Jump to content

ADX Florence

Coordinates: 38°21′23″N 105°05′41″W / 38.35630°N 105.09482°W / 38.35630; -105.09482
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Ahunt (talk | contribs) at 17:01, 30 December 2014 (Undid revision 640256917 by 174.61.147.2 (talk) - WP:SPAM). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

38°21′23″N 105°05′41″W / 38.35630°N 105.09482°W / 38.35630; -105.09482

U.S. Penitentiary, Florence ADX
Map
LocationFremont County, near Florence, Colorado
StatusOperational
Security classSupermax with adjacent minimum security camp
Population927 (408 supermax, 519 camp)[1]
Opened1994
Managed byFederal Bureau of Prisons
WardenRobert Wiley

The United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX) is an American federal supermax prison for male inmates located in Fremont County, Colorado.[2][3] It is unofficially known as ADX Florence, Florence ADMAX, Supermax, or the Alcatraz of the Rockies.[4] Part of the Florence Federal Correctional Complex, which is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), a division of the United States Department of Justice, it houses the male inmates in the federal prison system who are deemed the most dangerous and in need of the tightest control. ADX also includes an adjacent minimum-security camp that, as of March 2014, houses more prisoners than the supermax unit.

The BOP has not designated a "supermax" facility for women. Women in the BOP system who are classified as "special management concerns" due to violence and/or escape attempts are confined in the administrative unit of Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas.[5]

History

ADX Florence was constructed as a response to several serious security breaches at federal prisons, including those that occurred at the United States Penitentiary, Marion, a high security facility in Marion, Illinois, on October 22, 1983, in which Correction Officers Merle Clutts and Robert Hoffman were stabbed to death in two separate incidents. Relatively relaxed security procedures allowed an inmate, while walking down a hall, to turn to the side and approach another cell so an accomplice could unlock his handcuffs with a stolen key and provide him with a knife. Both officers were killed using this tactic. Clutts's killer, Thomas Silverstein, is serving three life sentences at ADX. Hoffman's killer, Clayton Fountain, died in prison of natural causes in 2004.[6]

As a response, USP Marion went into "permanent lockdown" and transformed itself into a "control unit" prison for the next 23 years, requiring inmates to remain in solitary confinement for 22 to 23 hours each day, and prohibiting communal dining, exercise, and religious services.[7]

Following the killings, Norman Carlson, then director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, argued that a more secure type of prison needed to be designed, where uncontrollable inmates could be isolated from correction officers and other prisoners for the sake of security and safety. Marion became a model for the subsequent construction of ADX, a facility designed from the ground up as a control unit prison.[8] Years later, Carlson said that building such a prison was the only way to handle inmates who "show absolutely no concern for human life." He pointed out that since Silverstein and Fountain were already serving multiple life sentences in a maximum security facility, simply adding another life sentence would have had no real effect or enhanced safety.[6]

ADX opened in November 1994.[9] The residents of Fremont County welcomed the prison as a source of employment. At the time, the county was already home to nine existing prisons. However, the lure of between 750 and 900 permanent jobs, in addition to another 1,000 temporary jobs during the prison's construction, led residents in the area to raise $160,000 to purchase 600 acres (240 ha) for the new prison. Hundreds of people attended the groundbreaking for the facility, which was designed jointly by two leading architecture firms in Colorado Springs, DLR Group and LKA Partners, and cost $60 million to build.[10]

Inmate population

The supermax unit at ADX Florence houses about 410 male inmates, each assigned to one of six security levels.[11]

The facility is best known for housing inmates who have been deemed too dangerous, too high-profile or too great a national security risk for even a maximum-security prison. These include the leaders of violent gangs who continued to issue orders to their members from lower security facilities, including Larry Hoover of the Gangster Disciples, and Barry Mills and Tyler Bingham of the Aryan Brotherhood. ADX also houses foreign terrorists, including Zacarias Moussaoui, the only person convicted in civilian court of the September 11 attacks; Faisal Shahzad, the perpetrator of the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt;[12] and Ramzi Yousef, mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing; as well as domestic terrorists, including serial bombers Ted Kaczynski and Eric Rudolph. Timothy McVeigh, who carried out the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, was housed at ADX before he was sentenced to death in 1997 and transferred to the United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, which houses federal death row inmates. McVeigh's co-conspirator, Terry Nichols, is serving 161 life sentences at ADX. Robert Hanssen, the former FBI agent who betrayed several spies to the Soviet Union and Russia, is serving 15 life sentences at ADX for his crimes. The prison also houses inmates who are a high escape risk, including Richard McNair, who escaped from a county jail and two other prisons before being sent to ADX.

