Army of the Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)
| Royal Neapolitan Army | |
|---|---|
| Esercito del Regno di Napoli | |
 | |
| Active | 1806–1815 |
| Country |  Kingdom of Naples |
| Branch | Ground Forces |
| Type | Main Army |
| Size | At-least 47,000 by 1815 |
| Army Headquarters | Naples, Campania, Kingdom of Naples |
| Motto(s) | Onore, e Fedelis Senza Macchia |
| Colors |  |
| Engagements | War of the Fourth Coalition War of the Fifth Coalition War of the Sixth Coalition Neapolitan War |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Joachim Murat Michele Carrascosa Guglielmo Pepe Pietro Colletta Carlo Filangeri Jacques MacDonald |
The Army of the Kingdom of Naples (Italian: Esercito Napoletano) was the primary land defence and offence force of the Kingdom of Naples. It served alongside Napoleon’s Grande Armée in various campaigns and wars across Europe, until its final demise in the Neapolitan War of 1815. It was in service from 1806 to 1815, reborn from the Army of the Two Sicilies after the annexation of Naples. The Army was more known for the splendour of its uniforms rather than the achievements of its troops.
Origin
After the demise of the Bourbon-ruled Kingdom of Naples in 1806, a French-ruled client state was established in its place, with the throne being given to Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte. However, when Joseph transferred to becoming King of Spain, the throne of Naples was granted to Napoleon's brother-in-law, Joachim Murat. The army soon became the single largest source of public employment in the Kingdom, and was the institution that Murat, in particular, looked to create an independent base for his kingdom.[1] However, recruitment for the army was difficult from the start, due to the usual resistance to the unpopular French conscription system which had been introduced. The number of men raised initially was so meagre that convicts and captured brigands were drafted into regiments. Most officers were either captured enemy officers or French and Polish officers that stayed in Naples after the 1806 campaign. Neapolitan troops served in various campaigns under Napoleon and his generals. However, Murat's alliance-switching spree in 1813 up to 1815 resulted in his army having mixed loyalties and gradually dissolving, finding no interest in serving or fighting for Murat in his campaigns.[2][3]
Composition
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Prior to Murat's arrival, Joseph had begun to shape what would become the Army of Naples. In 1806, the Royal Guard of Naples consisted of a regiment of Grenadiers of the Guard, together with a regiment of Voltigeurs of the Guard and a regiment of Mounted Velites. Together with the Guard there were two regiments of Line Infantry and one Light regiment in 1806 and two regiments of Mounted Chasseurs. Under Murat's rule, three more Line Infantry Regiments and one Light were raised in 1809. The army kept on expanding in size until 1815; at its peak, the Army of Naples consisted of Two Divisions of the Guard, 12 Regiments of Line Infantry, 4 Regiments of Line Cavalry, Four Regiments of Light Infantry, and 14 artillery batteries along with many other irregular formations.[2]
Royal Guard
The Royal Guard of Naples was split into two separate sections: The Cavalry and Infantry of the Guard. By the 1815 campaign, the Guard was able to muster two entire divisions and a substantially large amount of field artillery.
As was the case with most of the army in 1806, the Guard was overlooked during Joseph's reign. However, with the arrival of Joachim Murat and his coronation as King of Naples, the Guard was expanded greatly to fit the king's flamboyant imagination. By looking at the Guard's many uniforms, Murat's love for gold and finery can clearly be seen.
The Cavalry of the Guard originally consisted of a single regiment of Cavallegieri (Light Horse), of two squadrons, each of two companies. These acted as a light cavalry force, screening the army's advances and scouting ahead of it, usually even foraging for supplies from the country around them to feed the rest of the army. This regiment escorted Napoleon himself during his flight from Russia in December 1812, back to Paris, alongside the Guard Hussar regiment. Additionally, in 1806, there was a squadron of elite Mounted Gendarmes that took duties as military police. In 1808, Murat formed the Corps of Mounted Velites (Veliti a Cavallo) out of the personal bodyguards of several nobles; these too acted as a light cavalry force. Alongside this, Murat formed the Guardia d’Onore (Guard of Honour) out of the two squadrons of Lancers of Berg, which he brought with him from his past post as Grand Duke of Berg. Whether these men blended into Neapolitan society well is still unclear. In 1813 the Veliti a Cavallo were converted to Ussari (Hussars). From late-1813 onwards, regiments of Cuirassiers, Chevaulegers, and Chevaulegers-Lanciers were raised so that the Guard Cavalry could muster a whole division in the 1815 campaign.[2]
In 1806 the Infantry of the Guard included a regiment of Grenadiers of the Guard and one of Voltigeurs. The Guard Grenadiers were styled on the French Old Guard, wearing the same type of distinctive bearskin cap, topped with a flaming grenade badge. According to some sources, the Guard Grenadiers had 3 battalions - one of which wore red and white uniforms, and existed solely to guard the Royal Palace of Naples. The other two Grenadier battalions were frequently sent out into the field, serving in Russia 1812 and the War of the Sixth Coalition. The Voltigeurs of the Guard had only 2 battalions, and acted as light infantry. These also served in Russia, and accompanied Murat back to Naples after the disastrous defeat at Leipzig in October 1813. In 1809 the two Guard regiments were joined by two additional regiments of Velites of the Guard, which also served as light infantry, and a one-battalion regiment of Marine Infantry (Marinai della Guardia Reale).[2]
