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Guepinia

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Guepinia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Auriculariales
Family:
incertae sedis or
Exidiaceae[1]
Genus:
Guepinia

Species:
G. helvelloides
Binomial name
Guepinia helvelloides
(DC.) Fr.
Synonyms[2]

Guepinia rufa (Jacq.) Beck
Gyrocephalus helvelloides (DC.) Keissl.
Gyrocephalus rufus (Jacq.) Bref.
Phlogiotis helvelloides (DC.) G.W. Martin
Phlogiotis rufa (Jacq.) Quél.
Tremella helvelloides DC.
Tremella rufa Jacq.
Tremiscus helvelloides (DC.) Donk

Guepinia is a genus of fungus in the Auriculariales order. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Guepinia helvelloides, commonly known as the apricot jelly. The fungus produces salmon-pink, ear-shaped, gelatinous fruit bodies that grow solitarily or in small tufted groups on soil, usually associated with buried rotting wood. The fruit bodies are 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) tall and up to 17 cm (6.7 in) wide; the stalks are not well-differentiated from the cap. The fungus, although rubbery, is edible, and may be eaten raw with salads, pickled, or candied. It has a white spore deposit, and the oblong to ellipsoid spores measure 9–11 by 5–6 micrometers. The fungus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, and has also been collected from South America.

Taxonomy

The species was first described and illustrated as Tremella rufa by Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1778. Elias Magnus Fries later (1828) called it Guepinia helvelloides in his Elenchus Fungorum,[3] based on Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's Tremella helvelloides,[4] both being names he sanctioned.[5] This has made Tremella rufa and all names based on it unavailable for use, as they are conserved. Later, Lucien Quélet erected a separate monotypic genus Phlogiotis for Jacquin's species, whereas Julius Oscar Brefeld placed it (as Gyrocephalus rufa) in Persoon's small genus Gyrocephalus (rejected name for Gyromitra). The proper name for the fungus was debated for some time, as the name Guepinia is a homonym (pointed out by Fries in 1828), because it had been used by Toussaint Bastard in 1812 for a genus of flowering plants in the Cruciferae family.[6] To further complicate matters, the generic name Teesdalia, originally considered to have priority over the name Guepinia for the plant genus, was later determined to have been validly published after Guepinia, rendering Teesdalia an illegitimate name.[7] In 1982, changes in the International Code for Botanical Nomenclature gave protected status to all names adopted by Fries in the Elenchus Fungorum, and established Guepinia as the correct genus name.[8]

Guepinia is variously classified in the Auriculariales order, with uncertain familial position (incertae sedis),[9] or as part of the Exidiaceae family.[1][10]

The genus is named after French mycologist Jean-Pierre Guépin (1779–1858).[11] The mushroom is commonly known as the "red jelly fungus", or "apricot jelly".[12]

Description

In Germany

The fruit bodies of Guepinia helvelloides grow singly or in small clumps. Although they can appear to be growing in the soil, their mycelium lives in buried wood. They are 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) tall and 3–17 cm (1.2–6.7 in) wide, spoon- or tongue-shaped, and twisted like a cornet or horn so that they look like a slender funnel, cut out on one side and often with a wavy margin. The fruit bodies are flexible, 2–3.5 mm (0.08–0.14 in) thick, and smooth on the outer side which they are usually attenuated on the underside into a cylindrical or depressed stem that is up to 5 cm (2.0 in) high and about 1.5 cm (0.6 in) thick. The stem is normally covered with a white tomentum at the base. The upper side (inside) of the fruit body is usually quite sterile or with a few isolated basidia and is slightly verrucose as a result of the densely crowded protruding ends of the hyphae. The sterile and fertile surfaces of the fruit body are almost the same color, transparent reddish-orange to flesh pink or flesh orange, at other times more purplish-red. The fruit bodies usually develop a slightly brownish tinge when they are old. The underside is usually slightly more vividly colored than the upper side. The flesh is gelatinous, softly so in the upper part of the fruit body and with a more cartilage-like consistency in the stem. It has a nondescript odor, and a watery, insignificant taste.[13]

The hymenium is developed on the under (outer) side of the fruit body. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) consist of a globular part (the hypobasidia) to which inflated or elongated epibasidia are attached. In Guepinia, the hypobasidia are egg-shaped to ellipsoid, measuring 12–16 by 9–12 μm, and attached to fibril-like epibasidia that are 20–45 by 3–4 μm. The spore deposit is white, while the spores are 9–11 by 5–6 μm, hyaline (translucent), cylindrical to elongated ellipsoid in shape, and have a large oil drop.[13]

Edibility

Guepinia helvelloides is an edible, but bland, fungus.[12] Older specimens are usually tough and indigestible.[14] It can be used raw in salads, for pickling in vinegar and also for preserving in sugar like candied fruit.[15] One source reports using it to prepare a wine by fermenting with wine yeast.[13]

Similar species

The red chanterelle (Cantharellus cinnabarinus) has gills on the undersurface.

