Melia azedarach

Melia azedarach
	Leaves, flowers, and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Meliaceae
Genus:	Melia
Species:	M. azedarach
Binomial name
	Melia azedarach; L.
Synonyms
	Azedara speciosa Raf. ; Azedarach commelinii Medik. ; Azedarach deleteria Medik. ; Azedarach fraxinifolia Moench ; Azedarach odoratum Noronha ; Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze ; Azedarach sempervirens var. glabrior (C.DC.) Kuntze ; Azedarach sempervirens f. incisodentata Kuntze ; Azedarach sempervirens f. longifoliola Kuntze ; Azedarach sempervirens f. subdentata Kuntze ; Melia azedarach var. intermedia (Makino) Makino ; Melia azedarach var. subtripinnata Miq. ; Melia azedarach var. toosendan (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino; Melia bukayun Royle ; Melia cochinchinensis M.Roem. ; Melia commelini Medik. ex Steud. ; Melia composita Benth. ; Melia florida Salisb. ; Melia guineensis G.Don ; Melia japonica G.Don ; Melia japonica var. semperflorens Makino ; Melia orientalis M.Roem. ; Melia sambucina Blume ; Melia sempervirens Sw. ; Melia toosendan Siebold & Zucc. ;

Melia azedarach, commonly known as the chinaberry tree,^[3] Pride of India,^[4] bead-tree, Cape lilac,^[3] syringa berrytree,^[3] Persian lilac,^[3] Indian lilac, or white cedar,^[5] is a species of deciduous tree in the mahogany family, Meliaceae, that is native to Indomalaya and Australasia.^[6]

This tree's fruit is poisonous to humans. Once the fruit is ingested in quantity (so a few to many of this tree's berries) depending on its toxicity the person eating it may die after about 24 hours of ingesting the fruits. "The flowers are followed by yellow clusters of fruit which are poisonous if eaten by humans and animals although many birds seem partial to them and are not affected. Its flowers are a respiratory irritant and its leaves, bark, flowers and sometimes fruit are poisonous."^[7]

Description

The fully grown tree has a rounded crown, and commonly measures 7–12 metres (20–40 ft) tall, however in exceptional circumstances M. azedarach can attain a height of 45 metres (150 ft).^[8]

The leaves are up to 50 centimetres (20 in) long, alternate, long-petioled, two or three times compound (odd-pinnate); the leaflets are dark green above and lighter green below, with serrate margins.

The flowers are small and fragrant, with five pale purple or lilac petals, growing in clusters.

The fruit is a drupe, marble-sized, light yellow at maturity, hanging on the tree all winter, and gradually becoming wrinkled and almost white.

As the stem ages and grows, changes occur that transform its surface into bark (see image).

Nomenclature and etymology

The genus name Melia is derived from μελία (melía), the Greek word used by Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287 BC) for Fraxinus ornus,^[9]^[10] which has similar leaves.^[11] The species azedarach is from the French 'azédarac' which in turn is from the Persian 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت ) meaning 'free- or noble tree'.^[12]^{[full citation needed]}

Melia azedarach should not be confused with the Azadirachta trees, which are in the same family, but a different genus.

Uses and ecology

The main utility of chinaberry is its timber. This is of medium density, and ranges in colour from light brown to dark red. In appearance it is readily confused with the unrelated Burmese teak (Tectona grandis). Melia azedarach – in keeping with other members of the family Meliaceae – has a timber of high quality, but as opposed to many almost-extinct species of mahogany, it is under-utilised. Seasoning is relatively simple, in that planks dry without cracking or warping and are resistant to fungal infection. The taste of the leaves is not as bitter as neem (Azadirachta indica).

The tough five-grooved seeds were widely used for making rosaries and other products requiring beads; however, the seeds were later replaced by plastics. The cut branches with mature fruit are sold commercially to the florist and landscaping trade particularly as a component for outdoor holiday décor. The fruits may persist for some time prior to shattering off the stem or discoloring, which occurs rapidly after a relatively short time in subfreezing weather.

Some hummingbirds like the sapphire-spangled emerald (Amazilia lactea), glittering-bellied emerald (Chlorostilbon lucidus) and planalto hermit (Phaethornis pretrei) have been recorded as feeding on and pollinating the flowers; these only take it opportunistically.^[13]

In Kenya the trees have been grown by farmers and used as fodder trees. The leaves can be fed to cattle to improve milk yields and improve farm incomes.^[14]

In Australia, particularly the suburbs of Melbourne, the tree is often used in nature strip plantings by local councils. The councils plant such trees for amenity reasons as well as environmental, social and economic benefits.^[15]

Toxicity

The fruits have evolved to be eaten by animals which eat the flesh surrounding the hard endocarp or ingest the entire fruit and later vent the endocarp. If the endocarp is crushed or damaged during ingestion or digestion, the animal will be exposed to the toxins within the seed. The processes of mastication and digestion, and the degree of immunity to the particular toxins, vary widely between species, and there will accordingly be a great variation in the clinical symptoms following ingestion.^[16]

Fruits are poisonous or narcotic to humans^[17] if eaten in quantity.^[18] However, like those of the yew tree, these toxins are not harmful to birds, who gorge themselves on the fruit, eventually reaching a "drunken" state. The birds that are able to eat the fruit spread the seeds in their droppings. The toxins are neurotoxins and unidentified resins, found mainly in the fruits. The first symptoms of poisoning appear a few hours after ingestion. They may include loss of appetite, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, bloody faeces, stomach pain, pulmonary congestion, cardiac arrest, rigidity, lack of coordination and general weakness. Death may take place after about 24 hours. Like in relatives, tetranortriterpenoids constitute an important toxic principle. These are chemically related to azadirachtin, the primary insecticidal compound in the commercially important neem oil. These compounds are probably related to the wood and seed's resistance to pest infestation, and maybe to the unattractiveness of the flowers to animals.^{[citation needed]}