However, the majority of inmates have been sent there because they have an extensive history of committing violent crimes against corrections officers and fellow inmates in other prisons, up to and including murder. These inmates are kept in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day for at least the first year. Depending on their conduct, inmates are then gradually allowed out for longer periods. The long-term goal is to keep them at ADX for three years, then transfer them to a less restrictive prison to serve out the remainder of their sentences. According to a 1998 report in the San Francisco Chronicle, ADX Florence's main purpose is to "try and extract reasonably peaceful behavior from extremely violent career prisoners".[6]

Prison facility

File:ADX.CELL.DESIGN.jpg
Design of a cell at ADX Florence

ADX Florence is a 37-acre (15 ha), 490-bed complex at 5880 Highway 67, Florence, Colorado, about 100 miles (160 km) south of Denver and 40 miles (60 km) south of Colorado Springs.[13] It is one part of the Florence Federal Correctional Complex (FFCC), which comprises three correctional facilities, each with a different security rating.[14]

The majority of the facility is above ground. The only part that is underground is a subterranean corridor that links cellblocks to the lobby. Inmates spend 23 hours a day locked in their cells and are escorted by a minimum of three officers for their five hours of private recreation per week.[15] Each cell has a desk, a stool, and a bed, which are almost entirely made out of poured concrete, as well as a toilet that shuts off if blocked, a shower that runs on a timer to prevent flooding, and a sink lacking a potentially dangerous tap. Rooms may also be fitted with polished steel mirrors bolted to the wall, an electric light, a radio, and a black and white television that shows recreational, educational, and religious programming.[16]

The 4 in (10 cm) by 4 ft (120 cm) windows are designed to prevent inmates from knowing their specific location within the complex because they can see only the sky and roof through them, making it virtually impossible to plan an escape. Inmates exercise in a concrete pit resembling an empty swimming pool, also designed to prevent them from knowing their location in the facility.[17] Telecommunication with the outside world is forbidden, and food is hand-delivered by correction officers. However, inmates sent here from other prisons can potentially be allowed to eat in a shared dining room.[6] The prison as a whole contains a multitude of motion detectors and cameras, and 1,400 remote-controlled steel doors. Pressure pads and 12-foot-tall (3.7 m) razor wire fences surround the perimeter.

Cheri Nolan, a Deputy Assistant Attorney General under President George W. Bush, toured ADX Florence in 2004 while a member of the advisory board for the National Institute of Corrections, a federal agency that supports correctional programs. Nolan stated, "I've never seen anything like it as far as the technology and physical set up. Once you're inside you really can't tell where you are - what's north, south, east or west. The way it's designed, it's an interesting kind of setup," Nolan said. "Because of the high value of targets they have there - on a world scale, whether it be a drug cartel or terrorists - they are as concerned with someone trying to get in to break someone out as much as they are about inmates trying to escape. The protection around the prison is pretty remarkable."[18]

The Federal Bureau of Prisons allowed the media to take a guided tour of ADX on September 14, 2007. Attending reporters remarked on "an astonishing and eerie quiet" within the prison as well as a sense of safety due to the rigorous security measures in place within the facility.[19] One journalist who took the tour, 60 Minutes producer Henry Schuster, said: "A few minutes inside that cell and two hours inside Supermax were enough to remind me why I left high school a year early. The walls close in very fast."[20]

Controversies

Eric Rudolph, the Olympic Park bomber, stated in a series of 2006 letters to a Colorado Springs newspaper that the ADX is meant to "inflict misery and pain."[21] A former ADX warden described the place as "a cleaner version of Hell".[22] As of 2007, there have been hundreds of "involuntary feedings" and four suicides.[22] In June 2009 Richard Reid, the al-Qaida terrorist commonly known as the "shoe bomber" (who attempted to blow up American Airlines Flight 63 with explosives concealed in his shoes) went on a religious hunger strike and was force-fed as a result.[23] Nonetheless, the prison has come under far less scorn than comparable facilities at the state level, which tend to suffer heavily from overpopulation, low staff-to-inmate ratios and security issues inherent to attempting to enforce a supermax system in a non-purpose-built facility. Jamie Fellner of Human Rights Watch said after a tour of the facility, "The Bureau of Prisons has taken a harsh punitive model and implemented it as well as anybody I know."[6] Notorious escape artist Richard Lee McNair wrote to a journalist from his cell in 2009 to say "Thank God for prisons [...] There are some very sick people in here... Animals you would never want living near your family or the public in general. I don't know how corrections staff deal with it. They get spit on, shit on, abused and I have seen them risk their own lives and save a prisoner many times."[24]

In 2012, 11 inmates filed a federal class-action suit against the Federal Bureau of Prisons and officials who run ADX Florence (Bacote v. Federal Bureau of Prisons[25]). This suit alleged chronic abuse, failure to properly diagnose and neglect of prisoners who are seriously mentally ill.[26]

In May 2013, ADX Florence ranked as one of the ten worst prisons in the United States, based on reporting in Mother Jones magazine.[27]

Notable current inmates

This section is about notable inmates who are currently held at Florence ADX. For a list of notable former inmates, see List of former inmates of US Penitentiary, Florence ADX.

