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Erato of Armenia

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Queen Erato of the Artaxiad Dynasty

Erato also known as Queen Erato[1] (flourished second half of 1st century BC & first half of 1st century, died sometime after 12) was a princess of the Kingdom of Armenia and member of the Artaxiad Dynasty. She served as Roman client queen of Armenia from 10 BC until 2 BC with her brother-husband King Tigranes IV.[2] After living in political exile for a number of years, she co-ruled as Roman client queen of Armenia from 6 until 12 with the Herodian Prince Tigranes V, her distant paternal relative. As a queen of Armenia, she may be viewed as one of the last hereditary rulers of her nation.[3]

Origin of her name

Erato is a name of ancient Greek origins which means "desired" or "lovely". In Greek mythology, Erato was one of the Muses and the name derived from the same root as Eros the Greek God of love.

Family background and early life

Erato was the second child and the known daughter born to Tigranes III by an unnamed mother.[4] Her known sibling was her older paternal half-brother Tigranes IV, born to a previous unnamed wife of Tigranes III.[5] Erato was born and raised either in Rome, where her father lived in political exile for 10 years[6] from 30 BC until 20 BC, or during her father's kingship of Armenia from 20 BC until 10 BC.[7]

Co-rule with Tigranes IV: 10–2 BC

Her father, Tigranes III, died before 6 BC.[8] In 10 BC, the Armenians installed Tigranes IV as successor of Tigranes III.[9] In accordance with Oriental [10] or Hellenistic custom, Tigranes IV married Erato in order to preserve the purity of the Artaxiad Royal blood line. Erato became queen through marriage to her half-brother [11] and his queen consort.[12]

Erato was the second Seleucid Greek descendant to have ruled as an Armenian queen and an Armenian queen consort. The previous one was her paternal great-grandmother Cleopatra of Pontus, daughter of King Mithridates VI of Pontus from his first wife, his sister Laodice.[13] The first Seleucid Greek princess to have married a king of Armenia, thus becoming an Armenian queen and an Armenian queen consort, was her ancestor Antiochis, one of the sisters of King Antiochus III the Great.

At an unknown date between 10 BC and 2 BC, Erato bore Tigranes IV an unnamed daughter. Their daughter went later on to marry King Pharasmanes I of Iberia (1 AD-58), with whom she had three sons, Mithridates I of Iberia, Rhadamistus, and Amazaspus (Amazasp), who is known from a Greek inscription found in Rome.

Although Tigranes IV and Erato were Roman client monarchs governing Armenia, they were both anti-Roman and not the choices of Roman emperor Augustus[14] for the Armenian throne, as their dual rule lacked Roman approval and they leaned towards Parthia for support.[15]

Rome and Parthia competed with one another for their protégés to have influence and govern Armenia.[16] Sextus Rufus, Roman historian of the 4th century, informs us that anti-Roman sentiment was building in Armenia during the reign of Tigranes IV and Erato. Rufus also emphasizes that the kingdom of Armenia was very strong during this period.

The discontent of the ruling Artaxiad monarchs and their subjects towards Rome had instigated war with the help of King Phraates V of Parthia. To avoid a full-scale war with Rome, Phraates V soon ceased his support to the Armenian ruling monarchs. This led Tigranes IV and Erato to acknowledge Roman suzerainty[17] and send their good wishes and submission to Rome.[18] Augustus received their submission to Rome and good wishes, allowing them to remain in power.[19]

Sometime about 2 BC Tigranes IV was killed in battle,[20] perhaps ending an internal Armenian revolt[21] of those who were infuriated by the royal couple becoming allies to Rome. The war and the chaos that occurred afterwards, Erato abdicated her throne and ended her rule over Armenia.[22]

From the situation surrounding Tigranes IV and Erato, the Armenians requested to Augustus, a new Armenian King.[23] Augustus found and appointed Ariobarzanes of Media Atropatene as the new King of Armenia[24] in 2 BC. Ariobarzanes through his father was a distant relative of the Artaxiad Dynasty as he was a descendant of an unnamed Artaxiad Princess. She was a sister of King Artavasdes II of Armenia and married Ariobarzanes' paternal ancestor Mithridates, a previous ruling King of Media Atropatene.[25] Mithridates I had a son Ariobarzanes I of Media Atropatene. Ariobarzanes I had a son Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene. Artavasdes I has that son Ariobarzanes the new king of Armenia.

Political exile: 2 BC – 6 AD

After abdicating her throne, leaving behind the war and chaos in Armenia,[26] Erato had lived in political exile at an unknown location. Little is known of her during this period. Between 2 BC until 6, Armenia saw two Roman Client Kings Ariobarzanes who ruled from 2 BC until 4[27] and his son, Artavasdes III who ruled from 4 until 6.[28]

Co-rule from Tigranes V: 6–12 AD

In the year 6, Artavasdes III who served as King of Armenia was murdered by his subjects, as he was an unpopular ruler with the Armenians. As the Armenians grew weary of foreign Kings, Augustus revised his foreign policy and appointed the Herodian Prince Tigranes V as King of Armenia.[29] Tigranes V was related to Artaxiad Dynasty as his late maternal grandmother was an Armenian Princess who may have been the daughter of Artavasdes II of Armenia[30] and who possibly married King Archelaus of Cappadocia.

