Aristocracy

"Aristocrat" redirects here. For other uses, see Aristocrat (disambiguation).

The Ancient Greek term aristocracy meant a system of government with "rule by the best". This is the first definition given in most dictionaries. The word is derived from two words, "aristos" meaning the "best" and "kratein" "to rule". Aristocracies have most often been hereditary plutocracies (see below), where a sense of historical gravitas and noblesse oblige demands high minded action from its members.

As a government term, aristocracy can be contrasted with:

• autocracy - "rule by a single individual".
• meritocracy - "rule by those who most deserve to rule". While this has on the surface a nearly similar meaning to "aristocracy", the term "meritocracy" has usually implied a much more fluid form of government in which one is not considered "best" for life, but must continually prove one's "merit" in order to stay in power.
• plutocracy - "rule by the wealthy". In actual practice, aristocrats are often just plutocrats whose wealth allows them to portray their own virtues as the "best" ones.
• oligarchy - "rule by the few". Whether an aristocracy is also an oligarchy depends entirely upon one's idea of what are a "few".
• monarchy - "rule by a single individual". Historically, the vast majority of monarchs have been aristocrats themselves. However, they have also been very often at odds with the rest of the aristocracy, since it was composed of their rivals. The struggle between a ruling dynastic family and the other aristocratic families in the same country has been a central theme of medieval history.
• democracy - "rule by the people". For the past two centuries, democracy has often presented itself as the greatest enemy of aristocracy. The linguistic conflict between them began with the American Revolution ideal of all men being "created equal", quickly followed by the French Revolution (the first in Europe), and continued throughout the 19th century, occasionally flaring up in violent episodes such as the revolutions of 1848. Arguably, the end of the First World War in 1918 marked the final linguistic victory of "democracy" over "aristocracy" as a preferred term for government.

History

The term "aristocracy" was first given in Athens to young citizens who led armies from the front line with their swords up. Since military bravery was such a highly regarded virtue in ancient Greece, the armies were being led by "the best". From the ancient Greeks, the term passed on to the European Middle Ages for a similar hereditary class of military leaders often referred to as the "nobility". As in ancient Greece, this was a slave holding class of privileged men whose military role made them see themselves as the most "noble", or "best". Both aristocracies relied upon an established church to back up their claims of being "best" in the society. Philosopher Alec Harras was once quoted as saying: "There's almost two billion people in the world [in the lower class], that's such a small amount. It's maybe ten or twenty percent [of the population]. And for some reason it feels like such a dominating force, now there's aristocracy for you"

One of the key causes of the French Revolution was the idea that the traditional aristocracy no longer represented the "best" of its society. The army had been modernized by Louis XIV to a degree that aristocrats no longer rode at the front of their troops, but directed movements from a safe distance in many cases. It was difficult to abide the aristocracy's traditional privileges when they didn't earn them in the traditional way.

The French Revolution focused on aristocrats as people who had achieved their status by birth rather than by merit, such unearned status being considered an affront to the bourgeoisie and new liberal norms. The term thus became symbolic of people who claim luxuries and privileges as a birthright, rather than people who claim the chance to die on the front lines as a birthright, a far cry from the original meaning of the term. In the United Kingdom and other European countries in which hereditary titles are still recognized, "aristocrat" still refers to the descendant of one of approximately 7,000 families with hereditary titles, usually still in possession of considerable wealth, though not necessarily so.

In the United States and other nations without a history of a hereditary military caste, aristocracy has taken on a more stylistic meaning. It also can refer to those whose families came to the United States early on in its history. For example blue bloods or yankees from the northeast who over time have accumulated wealth by means of being upper class. In the American south, particularly in former Confederate states, the term southern aristocracy refers to those families that have been associated with the Civil and Revolutionary Wars and remain wealthy landowners to this day. In some cases, the usage is pejorative and refers to purveryors of snobbery, but "aristocrat" can also refer to an elegant person with a gracious lifestyle and strong sense of duty. This last meaning can be seen as taking the term back to its original roots.

See also

• Elite
• High culture
• Landed gentry
• Upper class
• White collar
• Patrician

External links

• BBC series on recent history of European aristocracy

Further reading

• Beerbohm, Max, Zuleika Dobson.
• Bence-Jones, Mark. The Viceroys of India. Curzon family.
• Brough, James. Consuelo: Portrait of an American Heiress Consuelo Vanderbilt's marriage to the Duke of Marlborough. Marlborough family.
• Bush, Michael L. The English Aristocracy: a Comparative Synthesis. Manchester University Press, 1984. Concise comparative historical treatment.
• Bush, Michael L. Noble Privilege. (The European Nobility, vol. 1) Manchester University Press, 1983.
• Cannadine, David, 1998 Aspects of Aristocracy (series Penguin History) ISBN 0140249532. Essays on class issues, aristocratic family norms, careers.
• Cannadine, David. The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy. Yale University Press, 1990.
• Channon, Sir Henry. Chips: The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon Robert Rhodes James, editor. Excerpts from the diaries of a privileged observer, 1934–53.
• Country Life Magazine, Documenting houses, gardens, pictures, horses, local history, debutantes since 1897.
• Forster, E. M., Howard's End.
• Galsworthy, John. The Forsyte Saga
• Girouard, Mark. Life in the English Country House : A Social and Architectural History
• Halperin, John. Eminent Georgians: The Lives of King George V, Elizabeth Bowen, St. John Philby, & Nancy Astor
• James, Henry. The novels.
• Jullian, Philippe. Prince of aesthetes: Count Robert de Montesquiou, 1855-1921. Montesquiou family; the Decadent movement and the original of Proust's Baron de Charlus.
• Lacey, Robert. Aristocrats. Little, Brown, 1983.
• Lampedusa, G., The Leopard novel.
• Lovell, Mary S. The Sisters: The Saga of the Mitford Family.
• Mitford, Jessica. Hons and Rebels. ISBN 1590171101
• Mitford, Nancy, Love in a Cold Climate
• Montagu of Beaulieu, Lord (Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu). More equal than others: The changing fortunes of the British and European aristocracies. St. Martin, 1970.
• Morton, Henry. The Rothschilds.
• Nicholson, Nigel. Portrait of a Marriage : Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicolson
• Pearson, John. The Sitwells: A Family's Biography
• Pine, Leslie G. Tales of the British Aristocracy. Burke Publishing Co. 1956.
• Prochaska, F. K., editor, 2002. Royal Lives ISBN 0198605307 (Lives series) Excerpted official biographies from the Dictionary of National Biography
• Proust, Marcel, The Guermantes' Way', Sodom and Gomorrah. The closed circle of French aristocracy after 1870.
• Sutherland, Douglas, The Fourth Man: The story of Blunt, Philby, Burgess, and Maclean The double career of Sir Anthony Blunt, Keeper of the Queen's Works of Art and spy.
• The Tatler Magazine.
• Trollope, Anthony The Plantagenet Palliser series of Parliamentary novels.
• Wasson, Ellis, Aristocracy and the Modern World, Palgrave Macmillan 2006.
• Waugh, Evelyn. Brideshead Revisited
• Waugh, Evelyn, Decline and Fall.
• Winchester, Simon. Their Noble Lordships: Class and Power in Modern Britain. Faber & Faber, 1981.

• BBC/PBS series, Upstairs, Downstairs, The Jewel in the Crown, Brideshead Revisited, The Aristocracy: Born to Rule 1875-1914 (1997)

Film: Gosford Park, The Perfect Husband, A Room with a View