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Panicum effusum

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Panicum effusum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Panicum
Species:
P. effusum
Binomial name
Panicum effusum
Synonyms

Panicum convallium F.Muell.

A large area of Panicum effusum

Panicum effusum, commonly known as hairy panic, is a grass native to inland Australia.[2] It occurs in every mainland state,[3] as well as New Guinea. In dry conditions, the fast-growing grass can become a tumbleweed.

Description

Hairy panic is a perennial grass that reaches 70 centimetres (28 in) high.[3] The leaves have tubercle-based hairs and are up to 5–30 centimetres (2.0–11.8 in) long by 0.4–1 centimetre (0.16–0.39 in) wide. The seed spikes are typically 5–50 centimetres (2.0–19.7 in) long, with the spikelets 2–3 millimetres (0.079–0.118 in) long.[2]

Taxonomy

Prolific Scottish botanist Robert Brown described Panicum effusum in his 1810 work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen.[4] It still bears its original name. Ferdinand von Mueller described Panicum convallium, which he recorded from the banks of the Torrens and Gawler Rivers, on the Murray River and along the Flinders Ranges, in 1855.[5]

Common names include branched panic, hairy panic, effuse panic, native millet and poison panic.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Found across Australia, particularly in the east and Papua New Guinea,[1] hairy panic occurs on low- to medium-nutrient clay soils over shale or conglomerate.[7] Its large range, abundance and stable population mean that hairy panic is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, and in fact may be becoming more abundant.[1]

“Hairy panic” is found on the following ecoregions in Australia: Shrubland, grass downs, tropical savanna, desert, woodlands, lowland rainforest, tropical rainforests, montane grasslands, sub-alpine grassland, mangroves, xeric scrub and temperate rainforests.

Ecology

Panicum effusum produces a dry, single-seeded, indehiscent fruit which is eaten by the stubble quail.[7] The seeds are wind-borne, though can also be transported in mud on cars.[7]

The flowering of this plant occurs during summer. It is highly drought-tolerant, but is sensitive to frost.

Under extremely dry conditions, the fast-growing grass becomes a tumbleweed (that has evolved to disperse seeds) and can become a nuisance in residential areas due to the accumulation of grass stalks.[8] In February 2016, the town of Wangaratta, Victoria, was invaded by large numbers of tumbleweeds of the plant, which piled up to roof height in places.[8] Some residents blamed the problem on a local farmer who had failed to upkeep his paddock.[8]

Hairy panic uses C4 carbon fixation,[9] giving it an advantage in conditions of drought and high temperature.[10]

Uses

Hairy panic is a component of pastures, though not usually abundant. It is of moderate nutritional value to livestock.[9] Sheep consuming large quantities of hairy panic within 2–6 weeks of rain can suffer from photosensitivity and the fatal disease “yellow-bighead”.[6][8]

It also has some bush food value. The seeds can be ground and baked. Although there are plenty of seeds they may not be easy to collect.[11]

See also

  • Kali tragus, a common species of tumbleweed in the United States

References

  1. ^ a b c Thacker, H. (2013). "Panicum effusum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T44392613A44489113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T44392613A44489113.en.
  2. ^ a b Walker, Karen; Burrows, Geoff; McMahon, Lynne (2001). 'Bidgee bush : an identification guide to common native plant species of the south western slopes of New South Wales. Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory: Greening Australia. p. 88. ISBN 1-875345-61-2.
  3. ^ a b "Panicum effusum R.Br". New South Wales Flora Online. PlantNET. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  4. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen (in Latin). London, United Kingdom: Richard Taylor and Company. p. 191.
  5. ^ von Mueller, Ferdinand (1855). "Description of fifty new Australian plants, chiefly from the colony of Victoria". Transactions and Proceedings of the Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science. 1: 46.
  6. ^ a b Cunningham, Geoff M.; Mulham, William E.; Milthorpe, Peter L.; Leigh, John H. (1981). Plants of Western New South Wales. Sydney, New South Wales: NSW Government Printing Service. pp. 119–20. ISBN 0-7240-2003-9.
  7. ^ a b c Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (2005). "Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 10: Monocotyledon familiesLemnaceae to Zosteraceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 9 (1): 16–212 [161]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-20.
  8. ^ a b c d "Australia town consumed by 'hairy panic'". BBC News. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  9. ^ a b NSW Department of Primary Industries. "Hairy panic". Agriculture. NSW Government. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  10. ^ NSW Department of Primary Industries. "What are C3 and C4 Native Grass?". Agriculture. NSW Government. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  11. ^ https://www.anbg.gov.au/apu/plants/panieffu.html
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