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Perusahaan Listrik Negara

Coordinates: 6°14′26″S 106°48′12.1″E / 6.24056°S 106.803361°E / -6.24056; 106.803361
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PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero)
PLN
Company typeState-owned perseroan terbatas
IndustryElectrical power
Public utility
FoundedOctober 27, 1945 (1945-10-27)
HeadquartersPT PLN central office: Jl Trunojoyo Blok M 1/135 Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, Indonesia
Key people
Zulkifli Zaini (President Director), Amien Sunaryadi (President commissioner)
RevenueIncreaseRp 222.82 trillion (2016)[1]
DecreaseRp 28.81 trillion (2016)[1]
IncreaseRp 10.55 trillion (2016)[1]
Total assetsDecreaseRp 1,274.6 trillion (2016)[1]
Total equityIncreaseRp 880.80 trillion (2016)[1]
Number of employees
51,158 (2016)[1]
Websitewww.pln.co.id

PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero) (PLN, English: State Electricity Company) is an Indonesian government-owned corporation which has a monopoly on electricity distribution in Indonesia and generates the majority of the country's electrical power, producing 176.4 TWh in 2015.[2][3] It was included in the Fortune Global 500 lists of 2014[4] and 2015.[5]

History

The history of the electricity sector in Indonesia began at the end of 19th century when Dutch colonialists installed the first electrical generators.[6] The largest of the electricity distribution companies was the Nederlands Indische Gasmaatschappij (NIGM) which was originally a gas utility company. In World War II, the Japanese took control of the electricity sector. After Indonesian Independence on 17 August 1945, revolutionary Indonesian youth took control of the electricity sector in September 1945 and handed facilities over to the Republican government. The history of the electricity sector since then has been one of continuing institutional changes.[7]

On 27 October 1945 President Sukarno established the Jawatan Listrik dan Gas (Bureau of Electricity And Gas) with a generation capacity of only 157.5 MW. On 1 January 1961, the bureau of Electricity and Gas was changed into BPU PLN (''Badan Pimpinan Umum Perusahaan Listrik Negara, General Board of Directors for State Electricity Companies) which dealt in the areas of electricity, agas, and coke (Indonesian: kokas). On 1 January 1965, BPU-PLN was replaced with two state owned enterprises, Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) handling the electricity sector and Perusahaan Gas Negara (PGN) handling gas. The capacity of the electrical-power generators of PLN, then, was 300 MW. There were further institutional changes during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.

In September 2002 the Electric Power Act (Act No 20 of 2002),[8] was promulgated. The act formally deregulated the electricity sector. The new act required an end to PLN's monopoly on electricity distribution within five years after which time private companies (both foreign and domestic) were to be permitted to sell electricity directly to consumers. All companies were to use PLN's existing transmission network. However, the act was annulled in 2004 by the Constitutional Court.[9] As a result, the electricity sector was in an uncertain legal situation for some years. A new electricity act, Act No 30 of 2009, was introduced to provide greater legal certainty although this act, too, was controversial because, as was the case with the earlier 2002 act, it legislated to end PLN's monopoly in the sector.[10]

Operations

In the first half of 2011, the PLN generated 88 terawatt-hours (TWh). The firm generated around 24% of its output using oil-based fuel with plans to reduce the share to 3% by 2013 and 1.7% by 2014.[11] The forecast for the full year (2011) is around 182 tWh (equivalent to around 760 kWh per capita).

Capacity and organisation

At the end of 2015, the PLN's total generating capacity (produced by a many different plants across Indonesia) was estimated at around 34,262 MW.[3] Throughout 2016, PLN planned to boost its installed generation capacity by 1,932 MW.[12]

PLN: Capacity and peak load, end-2011 (megawatts)
Maximum capacity Peak load
Java-Bali 21,257 16,150
Western Indonesia 4,602 4,299
Eastern Indonesia 2,603 2,484
Total 28,462 22,933

Main indicators have been increasing along with overall economic growth in Indonesia although the growth of revenue per unit sold (Rp/kWh) has been slow:

