Shuixian Zunwang
| Shuixian Zunwang | |||||||||
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| Chinese | 水仙尊王 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Honorable King(s) of the Water Immortals | ||||||||
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The Shuixian Zunwang are five Taoist immortals worshipped as water and sea gods. They have various names in English including the Honorable Water Immortal Kings and the Gods of the Waters. Their worship seems to derive from a misunderstanding of one of Wu Zixu's religious titles. They are believed to protect vessels in transit.
Names
The Chinese title Shuǐxiān Zūnwáng is variously translated into English as the Honorable Water Immortal Kings,[1] the Illustrious, Revered,[2] or Eminent Kings of the Water Immortals,[3] the Noble King Water Spirits,[4] the Shuexian Deities,[5] the Five Water-Gods,[2] and the Gods of the Waters.[4]
The head of the five is Yu the Great, the legendary first emperor of the Xia Dynasty in prehistoric China.[5] Within China, the Xia are now generally associated with the historical Erlitou culture along the Wei and middle Yellow Rivers, while foreign scholarship often continues to dismiss it as legendary. Yu became regarded as a water deity through his involvement with controlling the Great Flood of Chinese myth,[5] which may have preserved aspects of the Yellow River's massive flooding c. 1920 BCE. As Chinese generally fails to distinguish between singular and plural nouns, zūnwáng is sometimes considered to refer to a single Illustrious King. In such cases, it is usually identified with Yu alone.[3]
The existence of a quintet of gods, however, is thought to derive from a misunderstanding of Wu Zixu's surname 伍 (p Wǔ) as intending its usual sense as a synonym for the Chinese word for "five" (五, p wǔ) in its appearance in his divine title "King Wu" (伍王, p Wǔwáng).[1]
Wu Zixu[5] was a Chu noble who was forced into exile in Wu.[8] There, he helped the prince Ji Guang assassinate the king and enthrone himself as King Helü. He then played a role in Wu's invasion of his homeland, exhuming the corpse of its former king to punish it for the earlier death of his father and brother.[8] He accurately predicted that Yue would endanger Wu but did not have the ear of Helü's successor Fuchai. He was forced to commit suicide; his body placed in a leather bag and then thrown into a river.[9] After the fall of Wu, Wu Zixu's spirit was worshipped as Taoshen, "God of the Waves",[10] and particularly as the god of the Qiantang Tidal Bore at Hangzhou.[9] Wu Zixu had also been involved with the urban planning of King Helü's capital at Suzhou[10] and is sometimes considered a culture hero credited with inventing the waterwheel.[5]
Xiang Yu,[5] the "warlord of western Chu" whose revolt ended the Qin Empire in 206 BC, was killed fighting the forces of Han beside the Wu River in Anhui in 202 BC. He is usually said to have slit his throat and had his body torn to pieces by his enemies, but he became regarded as a water deity from a separate legend that his body miraculously remained standing in the waters of the Wu after his suicide.[5]
Qu Yuan was a poet and advisor to his relative the king of Chu. He was exiled upon supposedly slanderous reports of his fellow courtiers and committed suicide by walking into the Miluo while holding a rock, out of frustration with either his exile[11] or with the direction of Chu's public policy.[12] His memory is honored at Duanwu by various the traditions of the Dragon Boat Festival, although some believe this to have been a misplaced bit of Wu Zixu's legacy.[10]
The fifth figure variously appears as "King" Ao (奡王, Àowáng)[5] or as the inventor Lu Ban.[1]
The "King" Ao—literally the "Arrogant King"—is the deified form of Ao (奡, Ào)[14] or Jiao (澆, Jiāo),[15] the preternaturally strong son of Han Zhuo,[5] the advisor who usurped the realm of the archer Houyi in the 8th year of the reign of the Xia king Xiang.[16] Ao is said to have conquered the state of Ge for his father during the same year.[16] He became regarded as a water deity through his supposed role as the inventor of ships, which he was said to be able to sail across land as well as water.[5] He was killed by Xiang's son King Shaokang.[5]
