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The moon is an egliscophicaquel type of planetarium. These egliscophicaquel planetariums are extremely usful in the making of hidronitarums. Hidronitarums are a type of fat. This fat is used a lot by lots of random people. Such as your mum. Your mum uses this hidronitarum to extract sofigolus plants from her bums. It is also used to make fogolatarutamerum ie. cheese.
The moon is an egliscophicaquel type of planetarium. These egliscophicaquel planetariums are extremely usful in the making of hidronitarums. Hidronitarums are a type of fat. This fat is used a lot by lots of random people. Such as your mum. Your mum uses this hidronitarum to extract sofigolus plants from her bums. It is also used to make fogolatarutamerum ie. cheese.



== See also ==
{{Portal | Spaceflight | RocketSunIcon.svg}}
{|
| colspan=3 style="vertical-align:top" |
* [[Astronaut Hall of Fame]]
* [[Commercial Astronaut]]
* [[List of astronauts by name]]
* [[List of astronauts by selection]]
* [[Timeline of astronauts by nationality]]
* [[List of human spaceflights]]
* [[List of space travelers by name]]
* [[List of spacewalks and moonwalks]]
* [[X-15]] program
||
| colspan=3 style="vertical-align:top" |
* [[Spaceflight records]]
* [[Shirley Thomas (USC professor)|Shirley Thomas]], author of ''Men of Space'' series (1960-1968)
* [[Cosmonautics Day]]
* [[Yuri's Night]]
* [[Fallen Astronaut]]
* [[List of fictional astronauts]]
* [[Moon Landing]]
* [[Mercury 13]] - A group of 13 women who were tested, but never flew in space.
|}


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 20:33, 14 February 2008

For other uses, see Astronaut (disambiguation).
"Spaceman" redirects here. For other uses, see Spaceman (disambiguation).
Astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit outside the U.S. Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984

An astronaut or cosmonaut (Template:Lang-ru IPA: [kəsmɐˈnaft]) is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.[1] While generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.[2][3]

Definition

Until 2003, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military, or by civilian space agencies. However, with the first sub-orbital flight of the privately-funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the commercial astronaut. With the rise of space tourism, NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term "spaceflight participant" to distinguish those space travelers from astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies.

The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) defines spaceflight as any flight over Template:Km to mi. However, in the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of Template:Km to mi are awarded astronaut wings.

As of February 7, 2008, a total of 470 humans from 34 countries have reached 100km or more in altitude, of which 467 reached Low Earth orbit or beyond.[4][5] Of these, 24 people have traveled beyond Low Earth orbit, to either lunar or trans-lunar orbit or to the surface of the moon; three of the 24 did so twice (Lovell, Young and Cernan).[6] According to the FAI guideline, 476 people qualify under the U. S. definition as having reached orbit.[7] Space travelers have spent over 30,400 astronaut-days (or a cumulative total of over 83 years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of spacewalks.[7][8] As of 2007, the man with the longest time in space is Sergei K. Krikalev, who has spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes, or 2.2 years, in space.[9][10] Sunita L. Williams holds the record for most time in space by a woman, with 195 days spent in space.[11][12]

Terminology

See also: Astronaut ranks and positions
Countries whose citizens have flown in space as of 2006

In the United States and many other English-speaking nations, a professional space traveler is called an astronaut. The term derives from the Greek words ástron (star) and nautes (sailor). The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his short story The Death's Head Meteor in 1930. The word itself had been known earlier. For example, in Percy Greg's 1880 book Across the Zodiac, "astronaut" referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de l'Infini (1925) of J.-H. Rosny aîné the word astronautique (astronautic) was used. The word may have been inspired by "aeronaut", an older term for an air traveler first applied (in 1784) to balloonists.

NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond. NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps.[13]

Russia

Main article: Soviet space program
File:Yuri Gagarin official portrait.jpg
Yuri Gagarin, first person in space (1961) (USSR)

By convention, an astronaut employed by the Russian Federal Space Agency (or its Soviet predecessor) is called a cosmonaut in English texts.[13] The word is an anglicisation of the Russian word космонавт (transliteration: kosmonavt, IPA: [kəsmʌˈnaft]), which in turn derives from the Greek words kosmos (universe) and nautes (sailor). For the most part, "cosmonaut" and "astronaut" are synonyms in all languages, and the usage of choice is often dictated by political reasons.

On March 14, 1995, Norman Thagard became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, arguably becoming the first "American cosmonaut" in the process.

China

In China, the term "yǔhángyuán" (宇航员) or "hángtiānyuán" (航天员) has long been used for astronauts. The phrase "tàikōng rén" (太空人, literally "space person") is often used in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Official English texts issued by the Chinese government use astronaut while texts in Russian use cosmonaut.[14][14] The term taikonaut is used by some English-language news media organizations for professional space travelers from China. The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih (赵里昱) from Malaysia, used it in newsgroups, while Chen Lan, almost simultaneously, used it in Western media.[citation needed]

Other terms

While no nation other than Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United States, and China has launched a manned spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries. Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term spationaut (French spelling: spationaute) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the Latin word spatium or "space" and the Malaysian term "angkasawan" is used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program.

