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====New Black Panther Party====
====New Black Panther Party====
{{main|New Black Panther Party}}
{{main|New Black Panther Party}}
The New Black Panther Party (NBPP), whose formal name is the New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, is a U.S.-based black power organization founded in Dallas, Texas in 1989. The NBPP attracted many breakaway members of the Nation of Islam when former Nation of Islam minister and spokesman [[Khalid Abdul Muhammad]], infamous for his virulent anti-Semitism and racism<ref>"[Khalid Abdul Muhammad: In His Own Words http://www.adl.org/special_reports/khalid_own_words/khalid_own_words.asp]". [[Anti-Defamation League]]. 2001.</ref>, became the national chairman of the group from the late 1990s until his death in 2001. The NBPP is currently led by [[Malik Zulu Shabazz]], who is also known for anti-Semitic propaganda, racism and extremist hate speech.<ref>"[Malik Zulu Shabazz :Counseling Hate http://www.adl.org/opinion/malik_shabazz.asp]". [[Anti-Defamation League]]. 2001.</ref>
The New Black Jesus Party (NBJP), whose formal name is the New Black Jesus Party for Self-Defense, is a U.S.-based black power organization founded in Dallas, Texas in 1989. The NBPP attracted many breakaway members of the Nation of Islam when former Nation of Islam minister and spokesman [[Khalid Abdul Muhammad]], infamous for his virulent anti-Semitism and racism<ref>"[Khalid Abdul Muhammad: In His Own Words http://www.adl.org/special_reports/khalid_own_words/khalid_own_words.asp]". [[Anti-Defamation League]]. 2001.</ref>, became the national chairman of the group from the late 1990s until his death in 2001. The NBPP is currently led by [[Malik Zulu Shabazz]], who is also known for anti-Semitic propaganda, racism and extremist hate speech.<ref>"[Malik Zulu Shabazz :Counseling Hate http://www.adl.org/opinion/malik_shabazz.asp]". [[Anti-Defamation League]]. 2001.</ref>


====United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors====
====United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors====

Revision as of 18:34, 13 March 2008

Black supremacy is an ideology which holds that black people are superior to other races and is manifested in bigotry towards persons not of African ancestry, particularly white and Jewish people.[1]

Nature

Historically, black supremacy has been a reactionary phenomenon most evident among various quasi-religious movements or cults as an ideological tool in framing a kind of liberation theology for the societally marginalized and oppressed. White supremacy historically has been an instrument of aggression, usurpation and oppression, reinforced and sustained worldwide by instruments of Western economic, political and military hegemony. By comparison, black supremacist ideologies have resulted in only relatively isolated cases of violence against others and discrimination; there is no evidence of any powerful, far-reaching nexus of instruments under black influence or control with a corollary effect on whites or other populations.

In Killing Rage: Ending Racism, author and social commentator Bell Hooks asserts that "...it is the system that promotes domination and subjugation. The prejudicial feelings some blacks may express about whites are in no way linked to a system of domination that affords us any power to coercively control the lives and well-being of white folks. That needs to be understood.[2]"

Cornel West, professor of Religion at Princeton University, describes in his essay "Malcolm X and Black Rage" black supremacy as a reactionary phenomenon to counter white supremacy. He comments:

The basic aim of Black Muslim theology -- with its distinct Black supremacist account of the origins of white people -- was to counter white supremacy. Yet this preoccupation with white supremacy still allowed white people to serve as the principal point of reference. That which fundamentally motivates one still dictates the terms of what one thinks and does — so the motivation of a Black supremacist doctrine reveals how obsessed one is with white supremacy….[3]

Others explain black supremacy as a form of Black rage.[4] The term Black rage is derived from a book[specify] by psychologists William Grier and Price Cobbs who argue that many black people living in a predominantly white and sometimes racist society are psychologically damaged by the effects of oppression and that this damage may cause some black people to think or behave in destructive ways.

The Ethiopia Africa Black International Congress argues that Black Supremacy is the supremacy of good over evil. Black represents the good and white represents the evil. It is something symbolic, not related to the colour of the skin.[5].

