Timeline of Luanda
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Luanda, Angola.
16th-18th centuries
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- 1530s - "Portuguese establish a slave-trading station."[1]
- 1575 - Church built on Ilha de Luanda.[citation needed]
- 1576
- São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda founded by Portuguese Paulo Dias de Novais.[2]
- Fortress of São Miguel built.
- 1605 - Settlement recognized as a city.[2]
- 1618 - Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra built.[citation needed]
- 1623 - Jesuit college founded.[3]
- 1634 - Fortress of São Miguel rebuilt.[citation needed]
- 1641 - Capture of Luanda by Dutch.[4]
- 1679 - Cathedral of Luanda built.
- 1684 - Bishop's seat relocated to Luanda from São Salvador.
- 1764 - Arquivo Historico de Angola organized.[5]
- 1766 - Fortress of São Francisco do Penedo rebuilt.[citation needed]
- 1769 - Aula de Geometria e Fortificacao (educational institution) founded.[2]
- 1781 - Population: 9,755.[6]
- 1796 - Population: 7,204.[6]
19th century
- 1816 - Population: 4,689.[6]
- 1836 - Slave trade declared illegal.[7]
- 1844
- 1850 - Population: 12,565.[7]
- 1865 - Banco Nacional Ultramarino branch opens.[8]
- 1873 - Biblioteca Municipal established.[9]
- 1881 - O Echo de Angola begins publication.[10]
- 1889 - Luanda Railway and aqueduct begin operating.
- 1896 - Palácio de Ferro (iron palace) assembled.[11]
20th century
- 1908 - Voz de Angola newspaper begins publication.[12]
- 1910 - Population: 15,000 (approximate).[13]
- 1913 - Angolan League founded in Luanda.[4]
- 1923 - A Provincia de Angola newspaper begins publication.[12]
- 1930 - Diario de Luanda newspaper begins publication.[12]
- 1940
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luanda established.[14]
- Population: 61,028.[15]
- 1942 - Liceu Salvador Correia de Sa (school) built.[16]
- 1950 - Population: 141,647.[17]
- 1951 - Mensagem literary magazine begins publication.[18]
- 1954 - General Craveiro Lopes Airport inaugurated.[19]
- 1956
- Museu Nacional de História Natural de Angola (Natural History Museum of Angola) built.[20]
- People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola headquartered in Luanda.
- 1958 - Petroleum refinery built by Fina Petroleos de Angola.[21]
- 1960 - Population: 224,540.[15]
- 1962 - Estudos Gerais Universitários de Angola founded.
- 1964 - Cine Atlântico (cinema) built.[19]
- 1969 - National Library of Angola founded.[9]
- 1970 - Population: 475,328 urban agglomeration.[22]
- 1975
- June: Angolan Civil War begins.[23]
- 11 November: City becomes part of independent Republic of Angola.[24]
- União dos Escritores Angolano (writer's union) established.[25]
- Televisao Publica de Angola headquartered in city.[23]
- 1976
- Museu Nacional de Antropologia (National Anthropology Museum) and Grupo Desportivo Interclube football club founded.
- National Bank of Angola headquartered in city.[8]
- 1978 - Angola Red Cross and Cinemateca Nacional de Angola headquartered in city.[26]
- 1979
- University of Angola established.
- 17 September: Funeral of Agostinho Neto.[27]
- 1980 - Empresa de Electricidade de Luanda (electricity company),[28] Atlético Petróleos de Luanda football club, and National Centre for Historical Documentation and Research established.[29]
- 1981 - August–September: Central African Games held in city.
- 1985 - City joins the newly formed União das Cidades Capitais Luso-Afro-Américo-Asiáticas.
- 1988 - Elinga Theater established.[30]
- 1989 - October: International Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa meets in Luanda.[31]
- 1991 - October: UNITA headquarters relocated to Luanda from Jamba.[23]
- 1992
- Luanda Antena Comercial (radio) begins broadcasting.[32]
- 30 October-1 November: Three Day War.[4]
- 1993 - Population: 1,822,407 (urban agglomeration).[33]
- 1997
- Jornal do Rangel newspaper begins publication.[34]
- National Museum of Slavery founded.