Foreign terrorists

Mugshot of Zacarias Moussaoui

This list contains foreign citizens who committed or attempted to commit terrorist attacks against United States citizens and interests.

Inmate Name Register Number Status Details
Zacarias Moussaoui 51427-054 9999-99-99Serving 6 life sentences without parole. Self-professed Al-Qaeda senior member, pleaded guilty to terrorism conspiracy charges in 2005 for playing a key role in planning the September 11 attacks by helping the hijackers obtain flight lessons, money and material used in the attacks.[28]
Ramzi Yousef
Mahmud Abouhalima
Mohammed Salameh
Eyad Ismoil
 03911-000
28064-054
34338-054
37802-054 		9999-99-99Serving life sentences without parole. Al-Qaeda operatives; convicted in 1994 of terrorism conspiracy and other charges in connection with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, which killed six people and injured over 1000. Yousef was also convicted in 1996 of planning Project Bojinka, a foiled plot conceived by senior Al-Qaeda member Khalid Sheikh Mohammed to bomb twelve planes in a 48-hour period.[29]
Mohamed Al-Owhali
Wadih el-Hage
Khalfan Mohamed
Mohammed Odeh
Ahmed Ghailani 		42371-054
42393-054
44623-054
42375-054
02476-748 		9999-99-99Serving life sentences without parole. Al-Qaeda operatives; convicted in connection with the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, Africa, which were conceived by Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden; the bombings killed 224 people and injured over 4000.[30][31][32][33]
Richard Reid 24079-038 9999-99-99Serving 3 life sentences plus 110 years without parole. Al-Qaeda operative; pleaded guilty in 2002 to attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction in connection with his 2001 attempt to detonate explosive devices hidden in his shoes on a plane traveling from Paris to Miami; known as the "Shoe Bomber."[34]
Umar Abdulmutallab 44107-039 9999-99-99Serving 4 life sentences plus 50 years without the possibility of parole. Al-Qaeda supporter and follower of the late militant cleric Anwar al-Awlaki; pleaded guilty in 2011 to attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction for trying to detonate an explosive sewn into his underwear on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 on Christmas Day 2009; known as the "Underwear Bomber."[35]
Iyman Faris 46680-083 2020-99-99Serving a 20-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2020. Al-Qaeda operative; pleaded guilty in 2003 to terrorism conspiracy for researching potential targets, including the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, and obtaining equipment to be used in attacks at the behest of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.[36]
Ahmed Ressam 29638-086 2032-99-99Serving a 37-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2032.[37] Al-Qaeda operative; convicted in 2001 of terrorism conspiracy for planning to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on December 31, 1999 in what is known as one of the 2000 millennium attack plots.[38][39]
Simón Trinidad 27896-016 2056-99-99Serving a 60-year sentence under the name Juvenal Ovidio Palmera Pineda; scheduled for release in 2056. Member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), a guerrilla group on the U.S. State Department list of Terrorist Organizations; convicted in 2007 of terrorism conspiracy for his involvement in the 2003 kidnapping of three American military contractors.[40][41][42]
Adis Medunjanin 65114-053 Serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Al-Qaeda supporter; convicted in 2012 of plotting to conduct coordinated suicide bombings in the New York City subway system in September 2009; co-conspirators Najibullah Zazi and Zarein Ahmedzay pleaded guilty.[43][44]

Domestic terrorists

Prison photo of Joseph Konopka

This list contains American citizens who committed or attempted to commit terrorist attacks against United States citizens and interests.

