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Railway town

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Bereket (Kazandzhik) in Turkmenistan. The town originated from a railway station built in 1885. The city is now an important crossroad of the old Trans-Caspian Railway and new North-South Transnational Railway.

A railway town, or railroad town, is a settlement that originated or was greatly developed because of a railway station or junction at its site.

North America

See also: Pacific Railroad Acts

During the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the 1860s, temporary, "Hell on wheels" towns, made mostly of canvas tents, accompanied the Union Pacific Railroad as construction headed west. Most faded away but some became permanent settlements.[1]

Prairie railway town (model)

In the 1870s successive boomtowns sprung up in Kansas, each prospering for a year or two as a railhead, and withering when the rail line extended further west and created a new endpoint for the Chisholm Trail.

Becoming rail hubs made Chicago and Los Angeles grow from small towns to large cities.

Sayre, Pennsylvania and Atlanta, Georgia were among the American company towns created by railroads in places where no settlement already existed.

In western Canada, railway towns became associated with brothels and prostitution, and concerned railway companies started a series of YMCAs in the late nineteenth century in response.[2]

Role in land speculation

See also: speculation

In some cases, a railroad town would be started by the railroad, often using a separate town or land company, even when another town already existed nearby. The population of the existing town would shift to the railroad town. This would create a boon for the town company and its railroad founder, which would sell off lots near the station at a substantial profit, often before the railroad ever arrived at the new townsite.

Such is the case with Durango, Colorado. In the spring of 1880, William Bell of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad scoured the La Plata County area in the vicinity of Animas City, located on the Animas River. When negotiations to acquire land through the local homesteaders fell through, Bell acquired property downstream to the south under more favorable conditions in the name of the Durango Land and Coal Company. By the end of the year, a Durango newspaper reported all of "Animas City is coming to Durango as fast as accommodations can be secured."[3] The population, at the time estimated between 3,000 and 5,000 people, crammed into the little "box town," where the only permanent structures were saloons, dance halls, restaurants and stores.

When the railroad arrived in August 1881, the train stopped in a jubilant Durango, not Animas City. The railroad pushed on up the Animas River, reaching Silverton in July 1882,[3] passing through Animas City without a stop. Animas City subsisted as a de facto suburb of the Durango area before annexation by Durango in 1948.[4] The Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, a heritage railroad and successor to the Rio Grande in La Plata County, still passes by the townsite.

Europe

In Denmark, Sweden and Norway, a related concept is the stationsby or "station town". Stationsbyer are rural towns that grew up around railways, but they were based on agricultural co-operatives and artisan communities rather than on railway industries.[5][6]

United Kingdom

In Victorian Britain, the spread of railways greatly affected the fate of many small towns. Peterborough and Swindon became successful due to their status as railway towns; in contrast, towns such as Frome or Kendal remained small after being bypassed by main lines.[7] Some entirely new towns grew up around railway works. Middlesbrough was the first new town to be developed due to the railways, growing from a hamlet of 40 into an industrial port after the Stockton and Darlington Railway was extended in 1830.[8] Wolverton was fields before 1838 and had a population of 1,500 by 1844.[9] Other examples of early railway towns include Ashford (Kent), Doncaster and Neasden.[10] Derby came to be dominated, first by the North Midland Railway, and later the Midland Railway, which based all their engineering works, as well as their company headquarters, in the town; a large area of the town was built by the company architect, Francis Thompson.[11]

Crewe grew greatly after the Grand Junction Railway Company moved there in 1843; the two rural towns that became Crewe had a population of 500 in 1841 and the population had reached more than 40,000 by 1900.[9][12] The railway town of 'New Swindon' displaced the neighbouring pre-existing town after the Great Western Railway moved there; a market town of 2,000 in 1840 became a railway town of 50,000 in 1905.[9][10] Railways became major employers, with 6,000 people employed by them in Crewe in 1877 and 14,000 in Swindon in 1905.[7]

The growth of railway towns was often in the mould of the 'paternalistic employer' providing housing, schools, hospitals, churches and civic buildings for their workers, similar to Cadbury's Bournville;[10][13] there was a "very rigid and unimaginative control" of the workers by GWR in Swindon.[10] Workforces were loyal and obedient; industrial action in railway towns was rare because the workforce depended on the company. Railwaymen dominated local politics in railway towns, particularly Francis Webb's 'Independent Railway Company Party' in Crewe and George Leeman in York. The chief mechanical engineer of GWR, Daniel Gooch, was MP for Swindon for twenty years.[13]

Crewe was a 'company town' for its first few decades as workers moved in their thousands from other parts of the country. Most social amenities and organisations were sponsored by the railway, but moves such as the establishment of a town council in 1877 slowly reduced company influence and the railway company began to consider spending on town amenities as a municipal concern.[12] Workers organised their own institutions such as clubs, trade unions and co-operatives to gain independence from company control; they became the basis for political opposition in railway towns.[13]

Germany

Railway towns due to traffic junctions are Aulendorf, Bebra, Betzdorf, Buchloe, Falkenberg/Elster, Hagen, Hamm, Lehrte, Offenburg, Plattling and Treuchtlingen. Railway towns as locations of depots for pusher locomotives at the foot of gradient lines are Altenhundem or Neuenmarkt. Railway towns with large border stations are Freilassing or Weil am Rhein.

Austria

Knittelfeld is a railway town based on main workshops, with the Austrian Federal Railways as by far the largest employer. Arnoldstein was once an important border station to Italy.

Switzerland

Examples in Switzerland are Olten or as the location of a railway depot for push locomotives Erstfeld. One place with a large border station is Chiasso.

