Wadsleyite
| Wadsleyite | |
|---|---|
| General | |
| Category | Sorosilicate |
| Formula (repeating unit) | Mg2SiO4 |
| Strunz classification | 9.BE.02 |
| Crystal system | Orthorhombic (Horiuchi and Sawamoto, 1981) |
| Crystal class | Dipyramidal (mmm) H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Space group | Imma |
| Unit cell | a = 5.7 Å, b = 11.71 Å c = 8.24 Å; Z = 8 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Dark green |
| Crystal habit | Microcrystalline aggregates |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent |
| Specific gravity | 3.84 calculated |
| Optical properties | Biaxial |
| Refractive index | n = 1.76 |
| References | [1][2][3][4] |
Wadsleyite, a high-pressure phase of olivine, is an orthorhombic mineral with the formula β-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4. It was first found in nature in the Peace River meteorite from Alberta, Canada. It is formed by a phase transformation from olivine (α-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4) under increasing pressure and eventually transforms into spinel-structured ringwoodite (γ-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4) as pressure increases further. The structure can take up a limited amount of other bivalent cations instead of magnesium, but contrary to the α and γ structures, a β structure with the sum formula Fe2SiO4 is not thermodynamically stable. Its cell parameters are approximately a = 5.7 Å, b = 11.71 Å and c = 8.24 Å.
Wadsleyite is found to be stable in the upper part of the Transition Zone of the Earth's mantle between 410–520 kilometres (250–320 mi) in depth. Because of oxygens not bound to silicon in the Si2O7 groups of wadsleyite, it leaves some oxygen atoms underbonded, and as a result, these oxygens are hydrated easily, allowing for high concentrations of hydrogen atoms in the mineral. Hydrous wadsleyite is considered a potential site for water storage in the Earth's mantle due to the low electrostatic potential of the underbonded oxygen atoms. Although wadsleyite does not contain H in its chemical formula, it may contain more than 3 percent by weight H2O, and may coexist with a hydrous melt at transition zone pressure-temperature conditions. The solubility of water and the density of wadsleyite depend on the temperature and pressure in the Earth. Even though their maximum water storage capabilities might be reduced to about 0.5-1 wt% along the normal geotherm,[5] the Transition Zone which hold up to 60 vol% wadsleyite could still be a major water reservoir in the Earth’s interior. Furthermore, the transformation resulting in wadsleyite is thought to occur also in the shock event when a meteorite impacts the Earth or another planet at very high velocity.
Wadsleyite was first identified by Ringwood and Major in 1966 and was confirmed to be a stable phase by Akimoto and Sato in 1968.[6] The phase was originally known as β-Mg2SiO4 or “beta-phase”. Wadsleyite was named for mineralogist Arthur David Wadsley (1918–1969).
Composition
In values of weight percent oxide, the pure magnesian variety of wadsleyite would be 42.7% SiO2 and 57.3% MgO by mass. An analysis of trace elements in wadsleyite suggests that there are a number of elements included in it. Results demonstrate traces of rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) in wadsleyite and suggest that the concentrations of these elements could be larger than what has been supposed in the transition zone of Earth's upper mantle. Moreover, these results help in understanding chemical differentiation and magmatism inside the Earth.[7]
Although nominally anhydrous, wadsleyite can incorporate more than 3 percent by weight H2O,[8] which means that it is capable of incorporating more water than Earth's oceans and may be a significant reservoir for H (or water) in the Earth's interior.
Geologic occurrence
Wadsleyite was found in the Peace River meteorite, an L6 hypersthene-olivine chondrite from Peace River, Alberta, Canada. The wadsleyite in this meteorite is believed to have formed at high pressure during the shock event related to the impact on Earth from the olivine in sulfide-rich veins of the meteorite. It occurs as microcrystalline rock fragments, often not surpassing 0.5 mm (0.020 in) in diameter.[9]
Structure
Wadsleyite is a spinelloid, and the structure is based on a distorted cubic-closest packing of oxygen atoms as are the spinels. The a-axis and the b-axis is the half diagonal of the spinel unit. The magnesium and the silicon are completely ordered in the structure. There are three distinct octahedral sites, M1, M2, and M3, and a single tetrahedral site. Wadsleyite is a sorosilicate in which Si2O7 groups are present.[10] There are four distinct oxygen atoms in the structure. O2 is a bridging oxygen shared between two tetrahedra, and O1 is a non-silicate oxygen (not bonded to Si). The potentially hydrated O1 atom lies at the center of four edge-sharing Mg2+ octahedra.[11][12] If this oxygen is hydrated (protonated), a Mg vacancy can occur at M3. If water incorporation exceeds about 1.5% the M3 vacancies can order in violation of space group Imma, reducing the symmetry to monoclinic I2/m with beta angle up to 90.4º.
Wadsleyite II is a separate spinelloid phase with both a single (SiO4) and double (Si2O7) tetrahedral units. It is a magnesium-iron silicate with variable composition that might occur between the stability regions of wadsleyite and ringwoodite γ-Mg2SiO4,[13] but computational models suggest that at least the pure magnesian form is not stable.[14] One-fifth of the silicon atom is in isolated tetrahedral and four-fifths is in Si2O7 groups so that the structure can be thought of as a mixture of one-fifth spinel and four-fifths wadsleyite.[15]
Crystallography and physical properties
Wadsleyite crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system and has a unit cell volume of 550.00 Å3. Its space group is Imma and its cell parameters are a = 5.6921 Å, b = 11.46 Å and c = 8.253 Å;[9] an independent study found the cell parameters to be a = 5.698 Å, b = 11.438 Å and c = 8.257 Å.[15] Pure magnesian wadsleyite is colorless, but iron-bearing varieties are dark green.