Inmate Name Register Number Status Details
Ahmed Omar Abu Ali 70250-083 9999-99-99Serving life sentence. Al-Qaeda operative; convicted in 2005 of plotting to assassinate U.S. President George W. Bush; federal prosecutors based their case on a confession Abu Ali provided to Saudi Arabian intelligence officials, which Abu Ali claimed was motivated by torture.[45][46]
Theodore Kaczynski 04475-046 9999-99-99Serving 8 life sentences without parole. Known as the Unabomber; pleaded guilty in 1998 to building, transporting, and mailing explosives to carry out 16 bombings from 1978 to 1995 in a mail bombing campaign aimed at destroying modern technology, which killed three people and injured 23 others.[47][48]
Terry Nichols 08157-031 9999-99-99Serving 161 consecutive life sentences. Convicted of carrying out the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, which killed 168 people. Co-conspirator Timothy McVeigh was executed in Indiana in 2001.[49]
Eric Rudolph 18282-058 9999-99-99Serving 4 consecutive life sentences. Member of the extremist group Army of God; pleaded guilty in 2005 to carrying out four bombings between 1996 and 1998, including the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta; three people were killed during the bombing spree.[50][51]
Faisal Shahzad 63510-054 9999-99-99Serving a life sentence. Al-Qaeda supporter; pleaded guilty to attempting to use a weapon of mass destruction and other charges in connection with the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt; received explosives training in 2009 from the terrorist organization Tehrik-i-Taliban in Pakistan.[52][53]
Naser Jason Abdo 80882-280 9999-99-99Serving 2 life sentences plus 60 years. U.S. Army private who refused to deploy to Afghanistan and went AWOL; convicted in 2012 of attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction for plotting to detonate a bomb at a restaurant near Fort Hood in Killeen, Texas when it was filled with soldiers in 2011.[54][55]
Joseph Konopka 20749-424 9999-99-99Serving a 13-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2019. Pleaded guilty in 2002 to causing blackouts in Wisconsin by damaging power substations and utility facilities, as well as storing cyanide in the Chicago subway system; also known as "Dr. Chaos."[56][57]

Spies

FBI spy Robert Hanssen
Inmate Name Register Number Status Details
Noshir Gowadia 95518-022 2033-99-99Serving a 32-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2033. Former engineer for the U.S. Defense Department and principal designer of the B-2 stealth bomber; convicted in 2011 of using classified information to assist the People's Republic of China in producing cruise missiles with stealth technology.[58]
Robert Hanssen 48551-083 9999-99-99Serving 15 consecutive life sentences. Former senior FBI agent assigned to counterintelligence; pleaded guilty in 2002 to espionage for passing classified information to the Soviet Union and later to Russia over a 20-year period; perpetrated what was regarded at the time as the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history, betraying dozens of Russian intelligence agents, several of whom were executed directly due to Hanssen's betrayal.[59][60]
Walter Myers 29796-016 9999-99-99Serving a life sentence. Former intelligence analyst for the US State Department; pleaded guilty in 2009 to conspiracy to commit espionage for providing classified US national defense information to Cuba; his wife, Gwendolyn Myers, was sentenced to 6 years.[61][62]
Harold Nicholson 49535-083 2024-99-99Serving a 23-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2024. Highest-ranking CIA officer to be convicted of espionage; pleaded guilty in 1997 to passing classified information to Russia from 1994 to 1996; pleaded guilty in 2010 to attempting to collect payments from Russian agents for his past espionage activities.[63][64][65]

Cartel leaders

Mugshot of Osiel Cárdenas Guillén
Inmate Name Register Number Status Details
Haji Bagcho 29820-016 9999-99-99Serving 20 years to life. Afghan national and one of the largest heroin traffickers in the world; convicted in 2012 of conspiracy and narco-terrorism for using drug trafficking profits to assist high-level members of the Taliban further their insurgency in Afghanistan.[66][67]
Juan Garcia Abrego 09935-000 9999-99-99Serving 11 consecutive life sentences. Convicted in 1996 of operating the Gulf Cartel, a criminal enterprise that smuggled thousands of tons of cocaine and marijuana into the US from Mexico over a 16-year period.[68]
Osiel Cárdenas Guillén 62604-079 2025-99-99Serving a 25-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2025. Succeeded Juan Abrego as leader of the Gulf Cartel; extradited to the US from Mexico in 2007 and pleaded guilty to threatening to murder U.S. law enforcement agents, drug trafficking and money laundering.[69][70]