In addition to both divisions of the Guard there were two Guard artillery batteries, one of horse and one of foot. The foot battery had six 8-pounder cannons and two howitzers. The Horse battery had four 4-pounder guns and two howitzers, all of the French Gribeauval design.[2][4]
Infantry
The Line Infantry of the Army of the Kingdom of Naples in 1806 consisted of two regiments, designated the 1st Regiment "del Re" and the 2nd Regiment "della Regina", each of two field battalions of nine companies each. Battalions had six Fusilier companies, and two elite companies, of Voltigeurs and Grenadiers.[5] In 1809 there were seven Line Regiments, now of three field battalions, consisting of one grenadier, one light and four centre companies. By 1812 there were eight regiments, rising to twelve by 1814.[2]
Interestingly, the 7th Line was one of the few primarily negro regiments in Europe at the time. Originally a French unit, the Pionniers Noirs was a battalion raised by from émigrés from the West Indies and Saint-Domingue. When the Kingdom of Naples was established in 1806, the unit was transferred into the service of the new state on 14 August, and were increased to regimental strength and designated the 7th Regiment in 1810.[2]
The official designations of all twelve were:
- 1st Regiment ‘del Re’
- 2nd Regiment ‘della Regina’
- 3rd Regiment ‘del Principe Reale’
- 4th Regiment ‘Real Sannita’
- 5th Regiment ‘Real Calabria’
- 6th Regiment ‘Di Napoli’
- 7th Regiment ‘Real Africano’
- 8th Regiment ‘Principe Luciano’
- 9th Regiment N/A
- 10th Regiment N/A
- 11th Regiment N/A
- 12th Regiment ‘della Marca’
The difference between Elite and Centre companies was considerable - the elites held a much higher espirit de corps, believing themselves to be better trained and generally the most senior companies in the regiment. In most cases, this was true.
Additionally, there were two light infantry regiments in 1806, later rising to 4 by 1813, consisting of two field battalions. Each field battalion had a carabinieri (carabiniers) company, a voltigeur company, and seven companies of cacciatori (chasseurs). There was also a regiment Real Corso (Royal Corsican), that consisted of Corsican émigrés. It was redesignated as the 1st Light Regiment in 1813, and the old 1st and 2nd became the 2nd and 3rd,[2] a 4th was raised and disbanded in 1813, only being reraised in 1814 with the occupation and incorporation of troops and peoples from the Papal territories.
Cavalry
Line cavalry consisted solely of Cacciatori a Cavallo (Mounted Chasseurs) and Cavalleggeri (Chevaulegers) regiments. Originally, there were two Cacciatori a Cavallo regiments, designated the 1st and the 2nd CaC. This was complimented in 1810 by the converted Cavalleggeri regiment. Finally, all regiments were converted to Cavalleggeri in 1813, and a fourth regiment was raised the following year. The adoption of lances and uniform changes were among the major changes introduced. However, the role of the Line Cavalry was always confined to skirmish and patrol duties, as in all Light Cavalry units of the era. Overall, there were no heavy Line Cavalry units.[2] There are several accounts of a line cuirassier regiment being raised in 1809, but was destroyed less than a year later in Spain. The quick destruction of the regiment resulted in minimal attention given to it by future researchers.[2]
The cavalry regiments in the Neapolitan Army were organised into 2-4 squadrons each, each squadron consisting of 2-3 companies. Traditionally, the 1st Squadron usually had the "elite" company within itself, which was the equivalent of infantry grenadiers for cavalry. The elites usually wore bearskins or busbys to show their status, later on some adopted czapkas as they were converted into Cavalleggeri.[citation needed]
Artillery
Neapolitan artillery was not numerous. In 1806, there was only a single battery of field artillery, equipped with 6-pounder Austrian-pattern guns. By the following year this had grown to a regiment of foot artillery, a battalion of train, a battalion of artificers and armourers, and a battalion of sappers and miners. By 1812 there were 12 foot and two horse batteries. Each horse battery had four cannons and two howitzers each, while field batteries consisted of six cannons and two howitzers.[2]
List of regiments
Royal Guard
Cavalry
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Major Nationality (other than Neapolitan) — if applicable | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regiment of Honour Guards | Reggimento delle Guardie d'Onore | 5 August 1809 | 10 March 1813 | Redesignated as the Regiment of Life Guards in 1813. | |
| Regiment of Life Guards | Reggimento Guardie del Corpo | 10 March 1813 | 28 July 1814 | Redesignated back as the Honour Guards, soon reduced to a company and the remainder of the companies sent to the Guard Lancers Regiment. | |
| Company of Honour Guards | Compagnia delle Guardie d'Onore | 28 July 1814 | May 1815 | Initially raised as a regiment of four squadrons, but wasn't possible and only one squadron was retained, while the other three were sent to form the Guard Lancers Regiment. | |
| Regiment of Lancers | Reggimento dei Lancieri | 1 October 1814 | May 1815 | Formed from the three squadrons initially intended for the Honour Guards Regiment. | |