Leaves have been used as a natural insecticide to keep with stored food, but must not be eaten as they are highly poisonous. Chinaberry fruit was used to prevent insect larvae from growing in the fruit. By placing the berries in drying apples (etc.) and keeping the fruit turned in the sun without damaging any of the chinaberry skin, the fruit will dry and not have insect larvae in the dried apples.^{[citation needed]}

A diluted infusion of leaves and trees has been used in the past to induce uterus relaxation.^{[citation needed]}

As invasive species

The plant was introduced around 1830 as an ornamental in the United States (South Carolina and Georgia) and widely planted in southern states. Today it is considered an invasive species by some groups as far north as Virginia and Oklahoma.^[19] But nurseries continue to sell the trees, and seeds are also widely available. It has become naturalized to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Americas and is planted in similar climates around the world. Besides the problem of toxicity, its usefulness as a shade tree in the United States is diminished by its tendency to sprout where unwanted and to turn sidewalks into dangerously slippery surfaces when the fruits fall, though this is not a problem where songbird populations are in good shape. As noted above, the possibility of commercially profitable harvesting of feral stands remains largely unexplored.

Gallery

Diagram of Melia azedarach (White Cedar) tree in a book
Melia azedarach leaf structure
Melia azedarach (White Cedar) tree in Australian backyard
Melia azedarach (Chinaberry Tree)
Melia azedarach (White Cedar) tree's fruits and flower
(White Cedar) Tree on a cloudy morning

Footnotes

^ Linnaeus, C. (1753)
^ "Melia azedarach L. — the Plant List".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Melia azedarach". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ Gil Nelson (1996). The Shrubs and Woody Vines of Florida – A Reference and Field Guide. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 213. ISBN 9781561641109.
^ "Melia azedarach". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Australian Government. 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
^ Mabberley, David J. (1984). "A Monograph of Melia in Asia and the Pacific: The history of White Cedar and Persian Lilac" (PDF). The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 37 (1): 49–64. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ "Factsheet - Melia azedarach (Melia)". keys.lucidcentral.org. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
^ Floyd, A.G., Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia, Inkata Press 1989, ISBN 0-909605-57-2
^ Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2010035283. OCLC 461974285.
^ Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 3 M-Q. CRC Press. p. 1650. ISBN 978-0-8493-2677-6.
^ Merriam-Webster
^ Baza Mendonça & dos Anjos (2005)
^ http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Forestry/DFID_impact_case_study_Fodder_trees_FINAL%5B1%5D.pdf
^ "Street and Park Tree Management Strategy". City of Kingston. City of Kingston. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
^ 'Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa' - John Mitchell Watt & Maria Gerdina Breyer-Brandwijk (E&S Livingstone, 1962)
^ Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 517. ISBN 0394507614.
^ Russell et al. (1997)
^ Langeland & Burks

References

Linnaeus, C[arolus] (1753): Species Plantarum 1: 384–385. Tropicos - Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Missouri.
Baza Mendonça, Luciana & dos Anjos, Luiz (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22(1): 51–59. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000100007 PDF fulltext.
Langeland, K.A. & Burks, K. Craddock (eds.) (2005): "Melia azedarach". In: Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas: 96–97. Version of 2005-SEP-05. PDF fulltext.
Russell, Alice B.; Hardin, James W. & Grand, Larry (1997): "Melia azedarach". In: Poisonous Plants of North Carolina. Retrieved 2008-JAN-26.

External links

Media related to Melia azedarach at Wikimedia Commons

Melia azederach (PDF)
SerTox: FAQ about toxic plants (in Spanish)
"Melia azedarach L". Atlas of Living Australia.
Melia azedarach in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

[1] Linnaeus, C. (1753)

[2] "Melia azedarach L. — the Plant List".

[GRIN-3] "Melia azedarach". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 December 2017.

[4] Gil Nelson (1996). The Shrubs and Woody Vines of Florida – A Reference and Field Guide. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 213. ISBN 9781561641109.

[5] "Melia azedarach". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Australian Government. 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2019.

[Mabberley1984-6] Mabberley, David J. (1984). "A Monograph of Melia in Asia and the Pacific: The history of White Cedar and Persian Lilac" (PDF). The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 37 (1): 49–64. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

[7] "Factsheet - Melia azedarach (Melia)". keys.lucidcentral.org. Retrieved 2020-01-11.

[8] Floyd, A.G., Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia, Inkata Press 1989, ISBN 0-909605-57-2

[9] Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2010035283. OCLC 461974285.

[10] Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved October 18, 2018.

[11] Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 3 M-Q. CRC Press. p. 1650. ISBN 978-0-8493-2677-6.

[12] Merriam-Webster

[13] Baza Mendonça & dos Anjos (2005)

[14] ttp://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Forestry/DFID_impact_case_study_Fodder_trees_FINAL%5B1%5D.pdf

[15] "Street and Park Tree Management Strategy". City of Kingston. City of Kingston. Retrieved 28 November 2019.

[16] 'Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa' - John Mitchell Watt & Maria Gerdina Breyer-Brandwijk (E&S Livingstone, 1962)

[17] Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 517. ISBN 0394507614.

[18] Russell et al. (1997)

[19] Langeland & Burks

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