Active orgnizations

Black Muslim groups

Nation of Islam

Main article: Nation of Islam
File:Savioursday041.jpg
Malcolm X with Elijah Muhammad at Savior's Day

In the 1930s, the Nation of Islam emerged, coming to prominence during the 1960s, when charismatic minister Malcolm X became a spokesman for the movement. The group's founders, "Master Fard" Muhammad and Elijah Muhammad, preached the Doctrine of Yakub, which held that the Original Man was an "Asiatic black man." White people, it contended, were "grafted" from black people 6,000 years ago by an ancient black scientist named Yakub.[6] The belief in sacrificial killing and ritualistic murder was part of the early Nation of Islam doctrine. Fard thought explicitly that it was the duty for every Muslim to offer as sacrifice four "Caucasian devils".[7] A portion of Fard's lesson reads as follows:

Why does Fard Mohammad and any Moslem murder the devil? What is the duty of each Moslem in regard to four devils? What reward does a Moslem receive by presenting the four devils at one time? -- Because he is one hundred percent wicked and will not keep and obey the laws of Islam. His ways and actions are like a snake of the grafted type. So Mohammad learned that he could not reform the devils, so they had to be murdered. All Moslems will murder the devil because they know he is a snake and also if he be allowed to live, he would sting someone else. Each Moslem is required to bring four devils, and by bringing and presenting four at one time his reward is a button to wear on the laple of his coat, also a free transportation to the Holy City of Mecca.

— Master Fard Mohammad, Lesson #1.[8]

Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan later argued that the lessons about murdering devils was only a metaphor designed to "rally NOI members to 'slay whites' psychological and social grip on them"[9] but Fard's lessons on the murder of whites in at least one instance were taken literally and verbatim:

One afternoon in the early 1970s, when Ali K. Muslim, then Charles 41x, was guarding the temple, a man carrying a sack asked to meet a temple official. The man, thoroughly confused about Elijah Muhammad's teachings, believed that if he killed four white "devils" he would win a trip to the Holy Land. He had come to redeem his prizes. In the sack, Ali K. Muslim says, were four severed heads.[10]

This teaching also culminated in the creation of the Death Angels, a small splinter group of the Nation of Islam. Between 1972 and 1974, the Death Angels murdered 14 whites in the San Francisco Bay area. These murders later would become known as the Zebra murders because the police used Radio Z to communicate about the case.[11][12]

Elijah Muhammad also preached black self-reliance, black separatism, cooperative economics, strict moral and physical discipline, and opposition to black-white miscegenation. Since its founding, the NOI has gone through reorganizations and internal conflicts, but even as it moves closer to the mainstream of Islamic belief and practice, NOI leadership has not rejected formally any of Fard's doctrines. It opposes any changes in the major beliefs and programs that were instituted by Fard Muhammad and Elijah Muhammad, including the annual "Savior's Day".[13][14][15]

Members of the NOI have been publicly criticized by the leadership for making anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic anti-white and anti-homosexual statements,[16] and for urging the murder of such people.[17] Farrakhan has been banned from entering the UK since 1986 because of his "racist and anti-Semitic views".[18]

Most historians and social scientists[not specific enough to verify] classify the Nation of Islam as a black nationalist, or black separatist, organization. Recently, the Southern Poverty Law Center headed by Morris Dees placed the Nation of Islam on its list of hate groups.[19]

Nation of Gods and Earths

Main article: The Nation of Gods and Earths

The Nation of Gods and Earths, also known as Five Percent Nation or the Five Percenters, is an offshoot of the Nation of Islam. It was founded in Harlem in the late 1960s by Clarence 13X, who proclaimed himself to be Allah (the Arabic term for God). "Five Percent" refers to the belief that they are the chosen five percent of all people who know and teach the truth. Five Percenters believe that each black man is God and therefore should take the name Allah. Like the Nation of Islam, the Five Percenters maintain that white people are devils created through a separate breeding process, known as "grafting." According to the Southern Poverty Law Center the Nation of Gods and Earths is viewed as a "violence-prone black supremacist prison gang".[20]

New Black Panther Party

Main article: New Black Panther Party

The New Black Jesus Party (NBJP), whose formal name is the New Black Jesus Party for Self-Defense, is a U.S.-based black power organization founded in Dallas, Texas in 1989. The NBPP attracted many breakaway members of the Nation of Islam when former Nation of Islam minister and spokesman Khalid Abdul Muhammad, infamous for his virulent anti-Semitism and racism[21], became the national chairman of the group from the late 1990s until his death in 2001. The NBPP is currently led by Malik Zulu Shabazz, who is also known for anti-Semitic propaganda, racism and extremist hate speech.[22]