Space travel milestones

See also: Spaceflight records and Timeline of space travel by nationality
File:Tereshkova2.jpg
Valentina Tereshkova, first woman in space (1963) (USSR)
File:GPN-2000-001005.jpg
Alan Shepard aboard Freedom 7

The first human in space was Russian Yuri Gagarin, who was launched into space on April 12 1961 aboard Vostok 1. The first woman was Russian Valentina Tereshkova, launched into space in June 1963 aboard Vostok 6.

Alan Shepard became the first American and second person in space on May 5, 1961, while the first American woman in space was Sally Ride, during Space Shuttle Challenger's mission STS-7, on June 18, 1983.[15]

The first mission to orbit the moon was Apollo 8, which included William Anders who was born in Hong Kong, making him the first Asian-born astronaut in 1968. On 15 October 2003, Yang Liwei became China's first astronaut on the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.

The Soviet Union, through its Intercosmos program, allowed people from other socialist countries to fly on its missions. An example is Vladimir Remek, a Czechoslovak, who became the first non-Soviet European in space in 1978 on a Russian Soyuz rocket.[16] On July 23, 1980, Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the first Asian in space when he flew aboard Soyuz 37.[17] Also in 1980, Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez became the first person of African descent to fly in space (the first person born in Africa to fly in space was Patrick Baudry, in 1985).[18][19] In 1988, Abdul Ahad Mohmand became the first Afghan to reach space, spending nine days aboard the Mir space station.[20]

With the larger number of seats available on the Space Shuttle, the U.S. began taking international astronauts. In April 1985, Taylor Wang became the first Chinese-born person in space; later that year, Rodolfo Neri Vela became the first Mexican-born person in space.[21][22][23] In 1991, Helen Sharman became the first Briton to fly in space.[24] In 2002, Mark Shuttleworth became the first citizen of an African country to fly in space, as a paying spaceflight participant.[25]

Age milestones

The youngest person to fly in space is Russian Gherman Titov, who was 25 years old when he flew Vostok 2. (Titov was also the first person to suffer space sickness).[26][27] The oldest person who has flown in space is John Glenn, who was 77 when he flew on STS-95.[28] The longest stay in space was 438 days, by Russian Valeri Polyakov.[7] As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz. The furthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was 401,056 km, during the Apollo 13 emergency.[7]

Non-government milestones

The first non-governmental space traveler was Byron K. Lichtenberg, a researcher from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who flew on STS-9 in 1983.[29] In December 1990, Toyohiro Akiyama became the first paying space traveler as a reporter for Tokyo Broadcasting System, a visit to Mir as part of an estimated $12 million (USD) deal with a Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was "Research Cosmonaut".[30][31][32] Akiyama suffered severe space-sickness during his mission, which affected his productivity.[31]

The first self-funded space tourist was Dennis Tito onboard the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on 28 April 2001.

Self-funded travelers

Main article: Space tourist

The first person to fly on an entirely privately-funded mission was Mike Melvill, piloting SpaceShipOne flight 15P on a sub-orbital journey, although he was a test pilot employed by Scaled Composites and not an actual paying space tourist.[33][34]. Five others have paid to fly into space:

  1. Dennis Tito (American): April 28 – May 6, 2001
  2. Mark Shuttleworth (South African / British): April 25 – May 5, 2002 (ISS)
  3. Gregory Olsen (American): October 1 – October 11, 2005 (ISS)
  4. Anousheh Ansari (Iranian / American): September 18 – September 29, 2006 (ISS)
  5. Charles Simonyi (Hungarian / American): April 7 – April 21,2007 (ISS)

Training

See also: Astronaut ranks and positions

The first NASA astronauts were selected in 1959.[35] Early in the space program, military jet test piloting and engineering training were often cited as prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA, although neither John Glenn nor Scott Carpenter (of the Mercury Seven) had any university degree, in engineering or any other discipline at the time of their selection. Selection was initially limited to military pilots.[36][37] The earliest astronauts for both America and Russia tended to be jet fighter pilots, and were often test pilots.

Once selected, NASA astronauts go through 20 months of training in a variety of areas, including training for extra-vehicular activity in a facility such as NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory.[2][36] Astronauts-in-training may also experience short periods of weightlessness in aircraft called the "vomit comet", the nickname given to a pair of modified KC-135s (retired in 2000 and 2004 respectively, and replaced in 2005 with a C-9) which perform parabolic flights.[35] Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high-performance jet aircraft. This is mostly done in T-38 jet aircraft out of Ellington Field, due to its proximity to the Johnson Space Center. Ellington Field is also where the Shuttle Training Aircraft is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are done out of Edwards Air Force Base.

NASA candidacy requirements

  • Be citizens of the United States.[38][35]
  • Pass a strict physical examination, and have a distant visual acuity no greater than 20/50 uncorrected, correctable to 20/20. Blood pressure, while sitting, must be no greater than 140 over 90.