| Regiment of Cuirassiers | Reggimento Corazzieri | 18 March 1813 | May 1815 | ||
| Regiment of Chevaulegers | Reggimento Cavalleggeri | 30 July 1806 | 10 July 1808 | French | Raised as an early, impromptu cavalry regiment in Joseph's army in 1806 from French cavalrymen. Eventually disbanded in 1808. |
| Regiment of Chevaulegers | Reggimento Cavallegeri | 6 September 1808 | May 1815 | Berg (German) | Raised as the Regiment of Berg Lancers, later transferred to the Neapolitan Guard. Not to be confused with the other Chevauleger regiment mentioned above; although these two bore the same name, they did not exist during the same time at once. |
| Regiment of Hussars | Reggimento Ussari | 11 April 1813 | May 1815 | Raised from the Mounted Velites. | |
| Corps, later Regiment of Mounted Velites | Corpor, poi Reggimento Veliti a Cavallo | 22 September 1808 | 11 April 1813 | ||
| Company of Mounted Velites of Clary | Compagnia Veliti a Cavallo Clary | 22 November 1806 | September 1808 | Raised as an independent bodyguard for Marie Julie Clary, King Joseph Bonaparte's wife. Later merged with the Tascher Cavalry to form the Corps of Mounted Velites. | |
| Tascher Volunteer Cavalry Company | Compagnia Cavalleggeri Volontari Tascher | 19 February 1807 | September 1808 | Raised as an independent bodyguard for Marcelle Tascher de la Pagerie. Later merged with the Tascher Cavalry to form the Corps of Mounted Velites. | |
| Selected Squadron of Gendarmerie | Squadrone Gendarmeria Scelta | 30 September 1806 | 18 March 1813 |
Infantry
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Major Nationality (other than Neapolitan) — if applicable | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regiment of Foot Grenadiers | Reggimento di Granatieri a Piedi | 11 July 1806 | 20 May 1815 | French | |
| 1st Regiment of Vélités[citation needed] of Foot | 1° Reggimento Veliti a Piedi | 15 July 1811 | May 1815 | Originally formed as the Vélité Hunters, converted 15 July 1811 as Foot Velites, thereby becoming the 1st Velites. | |
| 2nd Regiment of Vélités[citation needed] of Foot | 2° Reggimento Veliti a Piedi | 15 July 1811 | May 1815 | ||
| Regiment of Velite[citation needed] Hunters | Reggimento Veliti Cacciatori | 22 September 1808 | 15 July 1815 | Originally formed as the Company of Chosen Civic Hunters in 1806, and expanded to a regiment in 1808 after their conversion. Became the 1st Regiment of Velites of Foot on 15 July 1811. | |
| Voltigeur Battalion | Battaglione Volteggiatori | 30 May 1806 | 15 July 1811 | French | Disbanded in 1811 following the reorganisation of the guard. Re-raised in 1814, but the lineage wasn't transferred (see 12th Line below under Infantry and Voltigeur Regiment) |
| Regiment of Voltigeurs | Reggimento Volteggiatori | 29 September 1814 | May 1815 | Formed as the 12th Infantry Regiment, later converted to the Guard Voltigeurs. See 12th Infantry under "Line Infantry" for more information. | |
| Company of Chosen Civilian Hunters | Compagnia Caccciatori Civici Scelti | 1806 | 22 September 1808 | Formed as a civilian unit, then transferred to the Guard, and finally expanded in 1808 into the Regiment of Velite Hunters. |
Supporting Arms
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Royal Halderbiers of Naples | Alabardieri Reali di Napoli | |||
| Company, later Battalion of Veterans of the Royal Guard | Compagnia, poi Battaglione Veterani della Guardia Reale | 21 April 1809 | May 1815 | |
| Company, later Royal Guard Sailors Battalion | Compagnia, poi Battaglione Mariani della Guardia Reale | 30 September 1806 | 10 July 1808 | |
| Horse Artillery of the Royal Guard | Artiglieria a Cavallo della Guardia | 22 September 1809 | May 1815 | Regiment sized |
| Foot Artillery of the Royal Guard | Artiglieria della Guardia Reale | 30 September 1806 | 10 July 1809 | Later expanded into two separate artillery regiments. |
| Artillery Train of the Royal Guard | Treno della Guardia Relae | 30 September 1806 | May 1815 |
Cavalry of the Line
During the 1813 reorganisation of the Neapolitan Army, the light cavalry were converted to line cavalry.
Light Cavalry
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Regiment of Horse Hunters | 1° Cacciatori a Cavallo | 18 February 1806 | 10 March 1813 | Reorganised into the 1st Regiment of Cavalry |
| 2nd Regiment of Horse Hunters | 2° Cacciatori a Cavallo | 4 June 1806 | 10 March 1813 | Reorganised into the 2nd Regiment of Cavalry |
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Regiment of Cavalry | 1° Reggimento Cavallegeri | 10 March 1813 | May 1815 | Formed from the old 1st Horse Hunters |
| 2nd Regiment of Cavalry | 2° Reggimento Cavallegeri | 10 March 1813 | May 1815 | Formed from the old 2nd Horse Hunters |
| 3rd Regiment of Cavalry | 3° Reggimento Cavallegeri | 10 March 1813 | May 1815 | Formed from the old 1st Cavalry Regiment |
| 1st Regiment of Cavalry | 1° Reggimento Cavallegeri | 25 December 1810 | 10 March 1813 | |
| 4th Regiment of Cavalry | 1° Reggimento Cavallegeri | 7 July 1814 | 10 March 1813 | |
| Municiple Guard Squadron of Naples | Squadrone Guardia Municipale di Napoli | 26 September 1809 | 25 December 1810 |
Infantry of the Line
Line Infantry
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Regiment of the Line | 1° Reggimento di Linea del Re | 13 June 1806 | 1811 | Formed after the 1811 reorganisations. |
| 2nd Regiment of the Line | 2° Reggimento di Linea | 1811 | May 1815 | |
| 2nd Regiment of the Line (Queen's Own) | 2° Reggimento di Linea del Re | 13 June 1806 | 1811 | Formed after the 1811 reorganisations. |
| 3rd Regiment of the Line (Prince's Own) | 3° Reggimento di Linea del Principe | 10 March 1809 | May 1815 | |
