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Battle of Neville's Cross

Coordinates: 54°46′34″N 1°35′49″W / 54.7760°N 1.5970°W / 54.7760; -1.5970
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Battle of Neville's Cross
Part of the Hundred Years' War and the Second War of Scottish Independence
A colourful image of late-Medieval knights fighting outside a walled town
Battle of Neville's Cross from a 15th-century manuscript
Date17 October 1346
Location
Neville's Cross, west of Durham, England
54°46′34″N 1°35′49″W / 54.7760°N 1.5970°W / 54.7760; -1.5970
Result English victory
• Capture of the Scottish King
Belligerents
Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of England
Commanders and leaders
King David II (POW)
John Randolph, Earl of Moray †
William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale (POW)		 Lord Ralph Neville
Lord Henry Percy
William Zouche
Strength
12,000[1] 6,000–7,000
Casualties and losses
•1,000–3,000 killed
Many captured including King David II		 Few
Battle of Neville's Cross is located in England
Battle of Neville's Cross
class=notpageimage|
Location of the battle within England

The Battle of Neville's Cross took place during the Second War of Scottish Independence on 17 October 1346, half a mile (800 m) to the west of Durham, England, within sight of the Cathedral. An invading Scottish army of 12,000 led by King David II was defeated with heavy loss by an English army of approximately 6–7,000 men led by Lord Ralph Neville. The battle was named after an Anglo-Saxon stone cross on the hill where the Scots made their stand; after the victory, Neville paid to have a new cross erected to commemorate the day.

The battle was the result of the invasion of France by England during the Hundred Years' War. King Philip VI of France called on the Scots to fulfil their obligation under the terms of the Auld Alliance and invade England. David II obliged and after ravaging much of northern England was taken by surprise by the English defenders. The ensuing battle ended with the rout of the Scots, the capture of their king and the death or capture of most of their leadership. Strategically this freed significant English resources for the war against France and the English border counties were able to guard against the remaining Scottish threat from their own resources. The eventual ransoming of the Scottish King resulted in a truce which brought peace to the border for 40 years.

Background

In 1346 England had been embroiled in the Second War of Scottish Independence since 1332 and the Hundred Years' War with France since 1337. In January 1343 the French and English had entered into the Truce of Malestroit, which included Scotland and was intended to last until 29 September 1346.[2] In defiance of the truce, hostilities continued on all fronts, although mostly at a lower level; King David II of Scotland led a six-day raid into northern England in October 1345.[3] Edward III of England planned an invasion of northern France in 1346 and King Philip VI of France sent an appeal to David to open a northern front.[4] Philip VI wanted the Scots to divert English troops, supplies and attention away from the army under Edward III which was gathering in southern England.[5] The alliance between France and Scotland, the Auld Alliance, had been renewed in 1326 and was intended to deter England from attacking either country by the threat that the other would invade English territory.[6]

In June Philip VI asked David II to attack pre-emptively: "I beg you, I implore you... Do for me what I would willingly do for you in such a crisis and do it as quickly... as you are able."[7] Edward III landed in Normandy with an army of 15,000 in July. Philip VI renewed his pleas to David II. As the English had also committed troops to Gascony, Brittany and Flanders, Philip described northern England to David II as "a defenceless void".[8] David II felt certain that few English troops would be left to defend the rich northern English cities,[9] but when the Scots probed into northern England they were sharply rebuffed by the local defenders. David II agreed a truce, to last until 29 September, in order to fully mobilise the Scottish army, which was assembling at Perth.[4] By the time the truce expired, the French had been decisively beaten at Crécy and the English were besieging Calais. The French were also in difficulty in south-west France, where their front had collapsed.[10] [note 1]

Prelude

On 7 October the Scots invaded England with approximately 12,000 men.[1] Many had modern weapons and armour supplied by France. A number of French knights marched alongside the Scots. It was described by both Scottish and English chroniclers of the time, and by modern historians, as "The strongest and best organised expedition launched from Scotland for many years".[11] The border fort of Liddell Peel was stormed and captured after a siege of three days and the garrison massacred. Carlisle was bypassed in exchange for a large indemnity and the Scottish army moved east, ravaging the countryside as they went. They sacked Hexham Abbey, taking three days to do so, then advanced to Durham.[12] They arrived outside Durham on 16 October and camped at Beaurepaire, where the monks offered the Scots £1,000 (£1,170,000 as of 2024[note 2]) in protection money to be paid on 18 October.[11]

