Antipruritic
Antipruritics, also known as anti-itch drugs, are medications that inhibit the itching (Latin: pruritus) often associated with sunburns, allergic reactions, eczema, psoriasis, chickenpox, fungal infections, insect bites and stings like those from mosquitoes, fleas, and mites, and contact dermatitis and urticaria caused by plants such as poison ivy (urushiol-induced contact dermatitis) or stinging nettle.
Common antipruritics
Topical antipruritics in the form of creams and sprays are often available over the counter. The active ingredients usually belong to these classes:
- Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and Hydroxyzine
- Corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone topical cream, see topical steroid
- Counterirritants, such as mint oil, menthol, or camphor[1]
- Local anesthetics such as lidocaine, pramoxine, or benzocaine in topical creams or lotions
Oral antipruritics also exist and are usually prescription drugs. These can be antihistamines as above[2] or:
- Nalfurafine, a centrally-acting κ-opioid receptor agonist approved for uremic pruritus and effective in animal models of other prurituses[3]
- Oclacitinib, a janus kinase inhibitor used to control pruritus in dogs.
Disputed and questionable antipruritics
- Burow's solution, an astringent aqueous solution of aluminium acetate, is shown to soothe and to relieve itching.
- Olive oil
- Jewelweed has been shown to be devoid of any anti-itch activity in several controlled studies [4][5][6][7]
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor are a class of medicines commonly used for depression, and are also said to be effective in controlling pruritus in a small number of refractory cases.[8] Mirtazapine, a different type of antidepressant, also has antipruritic effects due to its strong antagonism of the H1 receptor.
- Calamine lotion, containing zinc oxide and iron(III) oxide, is a traditional remedy for mild itching, such as that typically associated with chicken pox – although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has asserted that it has little if any scientific evidence.[9][10] Nevertheless, they subsequently recommended applying topical OTC skin protectants, such as calamine, to relieve the itch caused by poisonous plants such as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac.[11]
- Paste of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and water, applied topically[12]
- Ammonium hydroxide (household ammonia), applied topically[12]
- Papain-based topical creams.
Home remedies
- Cooling with ice or cold water (usually stops the itch for as long as the ice or cold water is applied)[citation needed]
- Slightly painful stimulation such as rubbing, slapping, scratching, or heating based on a spinal antagonism between pain- and itch-processing neurons[citation needed]
- Pine tree gum applied to the affected areas for short periods of time can help in drawing out the oils and drying the skin.
- Frequent washing of the affected areas in hot water with a drying soap removes oils that come to the surface as the blisters form and provides temporary relief from itching.
- Applying emollients to the skin such as baby oil or petroleum jelly after showering
References
- ^ Hercogová J (2005). "Topical anti-itch therapy". Dermatologic Therapy. 18 (4): 341–3. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00033.x. PMID 16297007.
- ^ Stöppler, Melissa Conrad. "Itch (Itching or Pruritus)". MedicineNet. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
- ^ Inui, Shigeki (2015). "Nalfurafine hydrochloride to treat pruritus: a review". Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 8: 249–55. doi:10.2147/CCID.S55942. ISSN 1178-7015. PMC 4433050. PMID 26005355.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Long, D.; Ballentine, N. H.; Marks, J. G. (September 1997). "Treatment of poison ivy/oak allergic contact dermatitis with an extract of jewelweed". Am. J. Contact. Dermat. 8 (3): 150–3. doi:10.1097/01206501-199709000-00005. PMID 9249283.
- ^ Gibson, M. R.; Maher, F. T. (May 1950). "Activity of jewelweed and its enzymes in the treatment of Rhus dermatitis". J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 39 (5): 294–6. doi:10.1002/jps.3030390516. PMID 15421925.
- ^ Guin, J. D.; Reynolds, R. (June 1980). "Jewelweed treatment of poison ivy dermatitis". Contact Dermatitis. 6 (4): 287–8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb04935.x. PMID 6447037.
- ^ Zink, B. J.; Otten, E.J.; Rosenthal, M.; Singal, B (1991). "The Effect Of Jewel Weed In Preventing Poison Ivy Dermatitis". Journal of Wilderness Medicine. 2 (3): 178–182. doi:10.1580/0953-9859-2.3.178. Retrieved 2008-01-16.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Lee CS, Koo J (2005). "Psychopharmacologic therapies in dermatology: an update". Dermatologic Clinics. 23 (4): 735–44. doi:10.1016/j.det.2005.05.015. PMID 16112451.
- ^ "American Topics. An Outdated Notion, That Calamine Lotion". Archived from the original on 19 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
- ^ Appel, L.M. Ohmart; Sterner, R.F. (1956). "Zinc oxide: A new, pink, refractive microform crystal". AMA Arch Dermatol. 73: 316–324. PMID 13301048.
- ^ September 2, 2008 FDA Document Archived July 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Paul Tawrell, Wilderness Camping and Hiking(Falcon Distribution, 2008), 212.
External links
- Paus, R. (2006). "Frontiers in pruritus research: scratching the brain for more effective itch therapy". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (5): 1174–1185. doi:10.1172/JCI28553. PMC 1451220. PMID 16670758.
Major chemical drug groups – based upon the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System | |
|---|---|
| gastrointestinal tract / metabolism (A) | |
| blood and blood forming organs (B) | |
| cardiovascular system (C) | |
| skin (D) | |
| genitourinary system (G) | |
| endocrine system (H) | |
| infections and infestations (J, P, QI) | |
| malignant disease (L01–L02) | |
| immune disease (L03–L04) | |
| muscles, bones, and joints (M) | |
| brain and nervous system (N) |
|
| respiratory system (R) | |
| sensory organs (S) | |
| other ATC (V) | |