Tigranes V was accompanied by his maternal grandfather, Archelaus of Cappadocia and the future Roman emperor Tiberius to Armenia, where he was installed as King at Artaxata.[31] Artaxata became Tigranes V's capital. In 6, Tigranes V ruled Armenia as a sole ruler. Sometime into his reign, the Armenian nobles being unsatisfied with his reign rebelled against Tigranes V. The same Armenian nobles restored Erato back to the Armenian throne. Erato wanting to cooperate with Rome, co-ruled with Tigranes V. Her co-rule with Tigranes V is known and based from numismatic evidence.[32] Erato and Tigranes V co-ruled together in Artaxata. There is a possibility that Erato and Tigranes V may have married and she may have served as a Queen consort to Tigranes V.[33]

Little is known on Erato and Tigranes V co-ruling Armenia together. Erato and Tigranes V were overthrown under unknown circumstances in 12. Augustus kept Armenia as a client kingdom and appointed Vonones I of Parthia as King of Armenia.[34] The fate of Erato afterwards is unknown and Tigranes V may have remained living in Armenia.

Surviving evidence

The Roman Historians that mentions, discusses and informs us about Erato is Tacitus of the 1st and 2nd centuries, Cassius Dio of the 2nd and 3rd centuries and Sextus Rufus of the 4th century.

At the National Library in Paris, currently have an image of her that appears on an ancient coin. Coinage has survived from her rule with Tigranes IV that they both issued together. Tigranes IV and Erato share issued coins with the inscription in Greek Έρατω βασιλέως Τιγράνου άδελφή (Erato, sister of King Tigranes).[35] Other shared issued coinage of Tigranes IV and Erato, is a portrait of Tigranes IV heavily bearded with Erato with the Greek legend great king, Tigranes.[36] Coinage has also survived from Erato's co-rule with Tigranes V.[37]

References

  1. ^ Ehrlich, Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1, p.1111
  2. ^ Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, p.613
  3. ^ Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.199
  4. ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.73
  5. ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.73
  6. ^ Naroll, Military Deterrence in History: A Pilot Cross-Historical Survey, p.161
  7. ^ Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, p.613
  8. ^ Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.114
  9. ^ Sayles, Ancient Coin Collecting IV: Roman Provincial Coins, p.62
  10. ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.73
  11. ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.73
  12. ^ Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.130
  13. ^ Mayor, The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome’s deadliest enemy p.p.114 & 138
  14. ^ Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.p.199-200
  15. ^ Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period under Darius and Xerxes had much narrower boundaries than the future Armenia of the Artaxiads and the Arsacids. Armenia and Iran, ii. The Pre-Islamic Period: 3. The Artaxiad dynasty b. Tigranes the Great
  16. ^ Ehrlich, Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1, p.1111
  17. ^ Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period under Darius and Xerxes had much narrower boundaries than the future Armenia of the Artaxiads and the Arsacids. Armenia and Iran, ii. The Pre-Islamic Period: 3. The Artaxiad dynasty b. Tigranes the Great
  18. ^ Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.200
  19. ^ Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.200
  20. ^ Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.36
  21. ^ Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.p.128-129
  22. ^ Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.128
  23. ^ Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.36
  24. ^ Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.36
  25. ^ Cassius Dio, 36.14
  26. ^ Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.36
  27. ^ Ptolemaic Genealogy: Affiliated Lines, Descendant Lines Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Ptolemaic Genealogy: Affiliated Lines, Descendant Lines Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p.1164
  30. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History 49.39.2
  31. ^ Syme, Anatolica: studies in Strabo, p.323
  32. ^ Hovannisian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, p.62
  33. ^ Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.p.120 & 130
  34. ^ Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p.1160
  35. ^ Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.120
  36. ^ Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.129
  37. ^ Hovannisian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, p.62

Sources

  • R. Naroll, V.L. Bullough & F. Naroll, Military Deterrence in History: A Pilot Cross-Historical Survey, SUNY Press, 1974
  • H. Temporini & W. Haase, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, Walter de Gruyter
  • E. Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1983
  • R. Syme & A.R. Birley, Anatolica: studies in Strabo, Oxford University Press, 1995
  • W.G. Sayles, Ancient Coin Collecting IV: Roman Provincial Coins (Google eBook), F+W Media, Inc, 1998
  • P.M. Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14) (Google eBook), Oxford University Press, 2004
  • R.G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 1: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
  • V.M. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, Indo-European Publishing, 2008
  • M.A. Ehrlich, Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1 (Google eBook), ABC-CLIO, 2009
  • M. Bunsen, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, Infobase Printing, 2009
  • A. Mayor, The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome's deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, 2009
  • Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period under Darius and Xerxes had much narrower boundaries than the future Armenia of the Artaxiads and the Arsacids. Armenia and Iran, ii. The Pre-Islamic Period: 3. The Artaxiad dynasty b. Tigranes the Great
  • Ptolemaic Genealogy: Affiliated Lines, Descendant Lines
Erato of Armenia
Regnal titles
Preceded by Queen of Armenia
10 BC – 2 BC
with Tigranes IV 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Queen of Armenia
6 - 12
with Tigranes V 		Succeeded by
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