Organized crime figures

Undated prison photograph of Thomas Silverstein, considered one of the most dangerous inmates in the federal prison system
Inmate Name Register Number Status Details
Vincent Basciano 30694-054 9999-99-99Serving 2 life sentences. Served as Acting Boss of the Bonanno Crime Family in 2004 after Boss Joseph Massino was arrested; convicted in 2006 of murder, murder conspiracy, and racketeering charges; convicted in 2011 of ordering the 2004 murder of Bonanno associate Randolph Pizzolo.[71][72]
James Marcello 99076-012 Serving a life sentence. Reputed "Front Boss" of the Chicago Outfit; convicted of racketeering conspiracy for participating in or ordering 18 murders and directing criminal activities including extortion, illegal gambling, loansharking, and bribery.[73] [74]
Luis Felipe
Gustavo Colon 		14067-074
07984-424 		9999-99-99Felipe: serving 250 years Colon: Life sentence. Leaders of the Latin Kings gang; convicted in 1996 and 2000 of murder conspiracy and racketeering for running a criminal enterprise whose members engage in murder, assault, armed robbery, and drug trafficking; Felipe is known as "King Blood," Colon as "La Corona."[75][76][77]
Ruben Castro
Raul Leon
Francisco Martinez 		03328-112
95335-198
91147-011 		9999-99-99Serving life sentences. Leaders of the Mexican Mafia; convicted of racketeering and murder conspiracy for running violent drug trafficking operations.[78][79][80][81]
Joseph Hernandez
Tex Hernandez
James Morado
Gerald Rubalcaba
Cornelio Tristan 		02837-748
02536-748
02846-748
02552-748
02550-748 		9999-99-99Serving life sentences. Leaders of the Nuestra Familia gang, which engages in drug trafficking, extortion and murder inside and outside of prisons in California; arrested as part of Operation Black Widow in 2001; pleaded guilty to racketeering charges in 2004.[82]
Tyler Bingham
Barry Mills 		03325-091
14559-116 		9999-99-99Serving life sentences. Aryan Brotherhood prison gang founders; transferred to ADX in 2006 after being connected to violent gang activities in prison; convicted of murder, murder conspiracy, and racketeering for ordering the killing of two African-American inmates at USP Lewisburg in Pennsylvania.[83][84]
Thomas Silverstein 14634-116 2095-99-99Serving a 90-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2095. Aryan Brotherhood prison gang leader; transferred to ADX after murdering Correction Officer Merle Clutts at USP Marion in 1983 while serving a sentence for bank robbery. Silverstein's crime was the impetus for the construction of ADX.[85]
Larry Hoover 86063-024 9999-99-99Serving 6 life sentences. Leader of the Gangster Disciples in Chicago; sentenced to life in state prison in 1973 for murder; convicted in 1997 of drug conspiracy, extortion, money laundering, and running a continuing criminal enterprise for leading the gang from state prison.[86][87]
Jeff Fort 92298-024 2038-99-99Serving an 80-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2039. Founder of the El-Rukn (Black P. Stones) gang in Chicago; convicted of drug trafficking charges in 1983; convicted of terrorism conspiracy in 1987 for plotting to commit attacks inside the U.S. in exchange for weapons and $2.5 million from Libya.[88][89]
Howard Mason 24651-053 9999-99-99 Serving a life sentence. Convicted in 1989 of racketeering charges in connection with his leadership of "The Bebos," a violent drug gang in Queens, NY; ordered the 1988 murder of New York City Police Officer Edward Byrne.[90]
O. G. Mack 30063-037 2044-99-99Serving a 50-year sentence under his actual name, Omar Portee; scheduled for release in 2044. Founder of the United Blood Nation gang; convicted in 2002 of racketeering and murder conspiracy, as well as narcotics and weapons charges.[91]
Kaboni Savage 58232-066 Sentenced to death on June 3, 2013, Savage is the only death row inmate at ADX Florence. Philadelphia drug kingpin; convicted in 2013 of 12 counts of murder in aid of racketeering for ordering six drug-related homicides, as well as the firebombing of the home of a federal witness which killed two adults and four children.[92][93]

Other crimes

Escape artist Richard McNair
Inmate Name Register Number Status Details
Dwight York 17911-054 9999-99-99Serving a 135-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2139. Founder of the black separatist cult Nuwaubian Nation of Moors; made millions of dollars from the forced labor of cult members; convicted in 2004 of racketeering and child molestation for having sex with underage members; known by supporters as Dr. Malachi York.[94][95]
Matthew Hale 15177-424 2037-99-99Serving a 40-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2037. Founder of the neo-nazi group World Church of the Creator; convicted in 2004 of soliciting the murder of Federal Judge Joan Lefkow for ruling against him in a copyright lawsuit brought by a mainstream church with the same name.[96][97]
Richard McNair 13829-045 9999-99-99Serving 2 life sentences on a state murder charge from North Dakota in 1987. Held at ADX due to multiple prison escapes; escaped from the Ward County Jail in Minot, ND in 1987 by using lip balm to slip out of handcuffs, from the ND State Penitentiary in Bismarck in 1992 by crawling through a ventilator duct, and from USP Pollock in Louisiana in 2006 by mailing himself out of prison in a crate.[98][99]
Michael Swango 08352-424 9999-99-99Serving 3 life sentences. Physician and serial killer; pleaded guilty in 2000 to fatally poisoning four patients; has been linked to scores of other deaths.[100][101]
Michael Rudkin 17133-014 2099-99-99Serving a 90-year sentence; scheduled for release in 2099. Former correction officer at FCI Danbury in CT; sentenced to prison in 2008 for having sex with an inmate; convicted in 2010 of trying to hire a hitman to kill the inmate, his ex-wife, his ex-wife's boyfriend and a federal agent while incarcerated at USP Coleman in Florida.[102][103]