- 1999
- Catholic University of Angola and Cha de Caxinde publishing firm founded.[34]
- January: UNITA-R congress held in city.[23]
- 2000 - Population: 2,591,000 (urban agglomeration).[35]
21st century
- 2001 - Boa Vista shantytown residents evicted.[34]
- 2003 - Estádio Joaquim Dinis built.
- 2005 - Population: 3,533,000 (urban agglomeration).[35]
- 2006 - African Diamond Producers Association headquartered in city.[34]
- 2007
- 2008 - Construction of Angola International Airport begins.
- 2009
- Estádio 11 de Novembro opens.
- Luanda International Jazz Festival begins.
- March: Catholic pope visits city; stampede at Estádio dos Coqueiros.[38][39]
- Francisca Espírito Santo becomes governor of Luanda Province (approximate date).[citation needed]
- 2010
- Luanda Railway resumes operating.
- Edificio Zimbo Tower built.
- 2011
- Intercontinental Hotel built.
- Jose Maria dos Santos becomes governor of Luanda Province (approximate date).[citation needed]
- Population: 5,068,000.[40]
- 2012
- 2013 - 1 January: Stampede at Estádio da Cidadela.
- 2014 - Graciano Francisco Domingos becomes governor of Luanda Province (approximate date).[citation needed]
- 2018 - Population: 2,487,444 (estimate, urban agglomeration).[43]
- 2021 - Lusophony Games to be held in Luanda.
See also
- Luanda history
- History of Luanda (in Portuguese)
- List of newspapers in Luanda
- List of colonial governors of Angola, headquartered in Luanda (until 1975)
- Timeline of Benguela
References
- ^ Toyin Falola and Amanda Warnock, ed. (2007). "Chronology". Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33480-1.
- ^ a b c Santos 2008.
- ^ Roquinaldo Amaral Ferreira (2012), Cross-cultural exchange in the Atlantic world: Angola and Brazil during the era of the slave trade, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521863308
- ^ a b c W. Martin James (2011), "Chronology", Historical Dictionary of Angola (2nd ed.), US: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810871939
- ^ Miller 1974.
- ^ a b c Curto 2001.
- ^ a b c d Curto 1999.
- ^ a b "Historia" (in Portuguese). Banco Nacional de Angola. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ a b World Guide to Libraries (25th ed.), De Gruyter Saur, 2011, ISBN 9783110230710
- ^ Russell G. Hamilton (1975). Voices from an Empire: A History of Afro-Portuguese Literature. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5781-0.
- ^ "Palácio de Ferro". Heritage of Portuguese Influence. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ a b c "Luanda (Luanda, Angola) Newspapers". WorldCat. US: Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Britannica 1910.
- ^ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Angola". www.katolsk.no. Norway: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). Retrieved 30 September 2014.
- ^ a b Ilídio do Amaral (1978). "Contribuição para o conhecimento do fenómeno de urbanização em Angola". Finisterra (in Portuguese). 13 (25). Centro de Estudos Geográficos da Universidade de Lisboa. ISSN 0430-5027.
{{cite journal}}: Check|author=value (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- ^ C. Salvador; C. Rodrigues (2011), "Colonial Architecture in Angola", in Fassil Demissie (ed.), Colonial architecture and urbanism in Africa, UK: Ashgate, ISBN 9780754675129
- ^ "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.
- ^ Russel G. Hamilton (1986). "Class, Race, and Authorship in Angola". In Georg M. Gugelberger (ed.). Marxism and African literature. Africa World Press. ISBN 0865430314.
- ^ a b "Luanda". Heritage of Portuguese Influence. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
- ^ "O Museu: Historial". Museu Nacional de História Natural. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ "Petroleum in Angola". Luanda: Sonangol. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d "Angola: Directory". Africa South of the Sahara 2004. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2004. p. 62+. ISBN 1857431839.
- ^ David Birmingham (2002). "Angola". In Patrick Chabal (ed.). History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa. Indiana University Press. p. 157+. ISBN 978-0-253-21565-9.