| 4th Regiment of the Line (Samnite) | 4° Reggimento di Linea Sannita | 27 August 1809 | May 1815 | |
| 5th Regiment of the Line (Calabrian) | 5° Reggimento di Linea Calabria | 12 September 1809 | May 1815 | |
| 6th Regiment of the Line (Naples) | 6° Reggimento di Linea Napoli | 10 December 1810 | May 1815 | |
| 7th Regiment of the Line (Royal African) | 7° Reggimento di Linea Real Africano | 7 December 1810 | 1812 | Merged with other units to form the new 7th after the Russian invasion. |
| 7th Regiment of the Line (Prince Luciano) | 7° Reggimento di Linea Principe Luciano | 1812 | 1814 | |
| 8th Regiment of the Line | 8° Reggimento di Linea Principe | 14 October 1811 | May 1815 | |
| Provisional Regiment, later 9th Regiment of the Line | Reggimento Provvisorio, poi 9° Reggimento di Linea | 28 June 1813 | May 1815 | |
| 10th Regiment of the Line | 10° Reggimento di Linea | 8 March 1814 | May 1815 | |
| 6th Italian, later 11th Regiment of the Line | 6° Italiano, poi 11° Reggimento di Linea | 3 May 1814 | May 1815 | |
| 12th Regiment of the Line | 12° Reggimento di Linea | 29 June 1814 | 29 September 1814 | Brought into the Royal Guard in September 1814 as the Regiment of Voltiegeurs |
| 12th Regiment of the Line (Marche) | 12° Reggimento di Linea (delle Marche) | 29 September 1814 | May 1815 | |
| Neuchatel Battalion | Battaglione Neuchatel | 4 October 1808 | 19 May 1815 | Formed in 4 October of Swiss Mercenaries who Enlisted in Neapolitan Service. |
| Mac Donald's Chosen Regiment in Germany | Reggimento scelto Mac Donald in Germania | 12 January 1813 | 10 June 1813 | Formed through the remnants of the Neapolitan troops in the Grande Armée for service in Germany under command of General Jacques MacDonald. It was formed from all of the elite companies of the Neapolitan regiments serving in Germany |
Light Infantry
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Major Nationality (other than Neapolitan) — if applicable | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Royal Corsican Legion | Legione Real Corso | 30 June 1806 (transferred from French service) | 16 February 1813 | Corsican | |
| 1st Light Infantry Regiment | 1° Reggimento Leggero | 16 February 1813 | May 1815 | Corsican | Formed from the old Corsican regiment, designated as a formal light infantry regiment. |
| 2nd Light Infantry Regiment | 2° Reggimento Leggero | 16 February 1806 | May 1815 | Originally the 1st Light Regiment - during the reorganisation of 1813, it was redesignated as the 2nd. | |
| 3rd Light Infantry Regiment | 3° Reggimento Leggero | 16 February 1806 | May 1815 | Originally the 2nd Light Regiment - during the reorganisation of 1813, it was redesignated as the 3rd. | |
| 4th Light Infantry Regiment | 4° Reggimento Leggero | 20 February 1812 | May 1815 | Originally a provisional light infantry regiment, reorganised into the 4th Light Regiment in 1813. |
Provincial Infantry
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial (District) Chosen Companies | Compagnie Scelte Provinciali (Distrettuali) | 12 June 1812 | ||
| Provincial Battalions | Battaglioni Provinciali | 10 January 1815 | May 1815 | Formed for service in the Neapolitan War |
| 1st Provincial Regiment of the Line | 1° Reggimento Provvisori di Linea | March 1815 | May 1815 | Formed for service in the Neapolitan War |
| 2nd Provincial Regiment of the Line | 2° Reggimento Provvisori di Linea | March 1815 | May 1815 | Formed for service in the Neapolitan War |
| 3rd Provincial Regiment of the Line | 3° Reggimento Provvisori di Linea | March 1815 | May 1815 | Formed for service in the Neapolitan War |
| 4th Provincial Regiment of the Line | 4° Reggimento Provvisori di Linea | March 1815 | May 1815 | Formed for service in the Neapolitan War |
| 5th Provincial Regiment of the Line | 5° Reggimento Provvisori di Linea | March 1815 | May 1815 | Formed for service in the Neapolitan War |
Provisional Units
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italian Volunteers Brigade | Brigata Volontari Italiani | April 1815 | May 1815 | Formed for service in the Neapolitan War |
| Calabrian Frankish Corps | Corp Franchi Calabresi | September 1806 | April 1808 | Formed as a counter-brigand/insurgency unit in Calabria. |
| Corps, later Regiment of Veterans | Corpo, poi Reggimento Veterani | 22 December 1806 | May 1815 | |
| Mountain Hunters Battalion of the Principality of Citra | Battaglione Cacciatori di Montagna del Principato Citra | 4 October 1806 | 25 August 1809 | |
| Selected Battalion of Italian Officers | Battaglione Sacro degli Ufficiali Italiani | April 1815 | May 1815 | Formed for service in the Neapolitan War |
| Franca Guides of Abruzzi | Compagnia Franca Guide degli Abruzzi | 5 September 1806 | 26 March 1808 | |
| Franche Voltigeurs of Abruzzi | Compagnie Franche Volteggiatori Abruzzesi | 18 December 1806 | 1807 |
Supporting Arms
Artillery
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Regiment of Foot Artillery | 1° Reggimento Artiglieria a Piedi | December 1810 | May 1815 | Formed from the old Foot Artillery Regiment |
| 2nd Regiment of Foot Artillery | 2° Reggimento Artiglieria a Piedi | 5 January 1814 | May 1815 | Formed through the expansion of the old 1st Foot Artillery |
| Regiment of Foot Artillery | Reggimento Artiglieria a Piedi | 31 July 1806 | December 1810 | Formed from the expansion of the old Artillery Companies. |
| Companies of Artillery | Compagnie d'Artiglieri | March 1806 | July 1806 | Expanded to form the new Regiment of Artillery in 1806 |
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artillery Companies of Castelnuovo | |||
| 1st Artillery Company | 1° Compagnia Artiglieri | 11 March 1806 | May 1815 |