Lu Ban,[1] also known by his Cantonese name Lo Pan, was a woodworker at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period who became revered as the Chinese god of carpentry and masonry. The great demand for his work during his life supposedly compelled him to invent or improve a number of carpenter's tools—the saw, the square, the planer, the drill, the shovel, and an ink marking tool—to complete his many projects more quickly.[17]
History
The worship of the Shuixian Zunwang as a quintet of kings appears to derive from a misunderstanding of one of Wu Zixu's religious titles. (Chinese generally lacks plural noun forms and his surname is a variant of the Chinese word for "five".)[1] The honorable kings of the water immortals were first worshipped around Xiamen,[1] which became a stronghold for Ming loyalists during the Qing conquest of China. Under Koxinga, the Zheng dynasty defeated the Dutch on Taiwan and moved from a base at Xiamen to the area around Tainan, which they ruled as the Kingdom of Tungning. They appear to have been responsible for the introduction of the worship of Fujian's five kings there.[1]
Worship
The Shuixian Zunwang are worshipped as protectors of ships in transit.[5] A shrine in their honor was included on most Taiwanese vessels during the imperial era; even today, most Taiwanese harbors include temples to them.[1] Their shrines also appear in Mazuist temples.
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Huang A-yu (December 2010), "臺灣水仙尊王崇祀之溯源 [Táiwān Shuǐxiān Zūnwáng Chóngsì zhī Sùyuán, Tracing the Worship of the Honorable Water Immortal Kings]", 人文研究期刊 [Rénwén Yánjiū Qīkān, Humanities Periodical], No. 8, pp. 81–112. (in Chinese) & (in English)
- ^ a b Studies in Central and East Asian Religions, Vols. 12–13, Copenhagen: Seminar for Buddhist Studies, 1996, p. 115.
- ^ a b Hu Hsiao-lan; et al. (2005), Taoism, Religions of the World, Philadelphia: Chelsea House, p. 35, ISBN 9781438106489.
- ^ a b Taiwan Literature, English translation series, Santa Barbara: University of California Forum for the Study of World Literatures in Chinese, 1999, p. 62.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Shuexian Deities", Official site, Tainan: Grand Matsu Temple, 2007. (in Chinese) & (in English)
- ^ Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, Ch. 66, Biography 6. (in Chinese)
- ^ Nienhauser, William H., Junior (2001), "Early Biography", The Columbia History of Chinese Literature, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 514–5, ISBN 9780231528511
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). - ^ a b Records of the Grand Historian,[6] cited in Nienhauser.[7]
- ^ a b Murck, Alfreda (2000), Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent, Harvard–Yenching Institute Monograph No. 50, Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, p. 207, ISBN 9780674007826.
- ^ a b c "Legend for Wu Zixu", eBeijing, Beijing: Beijing Foreign Affairs Information Center, retrieved 15 December 2016. (in Chinese) & (in English)
- ^ Lee, L.F. (1995), "Chu Yuan", Dragon Boat!, Taipei: NTNU's Mandarin Training Center, archived from the original on 2009-04-17
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). - ^ "Qu Yuan", China: Five Thousand Years of History & Civilization, Kowloon: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2007, p. 206, ISBN 9789629371401.
- ^ Selby, Stephen (2000), Chinese Archery, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, p. 21, ISBN 9789622095014.
- ^ The Zuo Zhuan, translated in Selby.[13]
- ^ Qu Yuan (2012), Sukhu, Gopal (ed.), The Shaman and the Heresiarch: A New Interpretation of the Li Sao, Albany: SUNY Press, p. 227, ISBN 9781438442846.
- ^ a b Bamboo Annals.
- ^ Yan, Hong-sen (2007), Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery, History of Mechanism and Machine Science, No. 3, Dordrecht: Springer, §8.1: "Lu Ban the Man", ISBN 9781402064609.