See also

References

  1. ^ "BOP: Weekly Population Report". Bop.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-18.
  2. ^ "USP Florence ADMAX Contact Information." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on December 30, 2009.
  3. ^ "Zoning Map." (Archive) City of Florence, Colorado. Retrieved on December 30, 2009.
  4. ^ Fernandes, Edna (2006-05-04). "Supermax prison, the Alcatraz of the Rockies". London: The Times. Retrieved 2008-05-31. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ Bosworth, Mary. The U.S. Federal Prison System. SAGE, 2002. 108. Retrieved from Google Books on October 14, 2010. ISBN 0-7619-2304-7, ISBN 978-0-7619-2304-6.
  6. ^ a b c d e Taylor, Michael (2011-06-23). "The Last Worst Place". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  7. ^ Supermax Prisons: High-Tech Dungeons and Modern-Day Torture
  8. ^ Perkinson, Robert (September 22, 1994). "Shackled justice: Florence federal penitentiary and the new politics of punishment". Social Justice. Crime and Social Justice Associates. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  9. ^ Pilkington, Ed. "ADX Florence supermax prison: the Alcatraz of the Rockies". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  10. ^ "Fast Facts: Supermax Prison". Fox News Channel. May 4, 2006. Retrieved 2010-05-25. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ DLR Group
  12. ^ "Life sentence for Faisal Shahzad, could join shoe bomber in Colorado". CSMonitor.com. 2010-10-05. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  13. ^ Shane, Scott. "Beyond Guantánamo, a Web of Prisons for Terrorism Inmates." The New York Times. December 10, 2011. Retrieved on December 12, 2011.
  14. ^ USP Florence ADMAX - Bureau of Prisons
  15. ^ Kalinowski, Bob (May 1, 2013). "Accused guard killer moved to Colorado". The Citizens' Voice. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  16. ^ "Fast Facts: Supermax Prison" - Fox News - May 04, 2006
  17. ^ "How to Survive a Supermax Prison". ABC News. August 2, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-31. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ Kalinowski, Bob (May 1, 2013). "Accused guard killer moved to Colorado". The Citizens' Voice. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  19. ^ Frieden, Terry. " Reporters get first look inside mysterious Supermax prison" - CNN - September 14, 2007
  20. ^ "My Trip to SuperMax". CBS News. October 14, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-31. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ Eric Rudolph Says His Prison Inflicts Misery And Pain, digitriad.com, 12/11/2006
  22. ^ a b "Supermax: A Clean Version Of Hell". CBS News. October 14, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-31. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  23. ^ "'Shoe bomber' is on hunger strike". BBC News. June 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
  24. ^ Bayens, Stuart P. Deadmonton: Richard Lee McNair 'Last Link on the Left.' May 16, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  25. ^ Case 1:12-cv-01570 Complaints and Exhibits The United States District Court for the District of Colorado, retrieved 20 June 2012
  26. ^ Cohen, Andrew (18 June 2012). "An American Gulag: Descending into Madness at Supermax". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  27. ^ http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/05/10-worst-prisons-america-part-1-adx
  28. ^ "Indictment of ZACARIAS MOUSSAOUI". Justice.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  29. ^ Bernstein, Richard (1994-03-05). "EXPLOSION AT THE TWIN TOWERS; 4 ARE CONVICTED IN BOMBING AT THE WORLD TRADE CENTER THAT KILLED 6, STUNNED U.S." The New York Times.
  30. ^ Warren Richey. "Ahmed Ghailani gets life sentence for Al Qaeda bombing of US embassies". CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  31. ^ Weiser, Benjamin (2010-11-17). "Acquittal on All but One Charge for Ghailani, Ex-Detainee". The New York Times.
  32. ^ Weiser, Benjamin (2001-05-30). "THE TERROR VERDICT: THE OVERVIEW; 4 GUILTY IN TERROR BOMBINGS OF 2 U.S. EMBASSIES IN AFRICA; JURY TO WEIGH 2 EXECUTIONS". The New York Times.
  33. ^ "Two Terrorists - A Portrait Of Wadih El Hage, Accused Terrorist | Hunting Bin Laden | FRONTLINE". PBS. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  34. ^ "Held in darkness for the rest of his natural life". The Telegraph. London. 2006-04-12. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  35. ^ Davey, Monica (2011-10-12). "Would-Be Detroit Plane Bomber Pleads Guilty, Ending Trial". The New York Times.