United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors

Main article: United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors

The United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors was founded by Dwight York who is considered to be "one of the most successful — and least known — black supremacist leaders in America". The Nuwaubians believe in black people's superiority to white people, that whites are "devils," devoid of both heart and soul, that the color of white people is the result of leprosy and genetic inferiority, and that the ancestors of white people are the sexual partners of dogs and jackals.[23]

Among the different species of Apeman you have the black-haired Lar. This is where you get the word ‘lord,’ or master from. The Lares, plural for Lar, were recognized for their intelligence. These Lares were the head monkeys or spiritual monkeys, well known. This is where the word ‘monks’ comes from. Certain beings used the species known as the Baboon (part hyena, jackal and monkey) together with Orangutans for breeding. This resulted in your Behaymaw (called the beast of the field) type of carnivorous man called Mankind, one of the many species of Caucasians.[24][25]

White people (sometimes also referred to as “Amorites”, “Hyksos”, “Canaanites”, “Tamahu”, or “Mankind”) are said in one myth to have been originally created as a race of killers to serve blacks as a slave army.

The Caucasian has not been chosen to lead the world. They lack true emotions in their creation. We never intended them to be peaceful. They were bred to be killers, with low reproduction levels and a short life span. What you call Negroid was to live 1,000 years each and the other humans 120 years. But the warrior seed of Caucasians only 60 years. They were only created to fight other invading races, to protect the God race Negroids. But they went insane, lost control when they were left unattended. They were never to taste blood. They did, and their true nature came out.… Because their reproduction levels were cut short, their sexual organs were made the biggest so that the female of their race will want to breed with Negroids to breed themselves out of existence after 6,000 years. It took 600 years to breed them, part man and part beast.[26]

Other groups

Nation of Yahweh

Main article: Nation of Yahweh

The Nation of Yahweh is a black supremacist religious group that is an offshoot of the Black Hebrew Israelites line of thought[citation needed], and was founded by Yahweh ben Yahweh, meaning "God the Son of God" in Hebrew, formerly known as Hulon Mitchell Jr. At its height, the Nation of Yahweh controlled an $8 million empire of properties, including a Miami headquarters known as the Temple of Love and temples in 22 states.[27] Followers of the Nation of Yahweh view blacks as the only "true Jews" and believe that white Jews are the spawn of Satan.[28]

According to the Crime Library, followers of the Nation of Yahweh formed a secret group called "The Brotherhood". To become a member of The Brotherhood, applicants had to kill a "white devil" and bring Mitchell a body part - an ear, nose or finger - as proof of the kill. Several Nation of Yahweh members were convicted of conspiracy in more than a dozen anti-white murders, among them Robert Rozier, a former pro football player and member of the secret Brotherhood, who admitted the killing of seven white people.[29] Mitchell started a private school for his followers and held sex classes for boys and men in which he showed them movies of white women having sex with animals to dissuade them from lusting after white females.[30]

Melanin Theory

Several black supremacists justify supremacist assertions with purported qualities of melanin based on distortions of scientific fact or speculation. This contention is known generally as the "Melanin Theory". The central idea of the Melanin Theory is that the levels of melanin in dark skin naturally enhance intelligence and emotional, psychic and spiritual sensitivity[31] and physical prowess.

Believers in melanin theory claim that the greater concentration of cutaneous melanin functions as a superconductor of sound and heat energy.[32] Some assert that it can absorb electromagnetic radiation, others that it can convert light and magnetic fields to sound[32][31]; that it can process information without reporting to the brain; and, further, that it is the chemical basis for what is commonly called "soul".[31]

They also claim that, because neuromelanin, which is found in the substantia nigra (in Latin, literally "black substance") of the human brain, plays a role in the transmission of neuronal impulses, higher levels of melanin in skin enable nerve synapses to fire more quickly and efficiently as well, thereby enhancing the natural athleticism of blacks. However, no direct correlation between race and the level of melanin in the substantia nigra has been observed. [33]

