Banksia integrifolia

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Coast Banksia
Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Order:
Proteales
Family:
Proteaceae
Genus:
Banksia
Subgenus:
Banksia subg. Banksia
Section:
Banksia sect Banksia
Series:
Banksia ser. Salicinae
Species:
B. integrifolia
Binomial name
Banksia integrifolia
subspecies

B. i. subsp. integrifolia
B. i. subsp. compar
B. i. subsp. monticola

Banksia integrifolia, commonly known as Coast Banksia, is a species of tree that grows along the east coast of Australia. One of the most widely-distributed Banksia species, it occurs between Victoria and Central Queensland in a broad range of habitats, from coastal dunes to mountains. It is highly variable in form, but is most often encountered as a tree up to 25 metres (75 ft) in height. Its leaves have dark green upper surfaces and white undersides, a contrast that can be striking on windy days.

It is one of the four original Banksia species collected by Sir Joseph Banks in 1770, and one of four species published in 1782 as part of the Carolus Linnaeus the Younger's original description of the genus. It has had a complicated taxonomic history, with numerous species and varieties ascribed to it, only to be rejected or promoted to separate species. The taxonomy is now largely settled, with three subspecies recognised: B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, B. integrifolia subsp. compar and B. integrifolia subsp. monticola.

A hardy and versatile garden plant, B. integrifolia is widely planted in Australian gardens. It is a popular choice for parks and streetscapes, and has been used for bush revegetation and stabilisation of dunes. Its hardiness has prompted research into its suitability for use as a rootstock in the cut flower trade, but has also caused concerns about its potential to become a weed outside its natural habitat.

Names

Now widely known as Coast Banksia or Coastal Banksia, B. integrifolia was previously known by a range of common names. The Checklist of Australian Trees lists four other common names: Honeysuckle, White Banksia, White Bottlebrush and White Honeysuckle;[1] and some older sources refer to it as Honeysuckle Oak.[2][3]

It was known to Indigenous Australians before its discovery and naming by Europeans; for example, the Gunai people of Gippsland called it Birrna.[4] Because of its wide range it would have a name in a number of other indigenous languages, but these are now lost. In 2001, a search of historical archives for recorded indigenous names of Victorian flora and fauna failed to find a single name for the species.[5]

Description

B. integrifolia is a highly variable species. It is most often encountered as a tree up to 25 metres (80 ft) in height, but in sheltered locations it can reach 35 metres (100 ft). In more exposed areas it may grow as a small, gnarled tree, reaching to no more than about 5 metres (15 ft), and in highly exposed positions, such as on exposed coastal headlands, it may even be reduced to a small shrub.[6]

It usually has a single stout trunk, often twisted and gnarled, with the rough grey bark characteristic of Banksia. The leaves are dark green with a white underside, and occur in whorls of three to five. Adult leaves have entire margins; George specifies their dimensions as 4 to 20 centimetres (2–8 in) long and 6 to 35 millimetres (0.2–1.4 in) wide,[7][6] but The Banksia Atlas warns that "Atlas contributors found great variability in these measurements with specimens often falling outside the varietal limits specified by George (1981) or being intermediate between two varieties."[8] Juvenile leaves have dentate margins with a few short teeth, and are generally larger than adult leaves.[6]

Flowers occur in Banksia's characteristic "flower spike", an inflorescence made up of several hundred flowers densely packed in a spiral around a woody axis. This is roughly cylindrical, 10 to 12 centimetres (4–5 in) high and five centimetres (2 in) wide. Flowers are usually pale yellow to yellow, but may be greenish or pinkish in bud. Each individual flower consists of a tubular perianth made up of four united tepals, and one long wiry style. Characteristic of the taxonomic section in which it is placed, the styles are straight rather than hooked. The style ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at anthesis.[6] This process starts with the flowers at the bottom of the inflorescence, sweeping up the spike at an unusually high rate of between 96 and 390 flowers per 24 hours.[9]

The flower spikes are not as prominent as in some other Banksia species, as they arise from two to three year old nodes nested within the foliage. After flowering, old flower parts wither and fall away over a period of several months, revealing the "cone", a woody axis embedded with many small follicles. The follicles are initially greenish and downy, but gradually fade to dark grey. Each follicle contains one or sometimes two seeds, separated by a thin wooden separator. The seed itself is black, 6 to 10 millimetres (0.2–0.4 in) long with a feathery black 'wing' 10 to 20 millimetres (0.4–0.8 in) long.[7][6]