- ^ "Luanda, Angola". SIBMAS International Directory of Performing Arts Collections and Institutions. International Association of Libraries and Museums of the Performing Arts. Archived from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ "A Cinemateca" (in Portuguese). Luanda: Cinemateca Nacional de Angola. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Jacqueline Audrey Kalley; et al., eds. (1999). Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30247-3.
- ^ J. Girod, ed. (1994). L'énergie en Afrique: la situation énergétique de 34 pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne et du Nord (in French). Karthala. ISBN 2865375498.
- ^ Republica Popular de Angola: Centro Nacional de Documentação Histórica (PDF) (in Portuguese), Paris: Unesco, 1981
- ^ "Last Place of Cultural Dynamism in Luanda is No More". 14 April 2014 – via Global Voices.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Telse Diederichsen (1990). "Angola". In Institut für Afrika-Kunde; Rolf Hofmeier (eds.). Afrika Jahrbuch 1989: Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Afrika südlich der Sahara (in German). Germany: Leske + Budrich. pp. 293–300. ISBN 978-3-322-92639-5. OCLC 19093344. (Includes chronology)
- ^ "LAC 20 Anos" (in Portuguese). Luanda Antena Comercial. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
- ^ a b c d W. Martin James (2011), Historical Dictionary of Angola (2nd ed.), US: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810871939
- ^ a b The State of African Cities 2010: Governance, Inequalities and Urban Land Markets. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2010. ISBN 9789211322910.
- ^ "Quem Somos" (in Portuguese). Feira Internacional de Luanda. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ "Dozens die in Angola flash floods". BBC News. 25 January 2007.
- ^ "Deadly stampede at Pope speech". BBC News. 21 March 2009.
- ^ "Angola Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
- ^ a b State of African Cities 2014. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 10 September 2015. ISBN 978-92-1-132598-0. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014.
- ^ a b Andreas Mehler; et al., eds. (2013). "Angola". Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2012. Vol. 9. Koninklijke Brill. p. 444. ISBN 978-90-04-25600-2.
- ^ "(Luanda)". City Lab. US: The Atlantic. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
- ^ "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
- This article incorporates information from the Portuguese Wikipedia.
Bibliography
Published in 19th century
- Richard Brookes (1820), "Loanda", The General Gazetteer (17th ed.), London: F.C. and J. Rivington
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Loanda". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1898.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
Published in 20th century
- Esteves Pereira; Guilherme Rodrigues, eds. (1909). "Loanda". Portugal: Diccionario Historico... (in Portuguese). Vol. 4. Lisbon: Joao Romano Torres. hdl:2027/gri.ark:/13960/t1xd4tg47. OCLC 865826167.
- "Loanda", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 – via Internet Archive
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - C. R. Boxer (1965), Portuguese society in the tropics: the municipal councils of Goa, Macao, Bahia, and Luanda, 1510-1800, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, OCLC 518169
- Ilídio do Amaral (1968). Luanda: estudo de geografia urbana (in Portuguese). Lisboa.
{{cite book}}: Check|author=value (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Michael Hugo-Brunt (1968), "Angola", Portuguese Planning and Architecture on the Sea Route to the Orient, Exchange Bibliography, US: Council of Planning Librarians, pp. 536–589, ISSN 0010-9959
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
(Includes Luanda)
- Joseph C. Miller (1974). "The Archives of Luanda, Angola". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 7.
- Ilídio do Amaral (1983). "Luanda e os seus 'muceques', problemas de Geografia usbuna". Finisterra (in Portuguese). 18. Centro de Estudos Geográficos da Universidade de Lisboa. ISSN 0430-5027.
- David Birmingham (1988). "Carnival at Luanda". Journal of African History. 29.
- M.C. Mendes (1988). "Slum Housing in Luanda". In Robert A. Obudho and Constance C. Mhlanga (ed.). Slum and squatter settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa: toward a planning strategy. Praeger.
- Christine Messiant (1989). "Luanda 1945-1961: colonises, societe coloniale et engagement nationaliste". In M. Cahen (ed.). Bourgs et Villes en Afrique Lusophone (in French).
- L. Colaco (1992). "Luanda: Contexto Demografico e Desigualdades Espaciais". Cadernos Populacao e Desenvolvimento (in Portuguese). 1.