Commander and Pilot

Mission Specialist

  • Bachelor's degree in engineering, biological science, physical science or mathematics, as well as at least three years of related professional experience.
  • Applicant's height must be 5 ft 2 in to 6 ft 4 in (1.57 to 1.93 m).

Mission Specialist Educator

Mission Specialist Educators Lindenberger, Arnold, and Acaba during a parabolic flight.
Main article: Educator Astronaut Project
  • Bachelor's degree with teaching experience, including work at the kindergarten through 12th grade level. Advanced degree not required, but is desired.[39]

Mission Specialist Educators, or "Educator Astronauts", were first selected in 2004, and as of 2007, there are three NASA Educator astronauts: Joseph M. Acaba, Richard R. Arnold, and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger.[40][41] Barbara Morgan, selected as back-up teacher to Christa McAuliffe in 1985, is considered to be the first Educator astronaut by the media, but she trained as a mission specialist.[42] The Educator Astronaut program is a successor to the Teacher in Space program from the 1980s.[43][38]

Insignia

At NASA, people who complete astronaut candidate training receive a silver lapel pin. Once they have flown in space, they receive a gold pin. U.S. astronauts who also have active-duty military status receive a special qualification badge, known as the Astronaut Badge, after participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.


The moon is an egliscophicaquel type of planetarium. These egliscophicaquel planetariums are extremely usful in the making of hidronitarums. Hidronitarums are a type of fat. This fat is used a lot by lots of random people. Such as your mum. Your mum uses this hidronitarum to extract sofigolus plants from her bums. It is also used to make fogolatarutamerum ie. cheese.


References

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  2. ^ a b NASA (2006). "Astronaut Fact Book" (.pdf). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Marie MacKay (2005). "Former astronaut visits USU". The Utah Statesman. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Bill Harwood (2008). "STS-122 Quick-Look Data". CBS News. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). "Women of Space". Encyclopedia Astronautica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ NASA. "NASA's First 100 Human Space Flights". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). "Astronaut Statistics - as of 7 February 2008". Encyclopedia Astronautica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ NASA (2004). "Walking in the Void". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ NASA (2005). "Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev Biography". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ NASA (2005). "Krikalev Sets Time-in-Space Record". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ NASA (2007). "Astronaut Suni Williams Sets the Record Straight, and Long". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ NASA (2007). "Sunita L. Williams Biography". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b Dismukes, Kim - NASA Biography Page Curator (December 15, 2005). "Astronaut Biographies". Johnson Space Center,NASA. Retrieved 2007-03-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b реконмендовать другому. "Chinese embassy in Kazakhstan press-release" (in Russian). fmprc.gov.cn. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "rus" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ NASA (2006). "Sally K. Ride, Ph.D. Biography". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). "Vladimir Remek Czech Pilot Cosmonaut". Encyclopedia Astronautica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). "Salyut 6 EP-7". Encyclopedia Astronautica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). "Tamayo-Mendez". Encyclopedia Astronautica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). "Baudry". Encyclopedia Astronautica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Joachim Wilhelm Josef Becker and Heinz Hermann Janssen (2007). "Biographies of International Astronauts". Space Facts. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ NASA (1985). "Taylor G. Wang Biography". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). "Taylor Wang". Encyclopedia Astronautica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ NASA (1985). "Rodolfo Neri Vela (Ph.D.) Biography". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ BBC News (2005). "1991: Sharman becomes first Briton in space". BBC News. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ africaninspace.com (2002). "First African in Space". HBD. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ BBC News (2007). "1961: Russian cosmonaut spends day in space". BBC News. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Anatoly Zak (2000). "Russia Cosmonaut Gherman Titov Dies". Space.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ NASA (2007). "John Herschel Glenn, Jr. (Colonel, USMC, Ret.) NASA Astronaut". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ NASA (2002). "Byron K. Lichtenberg Biography". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (2007). "Paying for a Ride". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ a b BBC News (1990). "Mir Space Station 1986-2001". BBC News. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Spacefacts (1990). "Akiyama". Spacefacts. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Leonard David (2004). "Pilot Announced on Eve of Private Space Mission". Space.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Royce Carlton Inc. (2007). "Michael Melvill, First Civilian Astronaut, SpaceShipOne". Royce Carlton Inc. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ a b c NASA (2006). "Astronaut Candidate Training". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ a b NASA (1995). "Selection and Training of Astronauts". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Nolen, Stephanie (2002). Promised The Moon: The Untold Story of the First Women in the Space Race. Toronto: Penguin Canada. pp. page 235. ISBN 0-14-301347-5. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  38. ^ a b NASA (2007). "Astronaut Candidate Program". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "program" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  39. ^ NASA (2007). "NASA Opens Applications for New Astronaut Class". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ NASA (2004). "'Next Generation of Explorers' Named". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ NASA (2004). "NASA's New Astronauts Meet The Press". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ NASA (2007). "Barbara Radding Morgan - NASA Astronaut biography". NASA. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Tariq Malik (2007). "NASA Assures That Teachers Will Fly in Space". Space.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
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