Taxonomy

Main article: Taxonomy of Banksia integrifolia

Taxonomic history

B. integrifolia by Sydney Parkinson, from Banks' Florilegium

B. integrifolia was first collected at Botany Bay on 29 April 1770, by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander, naturalists on the Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean.[10][11] However, the species was not published until April 1782, when Carolus Linnaeus the Younger described the first four Banksia species in his Supplementum Plantarum. Linnaeus distinguished the species by their leaf shapes, and named them accordingly. Thus the species with entire leaf margins was given the specific name integrifolia, from the Latin integer, meaning "entire", and folium, meaning "leaf".[12] The full name for the species is therefore Banksia integrifolia L.f.[1]

Then followed around 200 years of confusion over the taxonomic limits of the species, caused by the species' great variability, similarities with closely related species, and early attempts to classify the species based on dried specimen material alone. A stable Banksia taxonomy did not begin to emerge until 1981 with the publication of Alex George's landmark monograph The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). George's 1981 taxonomy has since been refined in the light of new research and the discovery of new material, but remain largely intact. B. integrifolia

's placement within the genus has remained fairly stable, but its relationship to other species remains a bone of contention,[6] and there have been several changes to its infraspecific taxa.[7][13]

Placement within Banksia

The current taxonomic arrangement of the Banksia genus is based on George's 1999 monograph for the Flora of Australia book series.[6] In this arrangement, B. integrifolia is placed in Banksia subg. Banksia, because its inflorescences take the form of Banksia
's characteristic flower spikes; Banksia sect. Banksia because of its straight styles; and Banksia ser. Salicinae because its inflorescences are cylindrical. Kevin Thiele additionally placed it in a subseries Integrifoliae,[13] but this was not supported by George.
Infructescence and leaves of B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia
B. integrifolia
's placement within Banksia may be summarised as follows:
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Isostylis
Subgenus Banksia
Section Oncostylis
Section Coccinea
Section Banksia
Series Grandes
Series Banksia
Series Crocinae
Series Prostratae
Series Cyrtostylis
Series Tetragonae
Series Bauerinae
Series Quercinae
Series Salicinae
(Subseries Acclives)
B. oblongifolia - B. plagiocarpa - B. robur - B. dentata
(Subseries Integrifoliae)
B. marginata - B. conferta - B. paludosa - B. canei - B. saxicola - B. integrifolia - B. aquilonia

Subspecies

Main articles: Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar, and Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola
Inflorescence of B. i. subsp. monticola in late bud.

Although some of the great variability of B. integrifolia can be attributed to environmental factors, much is genetic: George writes that it "gives the impression that it is actively speciating to fill the many ecological niches through its range".[7] Three subspecies are currently recognised: B. i. subsp. integrifolia, B. i. subsp. compar, and B. i. subsp. monticola.

  • B. i. subsp. integrifolia occurs near the coast over most of the species' range except the far north. It varies little except for in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, where some populations appear to be intermediate with B. i. subsp. compar.
  • B. i. subsp. compar grows in coastal Queensland as far north as Proserpine. For most of its range it is the only subspecies, but near its southern limit it co-occurs with B. i. subsp. integrifolia. The two subspecies are distinguishable by their leaves, which are larger and glossy with wavy margins on B. i. subsp. compar.
  • B. i. subsp. monticola, commonly known as White Mountain Banksia, is the only subspecies with a montane distribution; it occurs in the Blue Mountains of northern New South Wales. It is similar in form to B. i. subsp. integrifolia, but differs in having longer, narrower leaves, and follicles that are more deeply embedded in the old flower spike.[14]

Hybrids

Presumed natural hybrids have been reported between B. integrifolia and other members of Banksia ser. Salicinae, although no hybrid names have been formally published to date. Presumed hybrids are identified by their intermediate features; for example those with B. paludosa (Swamp Banksia), known from Jervis Bay and Green Cape on the coast of southern New South Wales, have a smaller habit, longer, thinner flower spikes, and persistent old flowers on old "cones", which are otherwise bare on pure B. integrifolia.[15][16][17]

Presumed hybrids with B. marginata (Silver Banksia) occur on Wilsons Promontory in Victoria; these are found in localities where both species co-occur, and have features intermediate between the two.[7] Another purported hybrid with B. marginata, thought to be from Cape Paterson on Victoria's south coast, was first described by Alf Salkin and is commercially available in small quantities. It forms an attractive hardy low growing plant to 1 metre.[18]

Distribution and habitat

B. integrifolia distribution

B. integrifolia is widely distributed, in both geographical and ecological terms. According to Alex George, "it spans a wider geographical and climatic range than any other species."[7] Thiele and Ladiges make a similar claim: that its distribution "is a broader latitudinal, altitudinal and ecological amplitude than any other species, with the possible exception of B. spinulosa."[19]

