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Haveli

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For other uses, see Haveli (disambiguation).

Patwon Ji Ki Haveli, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

A haveli is a traditional townhouse or mansion in the Indian subcontinent, usually one with historical and architectural significance. The word haveli is derived from Arabic hawali, meaning "partition" or "private space", popularised under the Mughal Empire, and was devoid of any architectural affiliations.[1][2] Later, the word haveli came to be used as a generic term for various styles of regional mansions, townhouse and temples found in the Indian subcontinent.[3]

History

Multistorey structures and balconies during Mauryan Empire, 3rd century BCE

Courtyards are a common feature of houses in the Indian subcontinent, whether they are mansions or farmhouses.[4] The traditional courtyard homes of the Indian subcontinent were influenced by the ancient principles of Vastu Shastra,[5] which state that all spaces emerge from a single point that is the center of the house.

The earliest archaeological evidence of courtyard homes in the region dates back to 3300 BCE.[6][7] Traditional homes in the Indian subcontinent are built around a courtyard, and all family activities revolved around this chowk or courtyard. Additionally, the courtyard serves as a lightwell and helps ventilate the house in the hot and dry climates of the region.

During the medieval period, the term Haveli was first applied in Rajputana by the Vaishnava sect to refer to their temples in Gujarat under the Mughal Empire and Rajputana kingdoms. The generic term haveli eventually came to be identified with townhouses and mansions of the merchant class.[8]

Characteristics

Townhouse Haveli with Jharokha windows
  • Sociocultural aspects: The chowk or courtyard served as the centre for various ceremonies and rituals. The sacred tulsi plant was placed here and worshipped daily to bring prosperity to the house.
  • Security and privacy: The chowk, at times, separated areas for men and women, and provided them with privacy.
  • Climate: Using open space in the building design to respond to the local climate, air movement caused by temperature differences assists in the natural ventilation of the building.
  • Different activities at different times: In the daytime, the court was used mostly by women to carry out their work and interact with other women in a private open space. Mansions of the merchant class often had more than one courtyard.
  • Articulation of space: In Mor chowk, City Palace, Udaipur, there is the concept of the courtyard as a dancing hall. Similarly, in havelis, a courtyard has several functions, commonly used for weddings and festive occasions.
  • Materials: bricks, sandstone, marble, wood, plaster, and granite are commonly used materials. Decorative aspects are influenced by various local cultures and traditions.

All these elements join to form an enclosure and give the chowk a composed, secured feel. The architectural form of havelis has evolved in response to the climate, lifestyle, and availability of material. In hot climates where cooling is a necessity, buildings with internal courtyards for airflow and cooling were considered the most appropriate; in rainy places the houses were built to be kept dry from humid air. It provided shade while also allowing light inside. The arcade along the court, or the high wall around it, kept the interiors cool.

Many of the havelis of India and Pakistan were influenced by Rajasthani architecture. They usually contain a courtyard, often with a fountain in the center. The old cities of Agra, Lucknow, Jaisalmer and Delhi in India and Lahore, Multan, Peshawar, Hyderabad in Pakistan have many fine examples of Rajasthani-style havelis. Havelis in Nepal were built in the Newari architectural style; houses in old markets and bazaars in Kathmandu, Kritipur, Bhakthapur and Patan are built in this style.

Notable havelis in India

  • Relief depicting early form of Jharokha windows, 1st century CE
    Relief depicting early form of Jharokha windows, 1st century CE
  • A haveli in Phalodi, Rajputana
    A haveli in Phalodi, Rajputana
  • Badal Mahal at Shahpura Haveli, Shahpura, Rajputana
    Badal Mahal at Shahpura Haveli, Shahpura, Rajputana

In the northern part of India, havelis for Lord Krishna with huge mansion-like constructions are prevalent. These havelis are noted for their frescoes depicting images of gods, goddesses, animals, scenes from the British colonization, and the life stories of Lords Rama and Krishna. The music here was known as Haveli Sangeet.

Later on, these temple architectures and frescoes were imitated while building huge individual mansions and now the word is popularly associated with the mansions themselves. Between 1830 and 1930, Marwaris erected[9] buildings in their homeland, Masterji Kee Haveli[Shekhawati]] and Marwar. These buildings were called havelis. The Marwaris commissioned artists to paint those buildings, which were heavily influenced by the Mughal architecture. Nangal Sirohi in Mahendragarh district, 130 km from Delhi, is popular for its havelis and architecture within NCR.[10]

The havelis served as status symbols for the Marwaris as well as homes for their extended families, providing security and comfort in seclusion from the outside world. The havelis were designed to be closed from all sides with one large main gate.