PLN: Key statistics 2005-2017
Employees Capacity (a) Production (b) Sold Output value Average revenue (c) Average revenue (d)
Units Number MW TWh TWh Rp trill Rp/kWh US cents/kWh
2005 43,762 22,515 124.5 105.9 64.0 604 6.2
2006 43,048 24,846 131.7 112.6 74.9 665 7.4
2007 42,537 25,224 139.7 121.2 77.4 639 6.8
2008 42,715 25,594 148.0 129.0 86.4 670 6.1
2009 42,096 25,637 156.8 134.6 90.9 676 7.2
2010 43,638 26,895 176.0 149.0 103.0 700 8.0
2011 44,343 29,268 184.2 158.7 112.8 714 7.8
2012 50,287 32,901 200.3 174.0 126.7 728 7.5
2013 49,833 34,206 216.2 187.5 153.5 818 6.1
2014 46,068 37,226 228.6 198.6 186.6 940 7.5
2015 47,594 38,265 234.0 202.8 209.8 1,034 7.5
2016 51,158 39,785 248.6 216.0 214.1 991 7.3
2017 54,820 39,652 254.7 223.1 246.6 1,105 8.1

Source: Indonesian Statistics Bureau, Statistik Indonesia (annual publication: various years), Jakarta, and Statistik PLN (annual publication; various years), Jakarta.

(a) PLN only. Does not include generation capacity in the main independent power producers which had an approximate capacity of another 5,600 MW at the end of 2012.

(b) Includes wholesale electricity purchases by PLN from independent power producers (who had a total combined capacity of around 4,200 MW in 2011) and resold to consumers.

(c) Average revenue shown (a proxy for the average price of electricity) = Output value divided by sales.

(d) Estimate in US cents = Average Rp revenue adjusted by the end-year exchange rate.

PLN: Performance indicators 2005-2017
Growth (Production) Capacity utilization (a) Capacity utilization (a) Labor productivity Losses
Units % per year kWh/MW % GWh/employee %
2005 4.5 5,530 63 2,845 15
2006 2.3 5,126 58 2,959 12
2007 11.8 5,647 64 3,349 15
2008 5.6 5,877 67 3,522 14
2009 4.2 6,116 70 3,725 14
2010 12.2 5,351 61 4,033 15
2011 4.7 5,218 59 4,153 14
2012 9.5 4,509 51 4,011 14
2013 7.9 6,321 72 4,338 13
2014 5.7 6,141 70 4,962 13
2015 2.4 6,115 70 4,289 13
2016 6.2 6,249 71 4,859 13
2017 2.5 6,423 73 4,646 12

Source: Calculated from previous table.
Growth = annual production growth. Capacity utilisation = kWh generated per kW of generation capacity (theoretical maximum load at 100% capacity = 8,760); calculations assume that there is 4,200 MW of generating capacity in the independent power producers which sell electricity to the PLN. Labor productivity = Total GWh generated per employee in the PLN. Losses = sales as a % of production.

The Indonesian Government, and the senior management of the PLN, are officially committed to ongoing reforms designed to improve the efficiency of operations of the electricity supply sector in Indonesia. Performance indicators show some significant improvements in certain key measures in recent years (see previous table on Performance indicators). However, the overall reform process is often slow, hampered by the fact that the environment within which the state-owned PLN operates is closely regulated and often politicised.[13]

Management

The PLN is Indonesia's second-largest state company by assets.[14] The top level management, headed by the president director, reports to a government-appointed board. The board and the PLN management in turn report to the Minister of State-Owned Companies. President directors of PLN since 1979 have been as follows:

Start End Name
1979 1984 Suryono
1984 1988 Sardjono
1988 1992 Ermamsyah Jamin
1992 1995 Zuhal
1995 1998 Djiteng Marsudi
1998 2000 Adi Satria
2000 2001 Kuntoro Mangkusubroto
2001 2008 Eddie Widiono
2008 2009 Fahmi Mochtar
2009 2011 Dahlan Iskan
2011 2014 Nur Pamudji
2014 2019 Sofyan Basir[15]
2019 2019 Sripeni Inten Cahyani (acting CEO)
2019 incumbent Zulkifli Zaini
  • Difficulties came to light during early 2011 over arrangements during the management period of the long-serving (2001-2008) PLN president director Eddie Widiono Suwondho. Questions arose over certain procurement procedures which he supported. He was taken into questioning by Indonesia's Corruption Eradication Commission in March 2011.[16] In December 2011 he was convicted to five years imprisonment for charges that centred on the appointment of a company to handle the provision of outsourced services for the PLN.[17]
  • In mid 2019, Sofyan Basir was suspended as president director following the decision of the Corruption Eradication Commission to indict him on a charge of corruption for his alleged role in graft relating to the construction of a power plant in the province of Riau.[18]
  • Sripeni Inten Cahyani was Acting CEO for the latter part of 2019 until Zulkifli Zaini was appointed president director in late 2019.