The invasion had been expected by the English for some time.[note 3] Once the Scots invaded, an army was quickly mobilised at Richmond under the supervision of William de la Zouche, the Archbishop of York, who was Lord Warden of the Marches. It was not a large army: 3,000–4,000 men from the northern counties of Cumberland, Northumberland and Lancashire. Another 3,000 Yorkshiremen were en route to reinforce the northerners. This was possible because Edward III, when raising his army to invade France, had exempted the counties north of the River Trent. On 14 October, while the Scots were sacking Hexham Abbey, the Archbishop decided not to wait for the Yorkshire troops and marched north west towards Barnard Castle, and then rapidly north east to Durham.[13] He was joined en route by the Yorkshire contingent and Lord Ralph Neville took command of the combined force of 6–7,000 men.[14]

Battle

The Scots at Beaurepaire only discovered the English army on the morning of 17 October, when they were some 6 miles (10 km) away. Around 500 men under William Douglas stumbled upon them in the morning mist during a raid near Merrington, south of Durham.[15] The two rear divisions of the English army drove them off with heavy Scottish casualties, around 300.[15] Douglas raced back to David II's camp, alerting the rest of the army, which stood to arms. The same morning two Benedictine monks arrived from Durham in an attempt to broker a peace but David II, thinking they were spies, ordered their beheading; the monks escaped in the confusion.[16]

The weathered remains of a small stone monument
The remains of Neville's Cross, on Crossgate in Durham

David II led the Scottish army to the high ground at Neville's Cross, less than half a mile (800 m) to the west of Durham and within sight of the Cathedral,[17] where he prepared for battle. Both the Scots and the English arranged themselves in three formations, or battles. On the Scottish side, David II took control of the second unit, and placed John Randolph, the Earl of Moray, in charge of the first unit. Patrick Dunbar, the Earl of March, took command of the third unit.[18] The English divided their forces under Henry, Baron Percy, Ralph, Baron Neville, and the Archbishop of York, commanding the first, second and third battles respectively; Neville was in overall command.[19] As the mist lifted, it became clear that the Scots were poorly positioned, on broken ground and with their movement made difficult by ditches and walls. They remembered their defeats at Dupplin Moor and Halidon Hill and so took a defensive stance, waiting for the English to attack.[20]

The English also took a defensive stance, knowing they had the superior position and that time was on their side. The resulting stalemate lasted until the afternoon, when the English sent longbowmen forward to harass the Scottish lines. The archers succeeded in persuading the Scots to attack. The broken terrain and obstacles slowed their advance and made it difficult for them to maintain formation. By the time the first disorganised unit came to hand to hand combat the English had placed their men-at-arms in the front line and easily dealt with it. Seeing their first attack repulsed, and also being harassed by the English archers, the formation under the Earl of March and Robert Stewart (nephew to the King, heir-apparent, and a future king of Scotland), which was the largest, broke and fled. The English stood off from the remaining Scots under David and poured in arrows. The English men-at-arms then attacked and after fighting described as "ferocious", the Scots attempted unsuccessfully to retreat and were routed.[20]

David II, badly wounded, was captured after he fled the field, while the rest of the Scottish army was pursued by the English long into the night.[21] More than 50 Scottish barons were killed or captured; Scotland lost almost all of its military leadership.[22][23] The Scottish dead included: the Constable, Lord David de la Hay; the Marischal, Robert de Keith; the Chamberlain, John Roxburgh; the Chancellor, Lord Thomas Charteris; two earls, John Randolph, Earl of Moray and Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn; and Niall Bruce of Carrick, an illegitimate son of Robert the Bruce.[24][25][26] An unknown number of Scots were taken prisoner. It is believed that only Scots thought able to pay a ransom were spared, others being slain out of hand. Scottish nobles who were captured included William Douglas, the "Knight of Liddesdale", their most skilled guerilla fighter, and four earls.[27]

Scottish chroniclers Andrew of Wyntoun and Walter Bower both wrote that 1,000 Scots were killed in the battle,[28] while the Chronicle of Lanercost said that "few English were killed".[29] Modern historians Given-Wilson and Bériac have estimated that some 3,000 Scotsmen perished while less than 100 were taken prisoner.[30]

Aftermath

The substantial ruins of a medieval castle
Odiham Castle in Hampshire where David II was imprisoned from 1346 to 1357

Legend has it that after the battle David II was hiding under a bridge over the River Browney when his reflection was seen in the water by a group of English soldiers. David II was then taken prisoner by John de Coupland, who was leading the detachment and who had his teeth knocked out by the King.[17] During the battle David II was twice shot in the face with arrows. Surgeons attempted to remove the arrows but the tip of one remained lodged in his face, rendering him prone to headaches for decades.[31] Edward III ordered David II to be handed over to him, rewarding Coupland with a knighthood and an annuity of £500 for life (£590,000 per year in 2024 terms).[17]