  36. ^ "#589: 10-28-03 IYMAN FARIS SENTENCED FOR PROVIDING MATERIAL SUPPORT TO AL QAEDA". Justice.gov. 2003-10-28. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  37. ^ [1][dead link]
  38. ^ "22 Years For Millennium Bomb Plot". CBS News.
  39. ^ Schwartz, John (2010-02-03). "Appeals Court Throws Out Sentence in Bombing Plot, Calling It Too Light". The New York Times.
  40. ^ "#07-494: 07-11-07 Senior Member of FARC Narco-Terrorist Organization Found Guilty of Hostage-Taking Conspiracy". Justice.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  41. ^ World War 4 Report. "FARC negotiator gets Colombia's max —in US prison | World War 4 Report". Ww4report.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ "Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) - Terrorist Groups". Nctc.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  43. ^ Secret, Mosi (2012-11-16). "Medunjanin, Convicted of Subway Bomb Plot, Gets Life Sentence". The New York Times.
  44. ^ "FBI — Al Qaeda Operative Sentenced to Life Imprisonment in One of the Most Serious Terrorist Threats to the United States Since 9/11". Fbi.gov. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  45. ^ All Things Considered (2005-11-22). "Jury Finds Abu Ali Guilty on Terrorism Charges". NPR. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  46. ^ Pilkington, Ed (2009-07-10). "Supermax prison in Florence, Colorado blocked Barack Obama books requested by detainee". The Guardian. London.
  47. ^ "Unabomber Guilty Plea". Undueinfluence.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  48. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (1996-04-04). "ON THE UNABOMBER'S TRACK: THE VICTIMS;At the Places Where Bombs Killed, a Day for Memories and Nervous Optimism". The New York Times.
  49. ^ "Nichols and McVeigh Partners in crime". CNN. 1997-11-03.
  50. ^ Updated 91 minutes ago 8/13/2012 7:05:14 PM +00:00 (2005-04-13). "NBC: Victims irate over Rudolph's lack of remorse - US news - Crime & courts - NBCNews.com". MSNBC. Retrieved 2012-08-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ "Why did Rudolph do it?". CNN. 2005-04-11.
  52. ^ "USDOJ: Faisal Shahzad Pleads Guilty in Manhattan Federal Court to 10 Federal Crimes Arising from Attempted Car Bombing in Times Square". Justice.gov. 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  53. ^ Goldman, Henry; Tannenbaum, Mark (2010-05-02). "New York Averts 'Deadly Event' as Police Disarm Car Bomb in Times Square". Bloomberg.
  54. ^ "Army private gets 2 life sentences for plan to attack soldiers". CNN.com. 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  55. ^ "USAO Press Release - | ATF". Atf.gov. 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  56. ^ http://www.fbi.gov/milwaukee/about-us/history-1/history
  57. ^ http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-03-14/news/0303140293_1_cyanide-dr-chaos-chemical-weapon
  58. ^ "Hawaii Man Sentenced to 32 Years in Prison for Providing Defense Information and Services to People's Republic of China". United States Department of Justice. 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
  59. ^ "Accused spy Hanssen could face death penalty". CNN. 2001-05-16.
  60. ^ Shannon, Elaine (2002-05-04). "Robert Hanssen Gets Ready for His Closeup". Time.
  61. ^ Hsu, Spencer S. (2010-07-17). "Walter Myers, State Dept. analyst who spied for Cuba, gets life; wife 6 years". The Washington Post.
  62. ^ "Former State Department Official Sentenced to Life in Prison for Nearly 30-year Espionage Conspiracy". United States Department of Justice. 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
  63. ^ By TIM WEINERPublished: June 06, 1997 (1997-06-06). "C.I.A. Traitor, Saying He Wanted Cash for Family, Gets 23 Years - New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-04-18.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  64. ^ "CNN - CIA turncoat sentenced to 23 years in prison - June 5, 1997". Articles.cnn.com. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  65. ^ Nigel Duara (2011-01-18). "Harold Nicholson, Ex-CIA Spy, Gets 8 More Years". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  66. ^ "Haji Bagcho Convicted by Federal Jury in Washington, D.C., on Drug Trafficking and Narco-terrorism Charges". US Department of Justice. March 13, 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  67. ^ "Taliban-funding Afghan drug lord jailed for life in US". BBC News. June 12, 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  68. ^ "U.S. Jury Convicts Mexican on Drug Charges". The New York Times. 1996-10-17.