| 2nd Artillery Company | 2° Compagnia Artiglieri | 14 July 1813 | May 1815 |
| 1st Company of Gunsmiths | 1° Compagnie Armaioli | 16 December 1808 | May 1815 |
| Artillery Companies of Castelnuovo | |||
| 2nd Company of Gunsmiths | 2° Compagnie Armaioli | 30 October 1809 | May 1815 |
| 3rd Company of Gunsmiths | 3° Compagnie Armaioli | 30 October 1809 | May 1815 |
| Coastal Artillery Companies | |||
| Gaeta Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Gaeta | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Baia Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Baia | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Pozzuoli Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Pozzuoli | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Castellammare Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Castellammare | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Sorrento Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Sorrento | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Salerno Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Salerno | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Calabrian Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Calabria | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Taranto Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Taranto | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Otranto Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Otranto | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Bari Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Bari | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Manfredonia Company | Compagnie Artiglieri di Manfredonia | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
| Pescara | Compagnie Artiglieri di Pescara | 18 August 1807 | May 1815 |
Artillery Train & Supply
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artillery Train Regiment | Reggimento del Treno d'Artiglieria | 26 May 1814 | May 1815 | Formed through the merger of the 1st and 2nd Artillery Train battalions |
| 1st Battalion of the Artillery Train | 1° Battaglione del Treno d'Artiglieria | 30 July 1807 | 26 May 1814 | Formed through the expansion and merger of the Compagnies of the Artillery Train |
| 2nd Battalion of the Artillery Train | 2° Battaglione del Treno d'Artiglieria | 2 December 1813 | 26 May 1814 | |
| Companies of the Artillery Train | Compagnie del Treno d'Artiglieria | 7 October 1806 | 30 July 1807 | Expanded to form the 1st Artillery Train Battalion |
| Company of Military Equipment | Compagnie Equipaggi Militari | 21 May 1813 | 2 December 1813 |
Engineers & Miners
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regiment of Sappers and Miners | Reggimento Zappatori e Minatori | 26 May 1814 | May 1815 | Formed through the merger of the 1st and 2nd battalions of sappers and miners |
| 1st Battalion of Sappers and Miners | 1° battaglione Zappatori e Minatori | 21 April 1809 | 26 May 1814 | Formed through the expansion of the old Sappers and Miners Companies |
| 2nd Battalion of Sappers and Miners | 2° Battaglione Zappatori e Minatori | 2 April 1814 | 26 May 1814 | |
| Sappers and Miners Companies (6 coys) | Compagnia Minatori e Zappatori | 25 July 1806 | 21 April 1809 | Expanded and grouped together to form the 1st Battalion of Sappers and Miners |
| 7th Company of Sappers | 7° Compagnia Zappatori | 25 December 1810 | 1814 | Formed for service in Corfu, French Ionian Islands |
Royal Gendarmerie
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Legion (of Naples) | 1° Legione di Napoli | 3 March 1809 | 13 September 1816 | Formed through the expansion of the old Legion of Naples |
| 2nd Legion (of Foggia, later Bari) | 2° Legione di Foggia, poi Bari | 3 March 1809 | 13 September 1816 | Formed through the expansion of the old Legion of Naples |
| 3rd Legion (of Salerno) | 3° Legione di Salerno | 3 March 1809 | 13 September 1816 | Formed through the expansion of the old Legion of Naples |
| Legion of Naples | Legione di Napoli | 5 January 1808 | 3 March 1809 | Formed through the merger of the old 1st and 2nd Legions |
| 1st Legion | 1° Legione | 10 June 1806 | 5 January 1808 | Merged with 2nd Legion to form the Legion of Naples |
| 2nd Legion | 2° Legione | 10 June 1806 | 5 January 1808 | Merged with 2nd Legion to form the Legion of Naples |
| Calabrian Armiger Hunters | Armigeri Cacciatori Calabresi | 16 April 1807 | Formed to combat brigands and rebels in Calabria | |
| Royal Armigers, later the Auxiliary Gendarmerie | Armigeri Regi, poi Gendarmeria Ausiliaria | 23 November 1807 | ||
| Provincial Infantry Companies | Compagnie Provinciali di Fanteria | 4 May 1810 | ||
| Gendarmerie of the Royal Navy | Gendarmeria Reale di Marina | 30 March 1810 |
Provincial Legions
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded |
|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial Legion of Central Calabria | Legione Provinciale Calabria Citra | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of Upper Calabria | Legione Provinciale Calabria Ultra | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of Central Abruzzo | Legione Provinciale Abruzzo Citra | 15 May 1806 | |
| 1st Provincial Legion of Upper Abruzzo | Legione Provinciale Abruzzo Ultra I | 15 May 1806 | |