It occurs along almost the entire eastern coast of Australia, from Geelong, Victoria to Proserpine, Queensland, and there is an isolated population on Long Island, Tasmania. The range of latitude is thus about 20–39°S. There is also a record from 1876, allegedly from King Island, but the species does not appear to occur there now,[6] and there has been speculation that that specimen was actually collected in the Furneaux Group.[20]

Tree on headland, Manly, NSW

For most of its distribution, B. integrifolia occurs only within about 50 kilometres (30 mi) of the coast, where it typically occurs on poor quality sandy soils derived from sandstone. It grows near coastal cliffs and headlands, alongside river estuaries, and even on stabilised sand dunes. The temperature range for this area is around 0–30°C (32–86°F), with almost no frosts. The species can occur in pure stands, but is usually associated with other species such as Melaleuca quinquenervia (Broad-leaved Paperbark).[21][8]

Between Sydney and Brisbane, B. integrifolia is found up to 200 kilometres (125 mi) inland, with B. i. subsp. monticola occurring in the Blue Mountains at altitudes up to 1500 metres (5000 ft). There it grows on better quality volcanic or rocky soils derived from granites and basalts, and would experience up to 100 frosts per year. In this montane habitat, it occurs in association with Eucalyptus species such as E. viminalis (Manna Gum) and E. pauciflora (Snow Gum), and also rainforest species such as Nothofagus moorei (Antarctic Beech) and Orites excelsa (Prickly Ash).[21]Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Ecology

See also: Ecology of Banksia
Anthochaera chrysoptera (Little Wattlebird) on B. integrifolia

Like most other Proteaceae, B. integrifolia has proteoid roots, roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These enhance solubilisation of nutrients, thus allowing nutrient uptake in low-nutrient soils such as the phosphorus-deficient native soils of Australia. Studies on B. integrifolia suggest that its proteoid root mat achieves this by chemically modifying its soil environment.[22]

B. integrifolia flowers have an unusually short life span for Banksia species, producing nectar for only about four to twelve days after anthesis. Most nectar is produced during the night and early in the morning, with only small amounts produced during the day.[9] Flowers are produced all through the year, but there is a strong peak in autumn. Little else flowers within its range at this time, so it is a seasonally important source of food for nectariferous animals. Surveys have observed a range of animals feeding on the species, including a wide range of insects; many species of bird including Phylidonyris novaehollandiae (New Holland Honeyeater), Anthochaera carunculata (Red Wattlebird), Anthochaera chrysoptera (Little Wattlebird), Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris (Eastern Spinebill) and Trichoglossus haematodus (Rainbow Lorikeet); and mammals such as Petaurus norfolcensis (Squirrel Glider), Petaurus breviceps (Sugar Glider), Acrobates pygmaeus (Feathertail Glider) and Pteropus poliocephalus (Grey-headed Flying Fox).[23][8] The importance of non-flying mammals to pollination of B. integrifolia was demonstrated in 1989, with a study in Wilsons Promontory National Park showing a reduction of fruit set when measures were taken to exclude them.[24]

Unlike most Banksia species, B. integrifolia does not require bushfire to trigger the release of its seed. Rather, seed is released spontaneously on reaching maturity in late summer. The species' non-reliance on fire for seed dispersal suggests that the exclusion of fire would not affect plant populations, but a number of studies have found the opposite to be true: in areas where fire has been excluded for many years, populations have declined substantially. An investigation into the defoliation and premature death of trees on the Yanakie Isthmus in south Victoria reached the tentative conclusion that the absence of fire had created unhealthy surface soil conditions.[25] On the Mornington Peninsula, surveys of an area that had not been burnt since the 1890s found that B. integrifolia densities fell by 77% between 1977 and 2000. A subsequent study found the decline to have been caused by extremely high seedling mortality rates, due to grazing by herbivores and intense competition for soil moisture during summer. Despite acknowledging that "the role of fire in these systems remains unclear", it concluded that "developing fire and/or grazing management regimes will be necessary to conserve the structural integrity of these coastal ecosystems."[26]

These concerns aside, B. integrifolia does not appear to be under threat. It has excellent resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback, which poses a major threat to many other Banksia species;[27] and its wide distribution protects against the threat of habitat loss due to land clearing. As a result, it does not appear on the list of threatened Australian plants under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