  69. ^ Saturday, March 5, 2011 12:00 am (2011-03-05). "Extradition: Past cases highlight limits - Brownsville Herald: Valley". Brownsville Herald. Retrieved 2013-04-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/speeches-testimony/2012-2009/dea_atf_071609.pdf
  71. ^ Rashbaum, William K. (2006-05-10). "Former Salon Owner Is Convicted of Racketeering, but Not Murder". The New York Times.
  72. ^ O'Connor, Anahad (2011-06-01). "Vincent Basciano Sentenced to Life, Not Death". The New York Times.
  73. ^ Associated Press (September 11, 2007). "5 Guilty in Chicago Mob Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  74. ^ Sweeney, Annie (February 10, 2012). "Judge orders reputed onetime head of Chicago mob back to Chicago from California prison". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  75. ^ Richardson, Lynda (1996-11-20). "Leader of Latin Kings Is Convicted in Slayings". The New York Times.
  76. ^ "UNITED STATES v. FELIPE, Docket Nos. 97-1155, 97-1186 and 97-1484., June 19, 1998 - US 2nd Circuit | FindLaw". Caselaw.findlaw.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  77. ^ Johnson, Dirk (1997-09-21). "A Jailed Chicago Gang Leader Is Charged as a Drug Criminal". The New York Times.
  78. ^ http://www.justice.gov/usao/cas/press/cas90116-Leon.pdf
  79. ^ "USAO/CDCA Press Release". Justice.gov. 2006-09-12. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  80. ^ Mozingo, Joe; Winton, Richard (2006-09-13). "Drug Web Reportedly Spun in Cell". Los Angeles Times.
  81. ^ "Feds Aim to Dismantle L.A.'s 18th Street Gang". NPR. 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  82. ^ "Nuestra Familia, Our Family". Nuestra Familia, Our Family. 2005-06-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  83. ^ "Aryan Brotherhood Leaders Convicted of Murder". NPR. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  84. ^ "SuperMax prison is super lax, court cases allege". CNN. 2009-11-14. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
  85. ^ May 5, 2011 (2011-05-05). "America's Most Isolated Federal Prisoner Describes 10,220 Days in Extreme Solitary Confinement". Solitarywatch.com. Retrieved 2013-04-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ "DEA Briefs & Background, Law Enforcement, Major Operations, Larry Hoover & The Gangster Disciples". Justice.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  87. ^ "Larry Hoover Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story". Biography.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  88. ^ "Jeff Fort Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story". Biography.com. 1947-02-20. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  89. ^ "GANG CHIEF GUILTY IN RIVAL'S SLAYING". The New York Times. 1988-10-20.
  90. ^ Fried, Joseph P. (1994-01-09). "Drug Dealer Is Sentenced to Life For Ordering Killing of Officer". The New York Times.
  91. ^ Weiser, Benjamin (2003-04-15). "Founder of East Coast Bloods Is Given 50 Years". The New York Times.
  92. ^ http://articles.philly.com/2009-04-09/news/25287799_1_firebombing-drug-dealers-drug-trafficking
  93. ^ http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2013/June/13-crm-680.html
  94. ^ Southern Poverty Law Center. "Nuwaubian Nation of Moors". Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  95. ^ http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/428/1325/565369/
  96. ^ "Matt Hale | Southern Poverty Law Center". Splcenter.org. 2003-01-08. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  97. ^ "FBI — Matthew Hale Convicted of Plotting Judge's Murder". Fbi.gov. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  98. ^ "America's Most Wanted with John Walsh". AMW. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  99. ^ "Escaped Murderer Richard Lee McNair". Crime.about.com. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  100. ^ "Life In Jail For Poison Doctor". CBS News.
  101. ^ http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=95335&page=1
  102. ^ "Jury Finds Former Federal Correctional Officer, Now an Inmate, Guilty of Attempts to Kill Federal Agent and Informant". FBI Jacksonville Division. April 28, 2010. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  103. ^ Hudak, Stephen (July 18, 2010). "Former federal corrections officer gets 90 years in prison for trying to arrange murders behind bars". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved June 10, 2014.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ADX_Florence&oldid=640260190"