| 2nd Provincial Legion of Upper Abruzzo | Legione Provinciale Abruzzo Ultra II | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of Molise | Legione Provinciale Molise | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of Casilicata | Legione Provinciale Basilicata | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of Capitanata | Legione Provinciale Capitanata | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of Bari | Legione Provinciale di Bari | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of Otranto | Legione Provinciale d'Otranto | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of Naples | Legione Provinciale Napoli | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of Lavoro | Legione Provinciale di Lavoro | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of the Upper Principality | Legione Provinciale Principato Ultra | 15 May 1806 | |
| Provincial Legion of Central Principality | Legione Provinciale Principato Citra | 15 May 1806 | |
| Civic Regiment of Circeo | Reggimento Civico del Circeo | 1809 | |
| National Guard of Benevento | Guardia Nazionale di Benevento | 1813 | 1814 |
| Departmental Legion of the Tronto | Legione Dipartimentale del Tronto | 1814 | |
| Departmental Legion of the Musone | Legione Dipartimentale del Musone | 1814 | |
| Departmental Legion of the Metauro | Legione Dipartimentale del Metauro | 1814 | |
| National Guard of the King | Guardia Nazionale del Reno | 1814 & 1815 |
Internal Security Guard
| English Name | Italian Name | Formation Date | Disbanded |
|---|---|---|---|
| Civic Guard of Naples | Guardia Civica di Napoli | 15 July 1806 | 8 November 1808 |
| Selected Volunteers of the City of Naples | Volontari Scelti della Città di Napoli | 16 June 1809 | 31 July 1809 |
| Home Security Guard | Guardia d'Interna Sicurezza | 18 March 1813 | May 1815 |
| Firefighters of the City of Naples | Pompieri della Città di Napoli | 4 May 1810 |
Ranks
The Neapolitan Army used a variety of ranks. The universal line infantry ranks were used by the Line Infantry, Auxiliary, Artillery and Civic Guard units. The ranks were modelled on their French counterparts, a clear show of French influence.
The various cavalry units of the Neapolitan Army adopted different ranks as to their comrades on foot; however, these too were modelled on the French system. Both Cavalry and Infantry ranks had very similar roles in general.
Infantry Ranks
In order, highest to lowest, the general infantry ranking system of the Neapolitan Army is as follows:
Neapolitan Line Infantry Rank Modern U.S. equivalent Tenente Generale Lieutenant General Maresciallo di Campo Major General Aiutante di Campo Aide-de-Camp Colonello Colonel Maggiore Major Capo di Battaglione Battalion Chief Capitano Captain Tenente First Lieutenant Sottotenente Second Lieutenant Sottufficiale Ensign Sergente-Maggiore Sergeant Major Sergente Sergeant Caporale-Furiere Corporal Caporale Lance Corporal Soldato Private
Naturally, the King was also eligible to command the entire army.
Cavalry Ranks
The various cavalry units of the Neapolitan Army were given their own ranks. These too were modelled off the French cavalry ranks. Although the ranks of the Neapolitan cavalry were different in name as to their comrades on foot, the roles held by infantry and cavalry rankers were not altogether that different, in practice.
Neapolitan Cavalry Rank Modern U.S. equivalent Colonello Colonel Maggiore Major Capo-Squadrone Squadron Leader Capitano Captain Tenente First Lieutenant Sottotenente Second Lieutenant Capo-Maresciallo di Casa Sergeant Major Maresciallo di Casa Sergeant Brigadiere-Furiere Corporal Brigadiere Lance Corporal Cavaliere Private
Campaigns
Campaign in Spain
In February 1808 Napoleon's carefully orchestrated plan to achieve control over Spain and Portugal rolled into motion. After much cunning manipulation of the utterly gullible Spanish royal family, they had agreed to allow tens of thousands of French troops into their kingdom, ostensibly as part of a plot, which they believed they had hatched with Napoleon to invade Portugal and divide it between themselves. Soon it became apparent that these troops not only wanted to conquer Portugal, but to swallow up the entire Iberian Peninsula in the process. Italian and Neapolitan troops made up part of Général de Division Duhesme’s VII Corps stationed in Catalonia, in Général de Division Giuseppe Lechi’s 2nd Division. On 29 February 1808, Lechi's Neapolitans seized the fortress of Barcelona from the Spanish garrison stationed there. All across Spain, similar coups took place, with most vital fortresses secured by the French. However, upon hearing the news of their king being deposed on 2 May, the Spanish populace of Madrid attacked the Frenchmen stationed there, starting the vicious war of attrition and assassination that would last until 1814.[2]
There were two main problems that affected the French and allied troops in Spain: the lack of food and water and the inability to find safe space for any force of troops. Men and officers alike were expected to feed off any food they could find off the land; unlike the relatively peaceful citizens of Central Europe, the Spanish populace fought back on numerous occasions against French and allied foraging parties. Secondly, the relentless flurry of guerrilla activity in virtually all of Spain resulted in even company-sized units being ambushed and massacred on a regular basis. If a garrison was left to hold a post along the lines of communication, it could only survive by immediately constructing a robust defensive position and maintaining a stock of sufficient supplies to feed and arm the defenders. If they dropped their guard, for even a moment, they would be overrun and massacred. Lechi's Neapolitans and Italians were employed in constant counter-guerrilla actions in Catalonia. They took part in Général de Brigade Schwarz’s expedition to Manresa, roughly 40km away from Barcelona. On their way there, they were ambushed and sent in headlong retreat, with heavy losses. A second expedition fared no better, suffering almost 400 casualties. Later in June 1808 the Neapolitans took part in Duhesme’s Siege of Girona. Both assaults on the city failed due to the lack of siege artillery in Duhesme’s arsenal. Furthermore, the garrison left behind at Barcelona was massacred by the population, leading to guerrillas occupying the city until Marshal Saint-Cyr’s corps arrived to retake the Catalan capital. It is reported that Duhesme praised the Neapolitans for good conduct during the operation.[2]