Policies

In late 2011, the new president director of the PLN, Nur Pamudji listed three milestones for PLN as targets for 2012:[19]

  • Use, for the first time, of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a fuel for some of PLN's generation plants
  • Near-finalisation of the first 10,000 MW fast-track generation program announced some years earlier
  • Registration of 5 million pre-paid customers into the PLN distribution system.

Service

The reliability and quality of electricity supply has steadily improved in Indonesia in recent decades. Supply is more reliable in Java because the grid is relatively well-developed compared to the situation in the Outer Islands (such as Sumatra, Sulawesi and Kalimantan) where most areas are serviced by localised systems often powered by small diesel plants. However power outages are still common,[20] even in Java . There was, for example, a particularly severe power outage in 2005 which reportedly affected around 100 million people across Java and Bali for over five hours.

Finances

The PLN has—and has had, for many years—considerable trouble with internal revenue flows. For one thing, government-regulated tariffs are often too low to cover operational costs and have not been set at a level sufficient to make a reasonable contribution towards capital costs for many years.[21] For another thing, there is widespread consumer resistance to payment of electricity bills. The cash flows of the company are often weighed down with overdue debts from consumers.

  • As just one example, in the Banyumas district (kabupaten) of Central Java in late 2011, it was reported that 60 percent (over 80,000) of the PLN's 140,000 customers in the area were overdue with payments for their electricity bills causing the company over $300,000 in losses each month. Of the customers in arrears, 13,000 were considered very bad customers and were targeted for disconnection. But the PLN's efforts to improve debt collection, both in Banyumas and in many other areas of Indonesia, often meet with considerable consumer resistance. In Banyumas, consumers complained that the PLN's efforts to improve debt collection were unfair and failed to reflect the social obligations expected of state-owned enterprises.[22]
  • Not long afterwards, the PLN was involved in an incident in the Central Java city of Surakarta where the municipality had overdue bills owing of close to $1 million (Rp 8.9 billion) to the PLN. Following PLN company policy to pursue a more aggressive approach to collect overdue bills, the PLN imposed a blackout on street lamps in Surakarta just before Christmas 2011. The city municipality quickly arranged payment but arranged the settlement along with a protest and suggested that the PLN should consider the interest of the public before taking this type of action. To reinforce the point, the mayor of Surakarta, Joko Widodo, made a highly publicised personal visit to the local PLN office to deliver the Rp 8.9 billion in cash in the form of hundreds of bundles of notes and coin.[23]

Theft of electricity is common in many parts of Indonesia as well.[24] In recent years, the PLN has been moving to tighten up on problems of non-payment of bills as well as theft. Prepaid meters are now required for all new housing units.

Apart from internal revenue flows, the PLN relies on large government subsidies to support operations and, especially, capital expenditure. The average tariff for electricity at the end of 2011 was estimated to be around Rp 729 per kWh (around US 8.1 cents) while PLN's average cost of production was put at around Rp 1,100 (US 12.2 cents).[25] The electricity subsidy provided from the national budget in 2011 was initially budgeted at Rp 65.6 trillion (around $US 8 billion at the time) but the amount increased to Rp 91 trillion (around $US 10 billion) by the end of 2011.[26] In March 2012 the government proposed a reduction in the electricity subsidies (which involved an increase in the price of electricity to consumers) to the national parliament but the proposal was rejected. As a result, the PLN came under pressure to try to find economies to reduce the ballooning level of subsidies.[27] Ignoring the subsidies, in 2016 PLN experienced a loss of Rp 31.63 trillion.[1]

In recent years, as economic conditions in Indonesia have improved following the Asian financial crisis of 1997-98, PLN has also been able to undertake significantly increased borrowings through bond issues. In November 2011, for example, PLN issued $1 billion of debt at reasonable market prices (10 years at 5.5% coupon value). Demand for the debt (estimated at $5.5 billion) significantly exceeded the supply of bonds on offer.[28] In October 2012 it was reported that the PLN planned to issue 30-year USD bonds which had been graded BB by Standard and Poor's rating agency.[29] Through the issuance of debt of this kind the PLN is both raising funds and participating in the development of the domestic debt market in Indonesia.