Cultivation

B. 'Roller Coaster', Sylvan Grove Gardens, Picnic Point, NSW

Hardy and versatile, B. integrifolia will grow in clay, sand, acid and even alkaline soils, and it shows good resistance to wind and salt, making it suitable for seaside planting.[28] It is therefore highly regarded as a low maintenance garden tree, although its large size makes it unsuitable for smaller gardens. Its hardiness may however forewarn weed potential, as some evidence of weediness has been seen in Western Australia and New Zealand. When growing near bushland within its native habitat, it is recommended to obtain local provenance seed or plants if available.[29]

The most common form available in commercial nurseries is unimproved Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia. It prefers a sunny aspect without exposure to frosts, and tolerates fairly heavy pruning. Flowering begins at around four to six years from seed. The other subspecies are less well known in cultivation, but are obtainable. Cultivation is presumably similar to B. i. subsp. integrifolia,[30] except that B. i. subsp. monticola may be assumed frost-tolerant. Dwarf forms of B. integrifolia are sometimes sold, and a registered prostrate cultivar, Banksia 'Roller Coaster', is available. The latter is a vigorous ground hugging plant that can spread to 4 or 5 metres across yet remains only 50 centimetres high.[31]

Because of its high resistance to P. cinnamomi dieback, the feasibility of using B. integrifolia as a rootstock for susceptible Banksia species in the cut flower trade is under investigation. Presently, the success rate for grafting is only 30–40%, and even with successful grafts there is a tendency for the union to fail under stress. More research is needed before the technique wil be ready for commercial use.[32]

Other uses

The wood of B. integrifolia is pink to red, with inconspicuous rings and conspicuous rays. It is spongy and porous, with a density of around 530 kilograms per cubic metre (41,300 lb/ft³). It is considered highly decorative, but it warps badly on drying,[21] has poor load bearing qualities, and is susceptible to termite attack;[30] it is therefore unsuitable for most construction purposes. It is sometimes used for cabinet panelling and in ornamental turnery, and natural bends were once sought after for making boat knees.[33] It is a useful firewood.[34]

B. integrifolia produces a dark amber coloured honey of middling quality and therefore low commercial value.[21] Despite this, the species is highly valued by beekeepers because it produces large amounts of pollen and nectar during autumn and winter, thus helping support hives at a time when little else is flowering.[33]

Historically, indigenous Australians obtained nectar from B. integrifolia by stroking the flower spikes then licking their hands, or by steeping flower spikes in a coolamon overnight. They also used the flower spikes as hairbrushes. Early settlers used the nectar as a syrup for sore throats and colds;[35] and bushmen would impregnate barren "cones" with fat to make a slow burning candle.[33]

More recently, B. integrifolia has been used in the art of bonsai. Its rangy habit and long internodes are challenging to overcome, but the leaves do reduce with pruning, and unlike the gnarlier B. serrata (Saw Banksia) its trunk can become textured with age.[36][37]

It is used as a floral emblem by two Local Government Areas of Queensland: the City of Redcliffe[38] and the City of Logan.[39]