Later that year, Duhesme tried a second assault on Girona. Unluckily for the French, the news of the defeat at Bailen reached them and sent their morale plummeting down. On 6 May 1809, the third and final siege of Girona began, ending in the capture of the city after a relentless assault by Marshal Augereau’s corps. Of the 34,000 men involved on the French side, 15,000 died during the siege. In March 1810 the Neapolitans were employed at the blockade of several Spanish-held fortresses in Catalonia, at Tortosa, Hostalrich, and Sagunto.[2]
In 1811, the 1st and 2nd Neapolitan Line Infantry Regiments and the 1st Light Infantry were in Compère’s division of Suchet’s army in Valencia alongside the 2nd Neapolitan Cacciatori a Cavallo. On 15 December 1811 the Neapolitan infantry regiments in Spain were so reduced in strength that they had to be combined into the "new" Neapolitan 8th Line Infantry regiment. Cadres of officers were sent back to Naples to recruit new battalions for the old regiments. The 8th was given the title "Principe Luciano".[2]
Russian and German Campaigns
For the invasion of Russia in 1812, Naples provided Général de Division Francois Destrees's 33rd Division of Marshal Augereau’s XI Corps, consisting of the Marines of the Neapolitan Guard, the Mounted and Foot Velites, the Honour Guard, the 5th, 6th and 7th Line Infantry regiments, and two batteries of artillery;[2] around 10,000 men in total. They formed part of the garrison of the East Prussian port-city of Danzig (now Gdańsk) on the Baltic Sea coast. After the defeat of Napoleon’s army in Russia, the Neapolitan cavalry had the honour of escorting Napoleon himself back to France, with heavy casualties due to the weather. The Foot Velites also suffered losses while covering the retreat of the army into Poland.[4] Later in 1813 the Sailors of the Guard and the elite companies of each Neapolitan regiment in Danzig were combined to form the Neapolitan Elite Regiment, brigaded with the 4th Light Infantry (which recently arrived from Naples to Germany), part of the 31st division of the XI Corps. They fought at Lutzen and Bautzen with heavy losses. At the time of the Armistice of Pleiswitz, Napoleon himself decorated Marshal MacDonald (the current acting commander of the Neapolitan troops in Germany) and several officers and men of the Neapolitan brigade with the Legion of Honour.[4] When hostilities resumed, the brigade fought at Leipzig and Hanau. The few survivors were repatriated. Napoleon is said to have said to the troops:
"I participated in a prejudice of low esteem of the Neapolitan troops: they amazed me in Lutzen, in Bautzen, in Danzig and in Hanau. The famous Samnites, their ancestors, would not have fought with greater valour. Courage is like love, it needs nourishment."[4]
The line units left in Danzig were faced with the task of holding the city against a much larger Prussian and Russian force under the command of the Duke of Wurttemberg. The city was besieged for almost a year. Under the command of General Rapp, the Neapolitans had to face Frost, Hunger, diseases and relentless enemy bombardment for the entire year. Rapp's offensive strategies resulted in further loss among the troops. When a short truce was agreed on 11 June 1813, the Neapolitan commanders took the opportunity to send praiseworthy reports of the conduct and bravery of their troops to Murat himself. The French general Detres himself sent the sovereign a report showing excellent impressions on the Neapolitan soldiers, a report later published in the "Monitore delle Due Sicilie". Unlike the news from Spain, in fact, the news from the Russian front was promptly published in the Neapolitan press.[4]
Two months after the truce, the Russians launched a series of counter-offensives which gradually tightened the circle around the walls of Gdansk. Russian shells set fires in the primary wooden interior of the city. On 29 December 1813, the city was surrendered unconditionally to the Russians. The Neapolitan survivors were placed into Russian captivity, but news of King Murat's defection to the allies reached their captors, which resulted in their prompt release. The survivors marched back to Naples in perfect order, as to impress the civil and military authorities of the nations they passed through. Joachim Murat rewarded the survivors of the Gdansk siege by transferring them to the Guard.[4]
Italian Campaigns 1814-1815
King Joachim Murat abandoned Napoleon’s side formally after the Battle of Leipzig and returned to Naples. A deal was struck between him and the coalition allies: Murat would keep his throne in Naples if he provided 30,000 troops to support the allies in Northern Italy. However, he disgracefully dragged his feet in doing so, and was only goaded by his Austrian allies into attacking the Franco-Italians at the River Taro, some 10k west of Parma. The Neapolitans were victorious in this minor clash, and the Franco-Italian withdrew to Piacenza. This marked the end of the fighting in Northern Italy, and news of Napoleon's abdication now arrived. Murat was able to reach an agreement with the coalition allies and retain his throne.