The PLN also accesses other government-supported sources of financing. In December 2011 the company received a Rp 7.5 trillion soft loan (around $US800 million at the prevailing exchange rate) from the Indonesian state investment agency PIP (Pusat Investasi Pemerintah or the government investment unit, known as the Indonesia Investment Agency). The soft loan was provided for a total period of 15 years with a 5-year grace period for capital payments at a relatively low interest rate of 5.25% per annum [30]

Investment programs

The overall investment program in the public electricity sector in Indonesia is largely dependent on two fast-track 10,000 MW investment programs initiated in recent years. The programs are behind schedule.[31]

First 10,000 MW fast track program (FTP-1)

The first 10,000 MW fast track program (FTP-1) commenced in 2006 and was originally scheduled to be completed by 2010. As of mid-2012, except for one plant (PLTU Labuan) all the power plants were behind schedule.[32] The program was still incomplete towards the end of 2014.

  • Mid-2012: The government announced that as of mid-2012, slightly over 40% of the expected supply had been delivered. Problems causing delays included equipment availability, land-acquisition problems, and funding.[33]
  • End 2012: The PLN reported that around 48% (approximately 4,750MW) of the total planned capacity of 9,877 MW had been realised. The remaining capacity of 5,127 MW was expected to come on line before the end of 2014.
  • Late 2014: It was reported that FTP-1 would be completed in 2015.[34]

The FTP-1 comprises 35 power plants, mostly coal-fired. Ten of the plants are in Java-Bali. The other 35 mainly-smaller plants are in the Outer Islands.

Main plants in the program include the following:[35]

Region Province Location Capacity (MW)
Java
Bantan Teluk Naga 900
Banten Labuan 600
Banten Suralaya 625
West Java Indramayu 990
West Java Pelabuhan Ratu 1,050
Central Java Rembang 630
East Java Pacitan 660
East Java Paiton 660
Outer Islands
Lampung Tarahan Baru 200
North Sumatra Medan 400
Aceh Nagan Raya 220

Second 10,000 MW fast track program (FTP-2)

A second 10,000 MW program (FTP-2) was announced in 2010 but implementation is lagging following delays in FTP-1. The initial deadline for the second track was end-2016.

  • End 2012: The PLN announced that around 4,650 MW (about 46%) of the planned second stage would be on stream by end-2016. The ambitious original plan was that 49% of the second 10,000 MW fast track program would be made up of low-carbon geothermal plants. However, as of end-2012, 36 of the planned 52 geothermal plants were facing delays because of difficulty in obtaining access to sites in conservation areas (6 plants) or because of technical difficulties (16 plants) while a further 14 plants had not yet been put to tender.[36]
  • Late 2014: It was reported that the total size of the program had been expanded to 17,918 MW (12,169 MW of which would be built by the private sector and 5,749 MW of which would be developed by the state-owned PLN). However, progress under FTP-2 was reported to be slow. The initial deadline for completion (2015) had been extended by five years to 2020.[34]

PLN Investment financing

At the end of 2011 it was announced that expected expenditures for PLN during 2012 would be around Rp 260 trillion (around $29 billion) made up of Rp 191 trillion (around $21 billion) for operational costs and Rp 69 billion (around $7.6 billion) for capital expenditures. Financing flows for the capital expenditures were forecast as follows:[37]

PLN: Forecast capital expenditures, 2012
Source Cost (Rp trill) Cost (US$ bill) Share (%) Forecast use of funds
PLN internal budget 33.6 3.7 48 Construction of power plants; evaluation of 10,000 MW fast-track program; distribution
National budget 8.9 1.0 13 Distribution systems in rural areas; renewable energy
Subsidiary loans 9.8 1.1 14 National power grids
Bank loans 16.7 1.9 24 Other capital items
Total 69.0 7.6 100

PLN Investment projects and plans

The PLN has plans to build a significant number of coal mine-mouth power plants in Sumatra and Kalimantan. These include the following:[38]

  • Plans for power plants in Sumatra with a combined capacity of 7,300 MW by 2020. One of the aims of this program is the goal of optimising coal usage to, amongst other things, accelerate development in the producing regions of Indonesia. In early 2012 the PLN announced that contracts had been awarded for the construction of three coal-fed plants with a total combined capacity of 2,140 MW in Sumatra: South Sumatra 5 (300 MW); South Sumatra 6 (600 MW); and South Sumatra 8 (1,240 MW).[39] It is also expected that in June 2012, the PLN will begin the tender process for three mine-mouth plants in Sumatra: South Sumatra 9 (1,200 MW); South Sumatra 10 (600 MW); Jambi (800 MW). The three plants are expected to come on stream in 2016.
  • A mine-mouth coal-fired plant in Asam, South Kalimantan, with a capacity of 530 MW is expected to come on-line by the end of 2012. This is the Indonesia's third existing mine-mouth coal-fired plants; other plants are the Ombilin plant (200 MW) and Bukit Asam plant (200 MW), both in West Sumatra.