References

B. i. subsp. compar
  1. ^ a b Chapman, Arthur D. (1991). "Banksia integrifolia L.f.". Australian Plant Name Index (Australian Flora and Fauna Series 12—15). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Retrieved 2006-10-25. {{cite encyclopedia}}: External link in |encyclopedia= (help)
  2. ^ Millett, Mervyn (1971). Native Trees of Australia. Melbourne: Lansdowne.
  3. ^ "Australian plant common name database". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
  4. ^ Museum Victoria. "Aboriginal Plant Use" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-10-25.
  5. ^ Wesson, Sue C. (2001). Aboriginal flora and fauna names of Victoria: As extracted from eary surveyors' reports (PDF). Melbourne: Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h George, Alex S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia. Vol. Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e f George, Alex (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 3 (3): 239–473.
  8. ^ a b c Taylor, Anne and Hopper, Stephen D. (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b McFarland, David C. (1985). "Flowering Biology and Phenology of Banksia integrifolia and B. spinulosa (Proteaceae) in New England National Park, N.S.W.". Australian Journal of Botany. 33: 705–714.
  10. ^ William J. L. Wharton (ed.), ed. (1893). Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage Round the World made in H. M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768-71: A Literal Transcription of the Original MSS . London: E. Stock. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  11. ^ Banks, Sir Joseph. "29 April 1770". Banks's Journal. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
  12. ^ Carolus Linnaeus the Younger (1782). Supplementum Plantarum Systema Vegetabilium Editionis Decima Tertia, Generum Plantarum Editionis Fexta, Et Specierum Plantarum Editionis Secunda. Brunsvigae: Orphanotrophei.
  13. ^ a b Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Ladiges (1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)" (PDF). Australian Systematic Botany. 9 (5): 661–733. Retrieved 2006-10-31.
  14. ^ Harden G. J., D. W. Hardin and D. C. Godden (2000). Proteaceae of New South Wales. UNSW Press. ISBN 0-86840-302-4.
  15. ^ Liber, C. (2005). "Banksia paludosa paludosa in the Jervis Bay Area" (PDF). Banksia Study Group Newsletter. 6 (2): 4–5. Retrieved 2006-10-31.
  16. ^ Salkin, AI (1979). Variation in Banksia in Eastern Australia (thesis). Monash University.
  17. ^ Liber C (2004). "Banksia integrifolia x paludosa hybrids at Green Cape" (PDF). Banksia Study Group Newsletter. 6: 8–9. Retrieved 2006-10-31.
  18. ^ Salkin, Alf (1986). "Banksia Cultivars". Banksia Study Report (7). ASGAP: 17–19. ISSN 0728-2893.
  19. ^ Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Ladiges (1994). "The Banksia integrifolia L.f. Species Complex (Proteaceae)" (PDF). Australian Systematic Botany. 7: 393–408. Retrieved 2006-10-31.
  20. ^ Barnes, Richard (2004). "Evidence for Banksia integrifolia in Tasmania" (PDF). Banksia Study Group Newsletter. 6: 8. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
  21. ^ a b c d Boland, D. J.; et al. (1992). Forest Trees of Australia (Fourth edition revised and enlarged). Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-05423-5. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  22. ^ "Grierson, P.F. and P. M. Attiwill (1989). "Chemical characteristics of the proteoid root mat of Banksia integrifolia L. [sic]" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 37: 137–143. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  23. ^ Hackett, Damian J. and Ross L. Goldingay (2001). "Pollination of Banksia spp. by non-flying mammals in North-eastern New South Wales" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 49: 637–644. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  24. ^ Cunningham, S. A. (1991). "Experimental evidence for pollination of Banksia spp. by non-flying mammals". Oecologia. 87: 86–90.
  25. ^ Bennett, L. T. and P. M. Attiwill (1996). "The Nutritional Status of Healthy and Declining Stands of Banksia Integrifolia on the Yanakie Isthmus, Victoria" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 45: 15–30. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  26. ^ Price, J. N. and J. W. Morgan (2003). "Mechanisms controlling establishment of the non-bradysporous Banksia integrifolia (Coast Banksia) in an unburnt coastal woodland" (PDF). Austral Ecology. 28: 82–92. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  27. ^ McCredie, T. A., K. W. Dixon and K. Sivasithamparam (1985). "Variability in the resistance of Banksia L.f. species to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 33: 629–637. Retrieved 2006-11-07.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Elliot, R. and D. L. Jones (1982). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation. Melbourne: Lothian Press. ISBN 0-85091-143-5.
  29. ^ Liber, C. (2002). "Banksias as weeds". Banksia Study Group Newsletter. 4 (1): 4–5.
  30. ^ a b George, A. S. (1984). The Banksia Book. Kenthurst: Kangaroo Press in association with The Society For Growing Australian Plants. ISBN 0-86417-143-9.
  31. ^ Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. "Banksia 'Roller Coaster'". Descriptions of registered cultivars. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  32. ^ Sedgley, Margaret (1996). "Banksia, Family Proteaceae". In Krystyna A. Johnson and Margaret Burchett (eds) (ed.). Native Australian Plants: Horticulture and Uses. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. pp. 18–35. ISBN 0-86840-159-5. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  33. ^ a b c Cribb, A.B. & J.W. (1981). Useful Wild Plants in Australia. Sydney: Collins. ISBN 0-00-216441-8.
  34. ^ "Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (Family Proteaceae)". Speciesbank. Department of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 2006-11-10. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  35. ^ "Aboriginal Resources Trail Teachers' Kit" (PDF). Royal Botanical Gardens Melbourne, Education Section. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
  36. ^ Bowie, G (2002). "The Banksia as Bonsai: B. integrifolia". ASGAP Australian Plants As Bonsai Study Group Newsletter (3): 4–6. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
  37. ^ "Australian Native Plants as Bonsai". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2006-11-14.
  38. ^ "Discover Redcliffe" (PDF). Redliffe City Council. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
  39. ^ Buchanan, Robyn (1999). "City insignia" (PDF). Logan: Rich in History, Young in Spirit. Logan City Council. Retrieved 2006-10-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banksia integrifolia.
Wikispecies has information related to Banksia integrifolia.

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