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Tepoztlán

Coordinates: 18°59′07″N 99°05′59″W / 18.98528°N 99.09972°W / 18.98528; -99.09972
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Not to be confused with Tepotzotlán.
Ex-convent of Dominico de la Natividad, a World Heritage Site.

Tepoztlán (Spanish: [tepos'tlan] ⓘ) is a town in the Mexican state of Morelos. It is located at 18°59′07″N 99°05′59″W / 18.98528°N 99.09972°W / 18.98528; -99.09972 in the heart of the Tepoztlán Valley. The town serves as the seat of government for the municipality of the same name. The town had a population of 14,130 inhabitants, while the municipality reported 41,629 inhabitants in the 2010 national census.[1]

The town is a popular tourist destination near Mexico City. The town is famous for the remains of El Tepozteco temple built on top of the nearby Tepozteco Mountain, as well as for the exotic ice cream flavors prepared by the townspeople.[2]

Tepoztlán was named a "Pueblo Mágico" in 2002 but its title was removed in 2009 for failure to maintain the requirements. In 2010 Tepoztlán addressed these problems and recovered the Pueblo Mágico title.[3] This title is granted by the Ministry of Tourism of Mexico, recognizing those who inhabit these cities and the work they develop daily to protect and save the cultural wealth.

Etymology

Tepoztlán is derived from Nahuatl and means "place of abundant copper" or "place of the broken rocks."[4] This is derived from the words tepoz-tli (copper) and tlan ("place of/place of abundance").[5][6]

Climate

The climate around the Tepoztlán Sierra (where el Tepozteco is located) shows temperate as well as some subtropical variations. The rainy season starts during the summer and ends at the beginning of autumn. Precipitation reaches 1000 mm/yr in the Tepoztlán Valley and up to 1200 mm/yr in the mountains.

Economy

Agriculture specially growing of maize, chili and tomatoes, livestock growing. Traditional pottery and handicrafts (for which there is a lively weekend market or tianguis).

Tourism: Nowadays Tepoztlán gets its most important income through tourism. People visit the town for its authentic traditional environment, along with the pyramid and several communities with ecological or progressive thinking.

Real estate: The legal system that regulates possession of land in Tepoztlán is communal. Under that legal framework, land in Tepoztlán cannot be purchased. In case of problems, neither financial nor judicial institutions can support ownership claims. [7]

Meztitla Scout Camp School is owned by the Asociación de Scouts de México, A.C., located near Tepozteco mountain. Meztitla is the National Scout Camp School. Although Meztitla is frequented by Scouts of Mexico and from around the world, it is also open to the general public.[8]

History

Mural made from seeds at the church gate

According to myth, Amatlán, in the municipality of Tepoztlan is the birthplace of Ce Acatl, later known as Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl, and who may be the possible historical basis of the Mesoamerican god Quetzalcoatl over 1200 years ago, the feathered serpent god widely worshipped in ancient Mexico.[9] (see also Legends from Tepoztlan (English))

It has not yet been possible to determine who first inhabited the area. The earliest findings of pottery and other ceramic utensils date back to approximately 1500 BCE.

At the top of a hill, there is a small pyramid devoted to Ometochtli-Tepoztēcatl, the supposed inventor of pulque, a beer-like drink made from the maguey plant. The pyramid, called El Tepozteco, dates from the Post-Classic Period (900–1521 CE) and has inscriptions dating from 1452 and 1502.

During the Spanish Conquest (1521), Hernán Cortés is said to have ordered the town razed after the refusal of the town leaders to meet him. This event was chronicled by Bernal Díaz del Castillo in The Conquest of New Spain. The monastery was built by the Dominicans between 1555–1580,[10] and in 1993 was declared Patrimonio de la Humanidad by the UNESCO.

Surrealist painter Wolfgang Paalen lived and worked in Tepoztlàn during his last Mexican period (1954–59)[citation needed].

Indie musician Conor Oberst recorded his self-titled album in the city in 2008.[11]

The hiking trail the Sierra de Tepoztlan to the pyramid was closed temporally after the 2017 Puebla earthquake.[12] 203 homes were destroyed and 744 were damaged in the municipality.[13]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, Tepoztlan blocked the entrances to the community.[14] As of April 27, 2020, two cases were reported in Tepoztlán. Schools and many businesses were closed from mid March until June 1.[15] On July 2, Tepoztlán reported five infections but no deaths from the virus; the reopening of the state was pushed back until at least June 13.[16]

A fire that burned 60 hectares (150 acres) of forest from May 19 to 22, 2020, was allegedly provoked by a 25-year-old woman as a stunt to get on TikTok. The fire threatened not only the forest but also the town of Santo Domingo Ostopulco [sic]. She could be sentenced to ten years of prison.[17] The Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente (Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection, PROFEPA) says it will seek financial and penal compensation.[18]

The Legend of Tepozteco

There are several versions of the story of Tepozteco.[19]One that describes a man by the last name of Tepoztón who is born to a laundress and ends up working in Tenochtitlan, Mexico where he is converted to Catholicism. As a form of payment for some work he did helping to hang a bell at one of the Catholic churches, he receives 3 boxes and is instructed not to open them. However, his curiosity wins and he opens the boxes. Opening the boxes let out the birds that were inside which acted as a symbol of the riches and wellbeing of the people.