Long-term plans (2013-2022)

The PLN has issued an Electricity Supply Business Plan (undated) for the period 2013-2022. The plan talks of an additional generating capacity generating need of 59.5 GW over the period. Total estimated expenditure (public and private) is put at around $125 billion. Useful details are set out in the Executive Summary of the Business Plan.

Sumatra-Java Grid

To provide power from plants in Sumatra to the main Indonesian electricity market in Java, in April 2012 PLN began the tender process for a Rp 20 trillion (approx $US 2.18 billion) project expected to be completed in 2017 which would provide 3,000 MW of power. The plan is for AC current to be converted to DC current in the Muara Enim Converter Station, South Sumatra and be converted back into AC current in the Bogor Converter Station, West Java. Between these sites, a 40 km 500 kv submarines cable would connect Ketapang in Lampung and Salira in Banten.[40]

Sources of power

In Java coal is the main source of fuel for power plants while in the Outer Islands oil is the chief source for the large number of small diesel plants which supply power in many places. Plans to diversify energy sources for the electricity sector have been announced but progress has been slow.

Geothermal power

Main article: Geothermal power in Indonesia

Although in principle Indonesia is well-supplied with sources of geothermal energy, exploiting geothermal energy in Indonesia has proceeded slowly in recent years. In mid-2012, PLN officials noted that 13 geothermal plants across Indonesia were 'stuck in exploration stages' and likely to miss development deadlines. A range of practical problems often caused problems—in some cases, initial drilling had failed to find wells with satisfactory yields of energy; in other cases, problems with local infrastructure (such as poor roads) and obtaining permits from local officials and forestry agencies had caused delays.[41]

Hydro power

There is considerable hydro power potential in Indonesia. However, most potential capacity is at sites which are hard to access and quite distant from any sizeable markets. There is believed to be hydro power potential of over 22,000 MW in Papua and perhaps another 16,000 MW in South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. Total Indonesian hydro power potential has been put at over 75,000 MW,[42] with only 5,705 MW being utilised. 96 locations across the country with a total capacity of 12,800 MW would be developed 60 percent by PLN, while the rest would be offered to independent power producers.[43]