The typical havelis in Shekhawati incorporated two courtyards — an outer one for the men which served as an extended threshold, and the inner one, the domain of the women. The largest havelis could have up to three or four courtyards and were two to three stories high. Most of the havelis are empty nowadays or are maintained by a watchman, while others have been converted into hotels and tourist attractions.

The towns and villages of Shekhawati are famous for the embellished frescoes on the walls of their grandiose havelis, to the point of becoming popular tourist attractions.

The havelis in and around Jaisalmer Fort (also known as the Golden Fort), situated in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, of which the three most impressive are Patwon Ki Haveli, Salim Singh Ki Haveli, and Nathmal-Ki Haveli, deserve special mention. These were the elaborate homes of Jaisalmer's rich merchants. The ostentatious carvings, etched in sandstone with great detail and then painstakingly pieced together in lavish patterns, were commissioned to put on show the owner's status and wealth. Around Jaisalmer, they are typically carved from yellow sandstone. They are often characterized by wall paintings, frescoes, jharokhas (balconies) and archways.[11][12]

The Patwon Ji ki Haveli was the first erected in Jaisalmer. It is not a single haveli but a cluster of five small havelis. The first in the row is the most popular, and is also known as Kothari's Patwa Haveli. Commissioned and constructed in the year 1805 by Guman Chand Patwa, then a rich trader of jewellery and fine brocades, it is the biggest and the most ostentatious of the five. Patwa was a rich man and a renowned trader of his time and he could afford and thus order the construction of separate stories for each of his five sons. These were completed in a span of 50 years. All five houses were constructed in the first 60 years of the 19th century.[13] Patwon Ji Ki is renowned for its ornate wall paintings, intricate yellow sandstone-carved jharokhas (balconies), gateways and archways. Although the building itself is made from yellow sandstone, the main gateway is brown. Another notable haveli is Seth ji ri Haveli in Udaipur city; now known as Shree Jagdish Mahal, it is 250 years old.

Notable havelis of Pakistan

A number of historically and architecturally significant havelis survive in Pakistan, most of which are situated in the Punjab province. The most significant in Lahore, the Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh, dates from the Sikh era of the mid-19th century, and is considered to be one of the finest examples of Sikh architecture in Lahore.[14] It is the only Sikh-era haveli that preserves its original ornamentation and architecture.[15]

Some other historically and architecturally significant havelis in Pakistan:

Haveli is also a novel by Suzanne Fisher Staples and is a sequel to her Newbery Award-winning novel Shabanu: Daughter of the Wind. The story takes place in an old-fashioned haveli in Lahore, Pakistan.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Havelis.

References

  1. ^ "haveli - definition of haveli in English from the Oxford dictionary". Oxforddictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  2. ^ Sarah, Tillotson (1998). Indian Mansions: A Social History of the Haveli. Orient longman. p. 72. ISBN 0-900891-91-2.
  3. ^ Bahl, Vani. "Haveli — A Symphony of Art and Architecture". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  4. ^ Herbert J. M. Ypma (1994) "India modern: traditional forms and contemporary design", p.24
  5. ^ Jagdish, Gautam (2012). Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India. abhinav publications. p. 72. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
  6. ^ Lal, B. B. (1997). The Earliest Civilisation of South Asia (Rise, Maturity and Decline). {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  7. ^ Morris, A.E.J. (1994). History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolutions (Third ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-582-30154-2. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  8. ^ Bahl, Vani. "Haveli — A Symphony of Art and Architecture". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  9. ^ "> History > Chittorgarh". Rajasthan Infoline. Archived from the original on 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  10. ^ Magnificent havelis of Nangal-Sirohi, The Tribune, 22 June 2002.
  11. ^ "Havelis of Jaisalmer - Havelis in Jaisalmer Rajasthan - Jaisalmer India Havelis". Rajasthan-tourism.org. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  12. ^ "Jaisalmer Havelis, Famous Haveli in Rajasthan India, Heritage Haveli Tours in Rajasthan India". Shubhyatra.com. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  13. ^ "Patwon Ki Haveli - Patwonji Ki Haveli Jaisalmer - Patwon Ki Haveli In Jaisalmer Rajasthan". Jaisalmer.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  14. ^ Hashid (3 September 2016). "Haveli Nau Nihal Singh: Searching for Vernacular in Lahore". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  15. ^ The Free Library. S.v. Hindu symbolism in Sikh art brickwork in Haveli Naunihal Singh.." Retrieved Oct 08 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hindu+symbolism+in+sikh+art+brickwork+in+Haveli+Naunihal+Singh.-a0389937207
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