- José C. Curto (1992). "A Quantitative Reassessment of the Legal Portuguese Slave Trade from Luanda, Angola, 1710-1830". African Economic History. 20.
- P. Jenkins; et al. (1992). "City Profile: Luanda". Cities. 19. doi:10.1016/s0264-2751(02)00010-0.
- José C. Curto (1999). "Anatomy of a Demographic Explosion: Luanda, 1844-1850". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 32 (2/3): 381–405. doi:10.2307/220347. JSTOR 220347.
Published in 21st century
- 2000s
- José C. Curto; Raymond R. Gervais (2001). "Population History of Luanda during the Late Atlantic Slave Trade, 1781-1844" (PDF). African Economic History. 29 (29): 1–59. JSTOR 3601706 – via New York Public Library.
- Paul Robson (2001). "Communities and Community Institutions in Luanda, Angola". In Arne Tostensen; et al. (eds.). Associational Life in African Cities: Popular Responses to the Urban Crisis. Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 250+. ISBN 978-91-7106-465-3.
- Paul Tiyambe Zeleza; Dickson Eyoh, eds. (2003). "Luanda, Angola". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Routledge. ISBN 0415234794.
- Marissa J. Moorman (2004). "Dueling Bands and Good Girls: Gender, Music, and Nation in Luanda's Musseques, 1961-1974". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 37.
- Marissa Moorman (2004). "Putting on a Pano and Dancing Like Our Grandparents: Nation and Dress in Late Colonial Luanda". In Jean Allman (ed.). Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253111043.
- Kevin Shillington, ed. (2005). "Luanda". Encyclopedia of African History. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6.
- Cristina Udelsmann Rodrigues (2007). "From Family Solidarity to Social Classes: Urban Stratification in Angola (Luanda and Ondjiva)". Journal of Southern African Studies. 33.
- Marissa J. Moorman (2008). Intonations: A Social History of Music and Nation in Luanda, Angola, from 1945 to Recent Times. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-4304-0. (review in H-Luso-Africa)
- Catarina Madeira Santos (2008). "Luanda". In Liam Matthew Brockey (ed.). Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754663133.
- "Angola: The high cost of living in Luanda". Global Voices. 9 November 2009.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help)
- 2010s
- P. Jenkins (2011), Simon Bekker and Goran Therborn (ed.), "Maputo and Luanda", Capital Cities in Africa: Power and Powerlessness, Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, ISBN 978-2-8697-8495-6
- Sílvia Leiria Viegas (2012), Urbanization in Luanda – via International Planning History Society
- Arlindo Manuel Caldeira (2013), "Luanda in the 17th Century: Diversity and Cultural Interaction in the Process of Forming an Afro-Atlantic City", Nordic Journal of African Studies, 22
- Roquinaldo Ferreira (2013). "Slavery and the Social and Cultural Landscapes of Luanda". In Jorge Canizares-Esguerra; et al. (eds.). Black Urban Atlantic in the Age of the Slave Trade. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0813-9.
- Carlos Nunes Silva, ed. (2015). Urban Planning in Lusophone African Countries. UK: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1472444882. (Includes articles about Luanda)
- Sílvia Leiria Viegas (2016). "Urbanisation and Peri-Urbanisation in Luanda: A Geopolitical and Socio-Spatial Perspective from the Late Colonial Period to the Present". Journal of Southern African Studies. 42 (4).
- Vanessa de Pacheco Melo (2016). "Production of Urban Peripheries For and By Low-Income Populations at the Turn of the Millennium: Maputo, Luanda and Johannesburg". Journal of Southern African Studies. 42 (4).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luanda.
- "(Luanda)". Directory of Open Access Journals. UK. (Bibliography of open access articles)
- "(Luanda)" – via Europeana. (Images, etc.)
- "(Luanda)" – via Digital Public Library of America. (Images, etc.)
- "(Luanda)". Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa. Germany: Frankfurt University Library. (Bibliography)
- "(Luanda)". Connecting-Africa. Leiden, Netherlands: African Studies Centre. (Bibliography)
- "(Luanda)". AfricaBib.org. (Bibliography)
- "Luanda, Angola". BlackPast.org. US.
- Gonçalo Pires Carvalho (c. 1625). "Map of Luanda".
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