One problem, especially in the Outer Islands off Java, is that relatively small hydro plants often experience operational problems such as shortages of water flow. In Lampung in September 2012 for example, towards the end of the dry season, two small hydropower stations operated by PLN (total capacity around 120 MW) ceased operation, causing blackouts in the region.[44] Localised problems of this sort are common across much of the Outer Islands.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "PT PLN Persero Consolidated Financial Statements 2016" (PDF). PLN. Perusahaan Listrik Negara. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  2. ^ "Indonesia-Investments.com:Perusahaan Listrik Negara company profile". 1 April 2014.
  3. ^ a b "Statistik Ketenagalistrikan T.A. 2016" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  4. ^ "Pertamina, PLN among Fortune Global 500". The Jakarta Post. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  5. ^ "480. Perusahaan Listrik Negara". Fortune Global 500. Fortune. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  6. ^ A study of the history and economics of the electricity supply industry in Indonesia up until 1970 is available at McCawley, op. cit. (see reference below).
  7. ^ For historical details, see McCawley, ibid.
  8. ^ "UU 20 Tahun 2002 tentang Ketenagalistrikan" (PDF). Ministry of Power and Natural Resources (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  9. ^ "MK Batalkan UU No 20 Tahun 2002 tentang Ketenagalistrikan". Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  10. ^ Alfian, 'PLN labor union to challenge new law on electricity', The Jakarta Post, 20 January 2010.
  11. ^ 'PLN produces 88.2 TWh of electricity in first half, up 6.3%', The Jakarta Post, 25 July 2011.
  12. ^ Supriyatna, Iwan (5 April 2017). "Penjualan Listrik PLN di 2016 Mencapai Rp 214,1 Triliun" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  13. ^ Bruce Gale, 'Reforming the power dynamic', The Jakarta Globe, 9 December 2011.
  14. ^ The largest state-owned company in Indonesia by assets is the government-owned bank Bank Mandiri.
  15. ^ Sofyan Basir was appointed by the incoming Joko Widodo administration in December 2014. He had a financial background, having been appointed from outside of the electric power industry; formerly he was president-director of the large state-owned bank Bank Rakyat Indonesia. See 'New PLN boss more impelled to increase revenue', The Jakarta Post, 23 December 2014.
  16. ^ 'KPK detains former PLN president' Archived 28 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Jakarta Post, 24 March 2011.
  17. ^ 'More SOE bosses in jail raises concerns', The Jakarta Post, 22 December 2011.
  18. ^ Kharishar Kahri, 'KPK indicts PLN's Sofyan Basir in Riau-1 power plant case for facilitating "bribery"', The Jakarta Post, 24 June 2019.
  19. ^ Nur Pamudji was installed in late 2011 following the appointment of the previous president director, Dahlan Iskan, as Minister for State-owned enterprises.
  20. ^ Hrvoje Hranjski, 'Electricity: Power failure hits S. Kalimantan, residents told to be patient', The Jakarta Post, 16 October 2012.
  21. ^ 'Government allays fears of power, fuel price hikes' Archived 11 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Jakarta Post, 3 November 1999.
  22. ^ Argus Maryono, 'Electricity No power for bad payers: PLN', The Jakarta Post, 26 November 2011.
  23. ^ Kusumasari Ayuningtyas, 'Residents of Surakarta accompany mayor to pay PLN', The Jakarta Post, 4 January 2012.
  24. ^ Apriadi Gunawan, 'Energy: Electricity theft is rampant in N. Sumatra', The Jakarta Post, 14 February 2012. See also 'Electricity theft high in Jambi', The Jakarta Post, 26 June 2009.
  25. ^ Rangga D. Fadillah, 'Electricity: Most SMEs insulated from power tariff increase: Govt', The Jakarta Post, 28 January 2012.
  26. ^ Esther Samboh, 'Govt agrees to spend extra Rp 63.7t on energy subsidy', The Jakarta Post, 14 December 2011.
  27. ^ Hans David Tampubolon, 'Augus pressures PLN to quell soaring subsidies', The Jakarta Post, 7 April 2012.
  28. ^ 'PLN issues US$1 billion bonds.', The Jakarta Post, 17 November 2011.
  29. ^ Mariel Grazella, 'PLN's global bonds get positive ratings from major agencies', The Jakarta Post, 17 October 2012.
  30. ^ 'PLN secures Rp 7.5 trillion loan from PIP', The Jakarta Post, 14 December 2011.
  31. ^ Cahyafitri, Raras (21 October 2014). "Second phase of 10,000 MW power project sluggish". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  32. ^ Rabby Pramudatama, 'Power plant contractors face fines due to delays', The Jakarta Post 25 July 2012.
  33. ^ 'PLN has problems with Chinese machinery', The Jakarta Post, 11 April 2012.
  34. ^ a b Raras Cahyafitri, 'Second phase of 10,000 MW power project sluggish', The Jakarta Post, 21 October 2014.
  35. ^ Ika Krismantari, 'Govt to tender out financing of five coal-fired power plants', The Jakarta Post, 16 March 2008.
  36. ^ Amahl S. Azwar, 'Fast-tracked power plant building program way behind schedule', The Jakarta Post, 13 February 2013.
  37. ^ 'PLN allocates $7.6 billion for 2012 capital expenditures', The Jakarta Post, 28 December 2011.
  38. ^ Ranggda D. Fadillah, 'PLN to operate mine-mouth plant in S. Kalimantan', The Jakarta Post, 21 February 2012.
  39. ^ Rangga D. Fadillah, 'Contracts for 3 mine-mouth power plants', The Jakarta Post, 25 February 2012.
  40. ^ "PLN to launch tender on Sumatra-Java grid". 10 April 2012.
  41. ^ Rabby Pramudatama, 'PLN's geothermal plants likely to miss deadline', The Jakarta Post, 26 July 2112.
  42. ^ PLN: 2,358 MW PLTAs enter construction phase, Waspada Online, 24 May 2011
  43. ^ "PLN identifies 96 potential locations for hydro-power plants". 25 January 2012. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012.
  44. ^ Oyos Saroso H.N. and Apriadi Gunawan, 'Gloomy outlook for power supplies as water shortage forces blackouts', The Jakarta Post, 11 September 2012.

See also

6°14′26″S 106°48′12.1″E / 6.24056°S 106.803361°E / -6.24056; 106.803361

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