France

Examples of railway cities in France are Tergnier and Miramas. Examples of a railway town by its border station is Cerbère, where the tracks of the Spanish broad gauge end.

Belgium

In Belgium, the town of Montzen is of outstanding importance in railway transport.

Luxembourg

With its marshalling yard and other railway facilities on the international Brussels/Amsterdam-Luxembourg-Metz line, Bettemburg has gained great importance in transit traffic through Luxembourg.

Poland

After the First World War, the city of Bentschen (Polish Zbąszyń) fell from the German Reich to Poland. Subsequently, the German Reichsbahn established the station Neu Bentschen, which functions as a border station and as a junction for three lines leading to the west. Since there was no larger town near the new station, the Deutsche Reichsbahn had a railway settlement built, which subsequently grew into a town. It was given the name Neu Bentschen (Polish Zbąszynek).

Portugal

An example of a railway town in Portugal is Entroncamento.

Romania

Simeria in Romania grew into a city through new railway facilities.

Czech Republic

After the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy disintegrated and the state of Czechoslovakia was created. In 1920, Czechoslovakia was granted some areas of Austria close to the border, including the railway station of the Lower Austrian town of Gmünd with the surrounding district. From this the new town České Velenice developed. The reason for drawing the border was the meeting of the railway lines to Ceské Budejovice and Prague in České Velenice.

Asia

China

Zhuzhou used to be a small town that sits next to the Xiang River in Hunan. The mining of Anyuan Coal Mines in Pingxiang, Jiangxi requires a rail line to transport the coals out of the coalfields and Zhuzhou became the destination. The railway transformed Zhuzhou into one of the prosperous industrial city in Hunan Province and one of the most important rail hub in China.[14]

Changchun in China was built by the Japanese, then occupying Manchuria, as a 'model town' as part of Japan's imperialist modernisation. The first railway town at Changchun was begun by the Russians in 1898, but it excluded Chinese residents. A second major railway town was designed and built from 1905 by the South Manchuria Railway, inspired by Russian railway towns such as Dalian. It was based on a rectangular system that contrasted with the circular walled town of old Changchun, and grid patterns became the standard for Chinese railway towns. The SMR developed dozens of railway towns in north-east China from 1906-1936, such as at Harbin and Mukden.[15][16]

South Korea

Daejeon City in South Korea was a small village before the 1900s, the construction of Gyeongbu Line and Honam Line made Daejeon grew into a major transportation hub in Korea. Korail's headquarters is located in Daejeon.

Oceania

Australia

When the Trans-Australian Railway was built across the Nullarbor Plain in the 1910s, a series of towns were erected in South Australia and Western Australia to accommodate Commonwealth Railways' employees.[17] To provide supplies the Tea & Sugar train ran weekly.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Klein, Maury (2006) [1987]. Union Pacific: Volume I, 1862–1893. U of Minnesota press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 1452908737.
  2. ^ Brown, Ron (2008). The Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore: An Illustrated History of Railway Stations in Canada (3 ed.). Dundurn Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-55002-794-5.
  3. ^ a b Athearn, Robert G. (1962). Rebel of the Rockies: A history of the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 104–105.
  4. ^ Seyfarth, Jill. "The Rise and Fall of Animas City". The Animas Museum, La Plata County Historic Society. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  5. ^ Auer, Peter; Hinskens, Frans; Kerswill, Paul (2005). "Process of standardisation in Scandinavia". Dialect change: convergence and divergence in European languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN 0-521-80687-9.
  6. ^ Kristensen, Peer Hull (July 1989). "Denmark: an experimental laboratory for new industrial models". Entrepreneurship & Regional Development. 1 (3). Routledge: 245–55. doi:10.1080/08985628900000021.
  7. ^ a b Dyos, H. J.; Wolff, Michael (1999). The Victorian City. Routledge. p. 292. ISBN 0-415-19323-0.
  8. ^ "Complex birth of first railway town". The Northern Echo. 16 June 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  9. ^ a b c Darby, Henry Clifford (1973). A new historical geography of England. Vol. 3. CUP Archive. p. 220. ISBN 0-521-20116-0.
  10. ^ a b c d Armstrong, John (2000). "'Railway Town': Swindon". In Philip J Waller (ed.). The English urban landscape. Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN 0-19-860117-4.
  11. ^ Biddle, Gordon. Britain's Historic Railway Buildings: A Gazetteer of Structures (Second ed.). Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. pp. 288–289. ISBN 9780711034914.
  12. ^ a b Redfern, Allan (1983). "Crewe: leisure in a railway town". In John K. Walton (ed.). Leisure in Britain, 1780-1939. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-1946-X.
  13. ^ a b c Charles Harvey; John Turner, eds. (1989). "British railway workshops, 1838-1914". Labour and business in modern Britain. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-3365-8.
  14. ^ Jeff Hornibrook (2015). A Great Undertaking: Mechanization and Social Change in a Late Imperial Chinese Coalmining Community. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438456898.
  15. ^ Sewell, Bill (2002). "Railway Outpost and Puppet Capital: Urban Expressions of Japanese Imperialism in Changchun, 1905-1945". In Gregory Blue; Martin P. Bunton; Ralph C. Croizier (eds.). Colonialism and the modern world: selected studies. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0772-7.
  16. ^ Buck, David D. (2002). "Railway City and National Capital: Two Faces of the Modern in Changchun". In Joseph Esherick (ed.). Remaking the Chinese city: modernity and national identity, 1900-1950. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2518-7.
  17. ^ The Trans-Australian Railway Railway Gazette 7 January 1921 page 15
  18. ^ Australia's Famous Tea & Sugar Train Network August 1974 page 4
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