The wadsleyite minerals generally have a microcrystalline texture and are fractured. Because of small crystal size, detailed optical data could not be obtained; however, wadsleyite is anisotropic with low first-order birefringence colors [9] It is biaxial with a mean refractive index of n = 1.76 and has a calculated specific gravity of 3.84. In X-ray powder diffraction, its strongest points in pattern are: 2.886(50)(040), 2.691(40)(013), 2.452(100,141), 2.038(80)(240), 1.442(80)(244).[9]
Sound velocities
Sawamoto et al (1984) [16] firstly measured the P-wave velocity (Vp) and S-wave velocity (Vs) of Mg-endmember of wadsleyite at ambient condition by the Brillouin spectroscopy. Their data suggested that olivine-wadsleyite phase transition would cause Vp jump of ~13% and Vs jump of ~14%. Therefore, the olivine-wadsleyite phase transition has been suggested as the main reason for the 410 km seismic discontinuity at the boundary between the Upper Mantle and the Mantle Transition Zone in Earth.[16]
Biographic sketch
Arthur David Wadsley (1918–1969) received the privilege of getting a mineral named after him due to his contributions to geology such as the crystallography of minerals and other inorganic compounds.[9] The proposal to have wadsleyite named after Wadsley was approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical Association. The type specimen is now preserved in the collection of the Department of Geology at the University of Alberta.
See also
References
- ^ Mindat.org
- ^ Webmineral data
- ^ Handbook of Mineralogy
- ^ The IMA Mineral List
- ^ Ohtani, Eiji; Litasov, Konstantin; Hosoya, Tomofumi; Kubo, Tomoaki; Kondo, Tadashi (2004). "Water transport into the deep mantle and formation of a hydrous transition zone". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 143–144: 255–269. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2003.09.015. ISSN 0031-9201.
- ^ Akimoto, Syun-iti; Sato, Yosiko (1968). "High-pressure transformation in Co2SiO4 olivine and some geophysical implications". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 1 (7): 498–504. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(68)90018-6. ISSN 0031-9201.
- ^ Mibe, Kenji; Orihashi, Yuji; Nakai, Shun'ichi; Fujii, Toshitsugu (2006). "Element partitioning between transition-zone minerals and ultramafic melt under hydrous conditions". Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (16). doi:10.1029/2006gl026999. ISSN 0094-8276.
- ^ Inoue, Toru; Yurimoto, Hisayoshi; Kudoh, Yasuhiro (1995). "Hydrous modified spinel, Mg1.75SiH0.5O4: A new water reservoir in the mantle transition region". Geophysical Research Letters. 22 (2): 117–120. doi:10.1029/94gl02965. ISSN 0094-8276.
- ^ a b c d e Price, Geoffrey D. (1983). "The nature and significance of stacking faults in wadsleyite, natural β-(Mg, Fe)2SiO4 from the Peace River meteorite". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 33 (2): 137–147. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(83)90146-2. ISSN 0031-9201.
- ^ Ashbrook, Sharon E.; Pollès, Laurent Le; Pickard, Chris J.; Berry, Andrew J.; Wimperis, Stephen; Farnan, Ian (2007-03-21). "First-principles calculations of solid-state 17O and 29Si NMR spectra of Mg2SiO4 polymorphs". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 9 (13): 1587–1598. doi:10.1039/B618211A. ISSN 1463-9084.
- ^ Smyth, Joseph R. (1987-12-01). "beta -Mg2 SiO4; a potential host for water in the mantle?". American Mineralogist. 72 (11–12): 1051–1055. ISSN 0003-004X.
- ^ Smyth, Joseph R. (1994-10-01). "A crystallographic model for hydrous wadsleyite (β-Mg2SiO4): An ocean in the Earth's interior?". American Mineralogist. 79 (9–10): 1021–1024. ISSN 0003-004X.
- ^ Kleppe, A. K. (2006). "High-pressure Raman spectroscopic studies of hydrous wadsleyite II". American Mineralogist. 91 (7): 1102–1109. doi:10.2138/am.2006.2060. ISSN 0003-004X.
- ^ Tokár, Kamil; Jochym, Paweł T.; Piekarz, Przemysław; Łażewski, Jan; Sternik, Małgorzata; Parlinski, Krzysztof (2013). "Thermodynamic properties and phase stability of wadsleyite II". Physics and Chemistry of Minerals. 40 (3): 251–257. doi:10.1007/s00269-013-0565-9. ISSN 0342-1791.
- ^ a b Horiuchi, Hiroyuki; Sawamoto, Hiroshi (1981). "β-Mg2SiO4: Single-crystal X-ray diffraction study". American Mineralogist. 66 (5–6): 568–575. ISSN 0003-004X.
- ^ a b SAWAMOTO, H.; WEIDNER, D. J.; SASAKI, S.; KUMAZAWA, M. (1984). "Single-Crystal Elastic Properties of the Modified Spinel (Beta) Phase of Magnesium Orthosilicate". Science. 224 (4650): 749–751. doi:10.1126/science.224.4650.749. ISSN 0036-8075.