Another version of the story refers to Tepozteco as a person who was baptized and introduced to the Catholic Church on September 8, 1532 in the Axitla River, at the base of the mountain where a statue of Ometochtli was found. A young 22-year-old missionary named Fray Domingo de la anunciación, baptized Tepozteco after having thrown the idol, worshiped by pilgrims from Chiapas and Guatemala, off a cliff.

Four important gentlemen from surrounding areas[20]: Yautepec, Oaxtepec, Tlayacapan, and Cuauhnahuac, accuse Tepozteco of having betrayed their gods and they challenge him. He defeats them and with the strength of his speech, convinces them of all the goodness of the new religion.

Of this legend, let's point out that one of the four natural elements is spoken of; the air, which is attributed with thinking or reasoning. We see that this characteristic is brought up when Tepoztecatl, comes out on top of every difficult situation that he faces. Reasonably, he boasts that he is son of Quetzalcoatl[21], "God of the Wind," which allows him to be protected by him at every moment.

The municipality

The municipality is one of 17 municipalities that border Mexico City. It borders the Milpa Alta borough at the south side of the capital city. Rogelio Torres Ortega of Juntos Haremos Historia (Together we will make history coalition) was elected Presidente Municipal (mayor) in the election of July 1, 2018.[22]

Towns and villages

The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:[23]

Name 2010 Census Population
Tepoztlán 14,130
Santa Catarina 4,521
Unidad Habitacional Rinconada Acolapa 3,205
Loma Bonita 2,332
San Juan Tlacotenco 1,890
Santo Domingo Ocotitlán 1,541
Tetecolala 1,449
San Andrés de la Cal 1,383
Colonia Obrera 1,316
Colonia Ángel Bocanegra (Adolfo López Mateos) 1,235
Amatlán de Quetzalcóatl 1,029
Santiago Tepetlapa 847
Total Municipality 41,629

Attractions & Festivals

  • Carnaval in Tepoztlan is the largest in Morelos. It takes place for three days before Ash Wednesday.
  • September 8. Fiestas to honor Tepozteco and Virgin of the Nativity in Tepoztlan.
  • Tepoztlan market. On Sundays, the market offers a wide variety of handicrafts. Delicious local cuisine is available at the market.
  • San Juan Tlacotenco is located at an altitude of 2,350 meters above sea level, 5 kilometers north of Tepoztlan, with exuberant forests within the Chichinahutzin Biological Corridor and the Tepozteco National Park (est. 1937). The foundation of the town dates from around 1100 AD, by the arrival of the Nahuatl-speaking immigrants. San Juan was the stop on the Mexico City-Cuernavaca rail line, from 1897 to 1997, that is closest to Tepoztlan. In 1993 archaeological pieces dating from 1028 CE were found in a nearby hill called Chimalacatepetl; these are located in a small museum that opened in 1995. The feast of St. John is celebrated on June 24.[24] Spelunkers will enjoy exploring the Cueva del Diablo (Devil's Cave), Cueva del Ferrocarril (Railroad Cave), and other caves in the area.[25]
  • Santa Catalina is west of Tepoztlan. The church, dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria, has a delicately-decorated bell tower of two levels. St. Catherine's feast day is November 24.[26][27]
  • Amatlán is east of Tepoztlán. The mythical birthplace of the god Quetzálcoatl is located by an exuberant waterfall a short hike out of town.[28] Amatlán has two festivals during the year: May 29 in honor of Quetzalcoatl, and June 22 for the Feast of Santa Magdalena.[29]
  • Museo Carlos Pellicer located behind the monastery, is an archaeological museum that opened in 1965.[30]
  • Meztitla Scout Camp School is a campground/school owned and operated since 1956 by the Asociación de Scouts de México, Asociación Civil. The name means, Place near the moon; besides hosting activities for Scouts from around the world, it is open to the general public for hiking, camping, and rappel. It is located in Santo Domingo Ocuitco, west of Tepoztlan.[31]
  • Camohmila is a campground run by the YMCA since 1937. It is located west of Tepoztlan by the Río Atongo, and the name means, Place where sweet potatoes (camotes) grow.[32]