In 1815, news of Napoleon's arrival in France reached Naples on 4 March. 10 days later, Murat decided to break his alliance with the coalition and once again take the side of his old Emperor, who he had betrayed a year earlier. At the head of 46,829 infantry, 7,224 cavalry, and 78 guns, he marched north to strike against the Austrians. On 4 April, the Neapolitans crossed the Panaro river in upper-central Italy and defeated the Austrians under FML Frederick von Bianchi at Modena. On 7 April Murat tried to force the line of the River Po at Occhiobello, a small town 50k south of Venice, but was met with staunch resistance and was forced to fall back. The Austrians only lost 22 killed in this action, while the Neapolitans suffered far worse. This affected the already brittle morale of Murat's officers and men, who began to melt away slowly. Many soldiers simply found no interest in fighting the Austrians, and deserted. Soon, Murat heard of Britain's declaration of war against him. On 10 April, the Neapolitan garrison of the town of Carpi was attacked and fled. Murat withdrew to Ravenna, near the eastern coast of the Italian peninsula. Continuously harried, the Neapolitans lost to Bianchi's Austrians at Cesenatico and Pesaro. The Neapolitans finally stopped at the small town of Tolentino, and the Austrian army arrived to meet them. Soon, it became clear that the decisive battle would be fought there.
Battle of Tolentino
Bianchi commanded 12 battalions, 10 squadrons and four batteries of artillery, totalling just under 11,000 men and 28 guns. Murat had 15,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 35 guns. Bianchi knew he was outnumbered and outgunned but decided against a retreat. The town of Tolentino was surrounded by its medieval walls and blocked the valley of the River Chienti, along which valley the road from Macerata to Foligno ran. The terrain around the Chienti is generally hilly, with several ridges dotting the landscape.
Murat sent a division under Carrascosa to slow down Niepperg’s Austrians who could’ve turned Murat’s flank. However, Murat soon learned of Carrascosa’s defeat at the Battle of Scappezano. At Tolentino, the Neapolitan troops originally made good progress until Murat ordered his advancing columns into 4 giant squares – large, lumbering formations made to protect from cavalry, which was not a serious threat to the Neapolitans. Bianchi seized the opportunity to order an artillery battery to rip through the leading square at close range, and then charged several squadrons of cavalrymen into the gaps left in the square. The entire advance broke and the Neapolitans fled. Being pushed at three sides, Murat’s resolve crumbled, and so did his army. They withdrew behind the cover of night, and soon dissolved into a leaderless mob.
The battle’s result had drastic results on both sides’ morale. On 20 May, peace negotiations began, and Neapolitan generals Pepe and Carrascosa sued for peace, signing the Treaty of Casalanza. The Austrian armies entered Naples on the 23rd, and restored Ferdinand back to the throne of Naples, after almost a decade of exile. Meanwhile, Murat escaped from Naples, disguised as a Danish sailor, and sailed to Cannes, in France. He was soon caught trying to reclaim his kingdom and executed on 13 October 1815. Most Neapolitan fortresses opened their doors immediately after news of Casalanza reached them. However, the tenacious General Begani, commanding the garrison of Gaeta, refused to surrender to the Austrians unless under the express order of Joachim Murat. Yet, under pressure for several days, and besieged by Austrian, British, Papal and Bourbon troops, the Murattian flag was finally lowered on 5 August, and the defenders released under parole. Thus, the last shots of the Napoleonic wars fell upon the shattered walls of Gaeta.[4]
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
- ^ Davids John A., Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780-1860, OUP Oxford, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Digby Smith, Murat's Army, Helion Limited 2018.
- ^ Paoletti Ciro, A Military History of Italy, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g Piero Crociani, The Neapolitan Army 1806/15, Editrice Militare Italiana.
- ^ As opposed to modern Grenadiers, grenadiers during the Napoleonic Wars did not carry grenades, as these proved too cumbersome. Grenadiers were the tallest and strongest men in the regiment, used as shock troops.
References
- A. Davis, John (2006), Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780-1860, OUP Oxford, ISBN 978-0-198-20755-9
- Smith, Digby (2018), Murat's Army: The Army of the Kingdom of Naples 1806-1815, Helion Limited, ISBN 978-1-912-39009-0
- Woolf, Stewart (2002), Napoleon's Integration of Europe, Routledge Publishing, ISBN 978-1-134-94420-0
- Crociani, Pietro (2016), L'Esercito del Regno Napoletano: The Army of the Kingdom of Naples, 1806-1815, Soldiershop
- Paoletti, Ciro (2008), A Military History of Italy, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-98505-9
- Pepe, Guglielmo (1847), Memorie del generale Guglielmo Pepe intorno alla sua vita e ai recenti casi d'Italia, Baudry
- Military, Reale Tipografia (1846), Manuale pei soldati e sotto-uffiziali di fanteria dell'Esercito Napoletano atto a guidarli in tutti gli esami cui vanno sottomessi giusta i programmi sovranamente fissati, Reale Tipografia Militare
- V. Ilari, P. Crociani, G. Boeri, Storia Militare del Regno Murattiano 1806-15, Widerholdt Frères, Invorio, 2007, vol. I (Comando e Amministrazione), II (Armi e Corpi dell'Esercito), III (Gendarmeria, Legioni Provinciali, Marina, Indice biografico).
- Virgilio Ilari, Piero Crociani e Ciro Paoletti, Storia militare dell'Italia giacobina (1796-1801), Roma, USSME, 2000, II ("La guerra Peninsulare": «Il nuovo esercito napoletano, 1799-1802», pp. 1131–1153; «I francesi sulle coste italiane, 1800-02», pp. 1155–1173).
- Smith, Digby (1998). The Greenhill Napoleonic wars data book. London Mechanicsburg, PA: Greenhill Books Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-276-7. OCLC 37616149.
- Smith, Digby (2006). An illustrated encyclopedia of uniforms of the Napoleonic wars : an expert, in-depth reference to the officers and soldiers of the revolutionary and Napoleonic period, 1792-1815. London Lanham, Md: Lorenz North American agent/distributor, National Book Network. ISBN 978-0-7548-1571-6. OCLC 60320422.
