1929 elections were indeed rigged and Ortiz Rubio probably lost the election. In subsequent decades, the National Revolutionary Party, later renamed Institutional Revolutionary Party, continued resorting to electoral fraud to perpetuate itself in power.[2][3][4]