Araneoidea
| Araneoidea | |
|---|---|
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| Araneus diadematus, Araneidae | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Clade: | Entelegynae |
| Superfamily: | Araneoidea |
The Araneoidea or araneoids are a taxon of araneomorph spiders, originally treated as a superfamily. As with many such groups, its circumscription has varied; in particular some families at one time moved to the Palpimanoidea have more recently been restored to Araneoidea. A 2014 treatment includes 14 families, with the araneoids making up about 26% of the total number of known spider species.
Taxonomy
The table below shows some alternative circumscriptions between 1986 and 2014.
| Family | Shear (1986)[1] | Coddington & Levi (1991)[2] | Griswold et al. (2005)[3] | Hormiga & Griswold (2014)[4] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anapidae | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Araneidae | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Archaeidae | yes | – | – | – |
| Cyatholipidae | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Holarchaeidae | – | – | – | yes |
| Linyphiidae | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Malkaridae | – | – | – | yes |
| Micropholcommatidae | yesa | – | possible | yesc |
| Mimetidae | yes | – | – | yes |
| Mysmenidae | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Nephilidae | yesb | yesd | yesd | yes |
| Nesticidae | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Nicodamidae | yes | – | – | – |
| Pararchaeidae | – | – | – | yes |
| Pimoidae | – | yes | yes | yes |
| Symphytognathidae | – | yes | yes | yes |
| Synaphridae | – | – | yes | yes |
| Synotaxidae | – | yes | yes | yes |
| Tetragnathidae | yesb | yes | yes | yes |
| Theridiidae | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Theridiosomatidae | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Notes
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Many of the differences in circumscription concern the relationship between Araneoidea and Palpimanoidea. In 1984, Raymond R. Forster and Norman I. Platnick proposed that some groups previously considered araneoid actually belonged in the distantly related Palpimanoidea, including the families Holarchaeidae, Micropholcommatidae, Mimetidae and Pararchaeidae. Subsequent phylogenetic studies have rejected this proposal, firmly placing the Holarchaeidae, Micropholcommatidae (as the subfamily Micropholcommatinae of the Anapidae), Mimetidae and Pararchaeidae in Araneoidea.[4]
Two families in the table above are placed elsewhere, the Archaeidae in the Palpimanoidea,[5] the Nicodamidae as the sister to the araneoids (see the cladogram below).
Phylogeny
In 2014, Hormiga and Griswold produced the summary cladogram shown below, based on what they considered to be the nine most comprehensive phylogenetic studies of Araneoidea prior to their article. Polytomies in the cladogram represent either conflicting results from the different studies or the absence of sufficiently comprehensive studies.[6]
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It is likely that relationships will change further when more studies are carried out, since "currently available molecular and morphological data are insufficient to robustly resolve relationships".[7]
References
- ^ Shear, J.A. (1986), "Taxonomic Glossary", in Shear, W.A. (ed.), Spiders: Webs, Behavior, and Evolution, Stanford University Press, pp. 405ff, ISBN 978-0-8047-1203-3, retrieved 2015-10-13
- ^ Coddington, Jonathan A.; Levi, Herbert W. (1991), "Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae)", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics: 565–592, JSTOR 2097274
{{citation}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Griswold, C.E.; Ramirez, M.J.; Coddington, J.A.; Platnick, N.I. (2005), "Atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae: Entelegynae) with comments on their phylogeny" (PDF), Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 56 (Suppl. 2): 1–324, retrieved 2015-10-11
{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Hormiga, Gustavo; Griswold, Charles E. (2014), "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders", Annual Review of Entomology, 59 (1): 487–512, doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046, PMID 24160416
{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Hormiga & Griswold (2014), p. 492
- ^ Hormiga & Griswold (2014), p. 493
- ^ Hormiga & Griswold (2014), p. 505
Data related to Araneoidea at Wikispecies