Pyramid of Tepozteco

The archaeological site of El Tepozteco is centered on the 13th-century temple dedicated to Tepoztēcatl, god of pulque. The sanctuary is located at 2,310 meters above sea level (7,579 feet) while the main plaza of Tepoztlán is at 1,715 m (5,627 ft).[33] A rustic trail leads up to the sanctuary, climbing 595 m (1,952 ft) along 2 km (1 1/4 miles) of length.[34] Due to the steep climb and rough terrain, people take anywhere from 20 minutes to three hours to make the journey.[33][35]

From the summit there are views of the town of Tepoztlan and the Valley of Cuernavaca.[33] As the national park is located within the Chichinautzin Biological Corridor there is plenty of rich flora and fauna.[36]

Museo Ex Convento de Tepoztlán (Museo de la Natividad)

The Tepoztlán Ex Convento Museum was built by the Tepoztecan Indians under the orders of the Dominican friars between 1555 and 1580, dedicated to the Virgin of the Nativity. In 1993, INAH created a restoration project and in 1994 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. This site is the parish of the Nativity and the Museum and Historical Documentation Center of Tepoztlán.[37]

This monastery consists of a large atrium that has served as a cemetery and park. There are four capillas posas in each of the corners, although only the ones on the north side are well-preserved. The capillas posas were invented in Nueva España for the instruction of large crowds of Indigenous, and their use later spread to Guatemala, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.[38] The convent was built with carved stones joined with lime mortar, sand, and vegetable binders. Although the construction of the convent seems simple, it is graced by different paintings on the interior walls. On the front (main entrance) is the Virgin of the Rosary, who is accompanied by saints, angels, and cherubs. Emblematic shields and the inevitable dog with the torch flaunt their Dominican presence. The museum located on the top floor of the Exconvento was inaugurated on November 26, 2000.

The walls of the church are high, supported by buttresses; these were probably added because of fears that earthquakes might otherwise damage the building. The towers are not part of the original construction but were added later; the north tower was damaged in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake.[39] Despite large windows, the interior of the church is dark and the only architecturally significant piece besides the ceiling is a stone door with the shield of the Dominicans that leads to the abbey. There was doubtlessly a wooden altarpiece originally, but that has disappeared. The only paintings are of Our Lady of Guadalupe and an 18th-century anonymous painting of Calvary.

On the right side there is an altar with a sculpture of Christ, another of the Our Lady of Sorrows with four young girls dressed in black, and St. Dimas (the Good Thief). There is also a 20th-century Sacred Heart of Jesus; the original was destroyed during the Mexican Revolution.[40]

The abbey was built on the north side of the building; there are wall that are four meters thick. Behind the abbey is the magnificent scenery of Tepoztlan; Manuel Toussaint called it "the perfect adaptation of a building with scenery, the unity of artistic conception with the environment."[41]

On the lower level there is the entry to the Sacristy, the Sala Capitular (archives), entrance to the garden, Sala De Profundis (meditation room), Refractory with a stone sink, kitchen, and storerooms. Upstairs there are ten cells for the monks, each with a window with a view. The bells are dated "Enero 20 831" (sic), 1810, and 1830. The largest is inscribed, "Me llamo María de la Natividad. Mi primer nacimiento fel el año 1688 siendo Gbdor D. Bernadino Rojas. Mi segundo Nacimiento fue el año 1860. Fui bendecida por el Br. Fpe., González. Camilus Alviarensis me fecit." This bell is decorated with scorpions and lizards, which abound in the region.[42]