Guepinia helvelloides has a rather unusual appearance, and is not likely to be mistaken for other fungi. However, the red chanterelle species Cantharellus cinnabarinus is superficially similar; unlike G. helvelloides, however, it does not have a rubbery and gelatinous texture, and its undersurface is wrinkled, not smooth.[14]

Habitat and distribution

Guepinia helvelloides is saprobic,[16] deriving nutrients by breaking down organic matter. The fruit bodies of G. helveloides typically grow solitarily or in small tufts on soil, usually in association with buried rotting wood. Although the fruit bodies sometimes appear in the spring, they are more commonly found in the summer and autumn months.[17] In North America, it is associated with coniferous forests.[18] It is also found throughout temperate North America,[14] from Canada to Mexico. Europe,[19] Iran,[20] and Turkey.[21] It is also known from Brazil and Puerto Rico.[22] The fungus has also been collected from the Qinling region of China.[23]

References

  1. ^ a b Cannon PF, Kirk PM (2007). Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford: CABI. pp. 194–95. ISBN 0-85199-827-5. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  2. ^ "Species Fungorum - Species synonymy". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  3. ^ Fries EM. (1828). Elenchus Fungorum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Mauritius. p. 31. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
  4. ^ Lamarck J-B, de Candolle AP (1815). Flore française, ou, Descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France: disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse, et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Desray. p. 93. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  5. ^ "Tremella helvelloides DC. 1805". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  6. ^ Martin GW. (1936). "The application of the generic name Guepinia". American Journal of Botany. 23 (9): 627–29. doi:10.2307/2436152. JSTOR 2436152.
  7. ^ Greuter W, Raus T. "Med-Checklist Notulae, 11". Willdenowia. 15 (1): 61–84. JSTOR 3996542.
  8. ^ Demoulin V, Hawksworth DL, Korf RP, Pouzar Z (1981). "A solution to the starting point problem in the nomenclature of fungi". Taxon. 30 (1): 52–63. doi:10.2307/1219390. JSTOR 1219390.
  9. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  10. ^ "Guepinia Fr. 1825". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  11. ^ Donk MA. "The generic names proposed for Hymenomycetes VIII: Auriculariaceae, Septobasidiaceae, Tremellaceae, Dacrymycetaceae (continued)". Taxon. 7 (7): 193–207. doi:10.2307/1216401. JSTOR 1216401.
  12. ^ a b Bessette A, Bessette AR, Fischer DW (1997). Mushrooms of Northeastern North America. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-8156-0388-7. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  13. ^ a b c Pilat Á, Ušák O (1961). Mushrooms and other Fungi. London: Peter Nevill. p. 158b.
  14. ^ a b c McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 66. ISBN 0-395-91090-0. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  15. ^ Orr TS, Orr DB (1968). Mushrooms and other common fungi of the San Francisco Bay Region. University of California Press. p. 59. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  16. ^ Kuo M. "Phlogiotis helvelloides". Mushroom Expert.com. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  17. ^ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 672. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
  18. ^ Guzmán G. "Some distributional relationships between Mexican and United States mycofloras". Mycologia. 65 (6): 1319–30. doi:10.2307/3758146. JSTOR 3758146. PMID 4773309.
  19. ^ Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 372. ISBN 0-7112-2378-5. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  20. ^ Saber M. "Tremiscus helvelloides, a new record for Iran". Bīmārīhā-yi giyāhī (Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology). 33 (3–4): 74–75. ISSN 0006-2774.
  21. ^ Turkoglu A, Kask G, Ozturk C, Dogan HH (2007). "New records for the macrofungi of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Botany. 31 (5): 471–75.
  22. ^ Lowy B. (1871). "Tremellales". Flora Neotropica. 6: 1–153. JSTOR 4393669.
  23. ^ Shen Q, Chen W, Yan Z, Xie Z (2009). "Potential pharmaceutical resources of the Qinling Mountain in central China: medicinal fungi". Frontiers of Biology in China. 4 (1): 89–93. doi:10.1007/s11515-008-0089-8.

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