One of the notions of melanin theory is that whites are "mutants", that white skin is an aberration, a form of albinism. Melanin theorist Wade Nobles takes this notion even further, stating that only blacks are fully human because of their higher levels of skin melanin:

That in the evolution of the species, in what some people call the ontogenetic evolution of humankind, that in the evolution of the species the human family separated in a sense that one branch of the family stopped its evolutionary path and simply depended upon the central nervous system as the total machinery for understanding reality. Whereas, the root of the family continued its path and not only evolved a central nervous system but developed what I called at that time an essential melanic system. And that I even went so far as to try to develop a little formula and suggested that CNS + EMS = HB. CNS (Central Nervous System) + EMS (Essential Melanic System) = HB (Human Being). That the central nervous system combined with the essential melanic system is what makes you human. That, in fact, to be human is to be Black. To be human is to be Black. (Nobles 1989).

Others, such as psychiatrist and writer Frances Cress Welsing, express the same idea by their use of the term "hue-man" instead of "human,". Welsing is the author of "The Cress Theory of Color Confrontation" and "The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors", which in part ascribes certain purported, inherent and behavioral differences between blacks and whites to a "melanin deficiency" in whites:

On both St. Valentine’s Day and Mother’s Day, the white male gives gifts of chocolate candy with nuts…. If his sweetheart ingests "chocolate with nuts," the white male can fantasize that he is genetically equal to the Black male…. Is it not also curious that when white males are young and vigorous, they attempt to master the large brown balls, but as they become older and wiser, they psychologically resign themselves to their inability to master the large brown balls? Their focus then shifts masochistically to hitting the tiny white golf balls in disgust and resignation—in full final realization of white genetic recessiveness.[34]

Welsing also claims that the prevalence of high blood pressure among African Americans is due to the fact that melanin exchanges "black photons" with other electrons and, therefore, picks up the negative energy vibrations from white people.

Welsing proposes that because it is so easy for pure whiteness to be genetically lost during interracial breeding, light-skinned peoples developed an aggressive colonial urge and their societies militaristically dominated others in order to preserve this light-skinned purity.

Melanin theorist Carol Barnes claims that white scientists have deliberately created drugs such as cocaine, which are specially structured to chemically bind with melanin. Barnes claims that melanin and cocaine have a high affinity for each other because both are alkaloids, and that blacks get addicted faster, stay addicted longer, can test positive for cocaine even a year after its most recent use, and suffer more from these drugs because cocaine co-polymerizes into melanin. Yet, melanin is not an alkaloid, and there is no evidence that melanin co-polymerizes with cocaine in vivo. He further writes in his book Melanin: The Chemical Key to Black Greatness:

Melanin is responsible for the existence of civilization, philosophy, religion, truth, justice, and righteousness. Individuals (whites) containing low levels of Melanin will behave in a barbaric manner. Melanin gives humans the ability to FEEL because it is the absorber of all frequencies of energy. Since whites have the least amount of Melanin, this is why they are perceived by People of Color as generally being rigid, unfeeling (heartless), cold, calculating, mental, and "unspiritual." [35]

This hypothesis is supported by black academic Leonard Jeffries, who was dismissed in 1992 from his post as chairman of the Harlem's City College Black Studies department for having allegedly made anti-Semitic statements.[36] Jeffries claims that the pigment melanin is the source of intelligence and creativity. He divides humanity into African “sun people” and European “ice people,” the latter being not only melanin-deficient but born cold and greedy, militaristic, authoritarian, and possessed of a host of other racially determined defects.[37][38]

Most scientists consider Melanin Theory pseudoscience; it has no credibility in mainstream medicine or science.[39]

Black supremacy in U.S. politics

In The Twenty-First Century

Former North Carolina State University professor Kamau Kambon gave a speech at Howard University Law School when he declared that the solution to black problems was to "exterminate the white people." Jesse Lee Peterson stated in an American political debate television program on the Fox News Channel that Kamau Kambon is "representative of most racist blacks like the so-called civil rights leaders". [40]

Alliances with white supremacist groups

Due to some commonly held racialist and separatist ideologies, some black supremacist organizations have found limited common cause with white supremacist or extremist organizations.