The complex provides guided tours and a research library.[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Informe Anual Sobre La Situación de Pobreza y Rezago Social, Tepozatlan, Morelos" [Annual Report on the Situation of Poverty and Social Recession, Tepoztlan, Morelos] (PDF) (in Spanish). SEDESOL. 2010. Retrieved Dec 25, 2018.
  2. ^ "Disfruta de una deliciosa y refrescante nieve en Tepoztlán, Morelos" [Enjoy delicious and refreshing ice cream in Tepoztlan, Morelos] (in Spanish). Pueblos de Mexico Magicos. Retrieved Dec 25, 2018.
  3. ^ "Tepoztlan, Pueblo Magico" [Tepoztlan, Magic Town] (in Spanish). Fundacion UNAM. 17 July 2014. Retrieved Dec 25, 2018.
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ [2]
  6. ^ "Some Mexican Place Names in Nahuatl". Azteca.net. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  7. ^ "Despojo de terreno en Tepoztlán; autoridades hacen caso omiso: De Kuri en MVS - Aristegui Noticias" [Authorities ignore dispossession in Tepoztlán]. Aristeguinoticias.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  8. ^ "Centro Scout Meztitla" [Meztitla Scout Center] (in Spanish). Scouts de Mexico. Retrieved Jan 21, 2019.
  9. ^ Noble, John (2000), Mexico City, Oakland, California: Lonely Planet, ISBN 1-86450-087-5
  10. ^ "Museo Ex Convento de Tepoztlán (Museo de la Natividad)" [Museum of the ex-monastery of Tepoztlan (Museum of the Nativity)] (in Spanish). 10 Jan 2019. Retrieved Jan 21, 2019.
  11. ^ "Conor Oberst, by Conor Oberst". Conor Oberst. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  12. ^ "Magic towns, crippled after earthquakes". El Universal (in Spanish). 2 October 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  13. ^ García-Carrera, Jesús Salvador; Mena-Hernández, Ulises; Bermúdez-Alarcón, Francisco Javier (1 March 2018). "El terremoto 19S en Morelos: la experiencia operativa del INEEL en la evaluación del riesgo estructural". Salud Pública de México (in Spanish). pp. 65–82. doi:10.21149/9408. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  14. ^ "Ahora colocan retenes en Tlaquiltenango – Nodo Noticias" [Now they put blockades in Tlaquiltenango] (in Spanish). Retrieved Apr 23, 2020.
  15. ^ Redacción, La. "Situación actual del coronavirus Covid-19 en Morelos" [Present situation of coronavirus COVID-19 in Morelos]. www.launion.com.mx (in European Spanish). Retrieved Apr 29, 2020.
  16. ^ "Coronavirus en Morelos | Diario de Morelos". www.diariodemorelos.com (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  17. ^ "Darían hasta 10 años de cárcel a chica del Tik Tok que provocó el incendio en Tepoztlán". ActitudFem (in Spanish). 28 May 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  18. ^ "Impondrían multa de 2.6 mdp a joven de TikTok por incendio en Tepoztlán". Excélsior (in Spanish). 3 June 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  19. ^ Vargas-Betancourt, Margarita (October 7, 2004). "Legend of the Tepozteco: Mesoamerica and Catholic Mythology" (PDF). Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  20. ^ Rosas, María (1997). Tepoztlán: crónica de desacatos y resistencia. La ciudad de méxico. ISBN 968-411-415-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ Cartwright, Mark (August 1, 2013). "Quetzalcoatl". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  22. ^ http://impepac.mx/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Candidatos-electos-2018.pdf Retrieved Dec 14, 2018
  23. ^ 2010 census tables: INEGI Archived 2013-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "Antecedentes Históricos de la Comunidad Indígena de San Juan Tlacotenco" [Historical background of the Indigenous community of San Juan Tlacotenco] (in Spanish). Tlatcotenco-Ecoturismo. Retrieved Dec 25, 2018.
  25. ^ "Explorando las cuevas del volcán Suchiooc". México Desconocido (in Spanish). 3 September 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  26. ^ "Santa Catalina de Alejandria, custodiada por mujeres tepoztecas" [St. Catherine of Alexandria, guarded by Tepozteca women]. 22 Nov 2018. Retrieved Dec 25, 2018.
  27. ^ Ríos Szalay, Adalberto. El Estado de Morelos, Reprocciones Fotomecánicas, Mexico (1997), p. 81.
  28. ^ Ríos Szalzy, p. 87
  29. ^ "Amatlán de Quetzalcóatl en Morelos, el pintoresco pueblo bajo el Tepozteco" [Amatlán de Quetzalcóatl in Morelos, the picturesque village under the Tepozteco] (in Spanish). City Express. Retrieved Dec 25, 2018.
  30. ^ Museo Carlos Pellicer de Tepoztlán accessed May 9, 2020
  31. ^ http://www.scoutsmexico.org/meztitla/index.html accessed Dec 25, 2018
  32. ^ "Campamento Camohmila" [Camohmila Campground] (in Spanish). YMCA Mexico. Retrieved Dec 25, 2018.
  33. ^ a b c https://inah.gob.mx/zonas/127-zona-arqueologica-tepozteco accessed Dec 25, 2018
  34. ^ "Zona Arqueológica Tepozteco". www.inah.gob.mx. 13 Feb 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  35. ^ "El Cerro del Tepozteco: lo que debes saber antes de ir". Tips Para Tu Viaje (in Spanish). 16 October 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  36. ^ "El Cerro del Tepozteco". México Desconocido (in Spanish). 8 February 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  37. ^ https://www.inah.gob.mx/red-de-museos/248-museo-ex-convento-de-tepoztlan-museo-de-la-natividad accessed Dec 25, 2018
  38. ^ Gallo S., Joaquín. Tepoztlan: Personajes, Descripciones y Sucedidos. Talleres Gráficos de Cultura, Mexico. (2nd edition, 1990) p 58
  39. ^ Gallo S., p. 61
  40. ^ Gallo S., pp. 62-63
  41. ^ Gallo S., p. 64
  42. ^ Gallo S., pp. 65-66
  43. ^ "Museo Ex Convento de Tepoztlán (Museo de la Natividad)". www.inah.gob.mx. Retrieved May 9, 2020.

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