All of the Scottish captives were ordered to London, to the disgust of their captors who had a legal right to ransom them.[22] Edward III refused to ransom any of them, or release them on parole as was traditional; he wished to cripple the Scottish capacity to make war for as long as possible.[23] John Graham, Earl of Menteith, had previously sworn fealty to Edward III, who considered him guilty of treason. On the King's direct orders he was tried, condemned and then drawn, hanged, beheaded and quartered.[22] In early 1346 two English forces made large scale raids deep into Scotland. They met little opposition and devastated much of southern Scotland.[32] Border raids, often accompanied by devastation of the countryside, and sometimes on a large scale, continued to be launched by both the Scots and the English. However, the battle effectively removed the strategic threat to Edward III's rear, and by 1349 the English border counties were able to guard against the remaining Scottish threat from their own resources.[33]

On three separate occasions Edward III offered to release the childless David II for £40,000 (approximately £47,000,000 in 2024 terms) if he would accept one of Edward III’s sons as his heir to the Scottish throne. All three offers were refused.[34] Eleven years after the battle he was released in exchange for a ransom of 100,000 marks. (Approximately £78,000,000 in 2024 terms.) The ransom was to be paid over a ten-year span on 24 June (St. John the Baptist's Day) each year, during which an Anglo-Scottish truce prohibited any Scottish citizen from bearing arms against Edward III or any of his men.[9] This truce proved to be effective for four decades and marked the end of the Second War of Scottish Independence.[27]

The Battle of Neville’s Cross is named after an old Anglo-Saxon stone cross near Beaurepaire. After the victory, Lord Ralph Neville paid to have a new cross erected to commemorate the day. The Black Rood, venerated as a piece of the True Cross, and previously belonging to the former Queen of Scotland, St. Margaret, was taken from David II and donated to the shrine of St. Cuthbert in Durham Cathedral.[17]

In literature

The fate of King David II is recalled in Shakespeare’s play Henry V. In Act 1 Scene 3, Henry discusses the Scottish invasion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The last lines refer to an earlier play that would have been known to Shakespeare's audience, The Reign of Edward III, at the end of which John de Coupland brings the captured David II to Edward III in Calais, where he meets the Black Prince who has captured the French King.[35]

Notes

  1. ^ The major city and provincial capital of Poitiers fell to the English on 4 October.[10]
  2. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  3. ^ Two years earlier the Chancellor of England had told parliament that the Scots were "saying quite openly that they will break the truce as soon as our adversary [France] desires and will march into England".[3]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Maxwell 1913, p. 330.
  2. ^ Sumption 1990, pp. 507–08.
  3. ^ a b Sumption 1990, p. 499.
  4. ^ a b Brown 2004, p. 247.
  5. ^ Webster 2004.
  6. ^ Crowcroft & Cannon 2015, pp. 379–80.
  7. ^ Sumption 1990, p. 500.
  8. ^ Sumption 1990, p. 504.
  9. ^ a b Penman 2004, pp. 157–180.
  10. ^ a b Sumption 1990, p. 550.
  11. ^ a b Sumption 1990, p. 551.
  12. ^ Maxwell 1913, p. 332.
  13. ^ Sumption 1990, p. 552.
  14. ^ Prestwich & Rollason 1998, p. 143.
  15. ^ a b Maxwell 1913, p. 336.
  16. ^ Maxwell 1913, p. 337.
  17. ^ a b c d Prestwich & Rollason 1998.
  18. ^ Maxwell 1913, p. 339.
  19. ^ Maxwell 1913, p. 335.
  20. ^ a b Sumption 1990, pp. 552–53.
  21. ^ Maxwell 1913, p. 341.
  22. ^ a b c Sumption 1990, p. 553.
  23. ^ a b Sumption 1999, p. 143.
  24. ^ Maxwell 1913, p. 343.
  25. ^ Dalrymple 1776, p. 322.
  26. ^ Fraser 1878, p. 15.
  27. ^ a b Given-Wilson & Bériac 2001, p. 809.
  28. ^ Prestwich & Rollason 1998, p. 26.
  29. ^ Prestwich & Rollason 1998, p. 140.
  30. ^ Rogers 1998, p. 51.
  31. ^ King 2002, pp. 263–290.
  32. ^ Burne 1999, p. 219.
  33. ^ Sumption 1999, pp. 145–48.
  34. ^ Given-Wilson & Bériac 2001, p. 811.
  35. ^ Penman 2004, p. 129.

References

Further reading

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