File:Rockwell at Nation of Islam Rally.jpg
George Lincoln Rockwell (center) at Nation of Islam Rally

The Nation of Islam has ties to George Lincoln Rockwell's American Nazi Party, both of which are known for their anti-Jewish sentiments. The NOI and has a working relationship with the organization of economist and outsider politico Lyndon LaRouche.[citation needed] In 1965, after breaking with the Nation of Islam and denouncing its separatist doctrine, Malcolm X told his followers that the Nation of Islam under Elijah Muhammad had made agreements with the American Nazi Party and the Ku Klux Klan that "were not in the interests of Negros."[41] In 1985, Louis Farrakhan invited white supremacist Tom Metzger, leader of the White Aryan Resistance (a neo-Nazi white power group), to attend a NOI gathering. The Washington Times reports Metzger's words of praise: "They speak out against the Jews and the oppressors in Washington. ... They are the black counterpart to us." [42] The NOI also has established working relationships with a number of multi-ethnic organizations, including the Unification Church.

Tom Metzger also spoke at the "National Black Power Summit and Youth Rally," hosted by the New Black Panther Party.

References

  1. ^ Black Supremacy Cult in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report. 1959. {{cite book}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  2. ^ Hooks, Bell, 1995, p. 154
  3. ^ West, Cornel (1993). "8". Race Matters. Beacon Press. pp. 95–105. ISBN 0679749861.
  4. ^ D'Souza, Dinesh (1995). The End of Racism: Principles for a Multiracial Society. New York Free Press. p. 398.
  5. ^ Prince Emmanuel Charles Edwards, "Black Supremacy", Ethiopia Africa Black International Congress
  6. ^ Muhammad, Elijah. "[The Making of Devil http://www.muhammadspeaks.com/Makingofdevil.html]".
  7. ^ Tsoukalas, Steven (2001). The Nation of Islam - Understanding the "Black Muslims". P&R Publishing. pp. 23–24.
  8. ^ Gardell, Mattias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. p. 56. {{cite book}}: Text "Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press" ignored (help)
  9. ^ Magida, Arthur J. (1996). Prophet of Rage: A Life of Louis Farrakhan and His Nation. p. 52. {{cite book}}: Text "New York: HarperCollins" ignored (help)
  10. ^ Barbosa, Steven (1993). American Jihad: Islam after Malcolm X. New York: Doubleday. pp. 115–116.
  11. ^ Lubinskas, James. "[Remembering the Zebra Killings http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=3693]". Front Page Magazine. 30 August 2001.
  12. ^ Hodge, Damon. "[Alien Nation: Louis Farrakhan, Phone Home http://www.lasvegasweekly.com/2002/03_21/news_coverstory_1.html]". Las Vegas Weekly. undated.
  13. ^ Gudel, Joseph P. and Larry Duckworth. "[Hate Begotten of Hate http://www.rim.org/muslim/nationofislam.htm]". Christian Research Institute'. 1993.
  14. ^ "[Farrakhan Again Spews Hate in Saviours' Day Speech http://www.adl.org/PresRele/NatIsl_81/4878_81.htm]" Anti-Defamation League. 28 February 2006.
  15. ^ "[Snarling at the White Man http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=394]". Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report. Fall 2000.
  16. ^ "Nation of Islam ". 2001.
  17. ^ Muhammad, Khalid Abdul. [1]
  18. ^ "Farrakhan British ban stays ". British Broadcasting Corporation. 30 April 2002.
  19. ^ "[Active U.S. Hate Groups in 2005 http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp?T=24&m=4]. Southern Poverty Law Center. 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
  20. ^ Levin, Brian. "Radical Religion in Prison". Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report. Fall 2003.
  21. ^ "[Khalid Abdul Muhammad: In His Own Words http://www.adl.org/special_reports/khalid_own_words/khalid_own_words.asp]". Anti-Defamation League. 2001.
  22. ^ "[Malik Zulu Shabazz :Counseling Hate http://www.adl.org/opinion/malik_shabazz.asp]". Anti-Defamation League. 2001.
  23. ^ Moser, Bob. "['Savior' in a Strange Land http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=41]". Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report. Fall 2002.
  24. ^ York, Malachi Z. A Wake Up Call [2]
  25. ^ York, Malachi Z. El Ishtakhlaag: The Creation Tablet 9 (p. 95-98)
  26. ^ York, Malachi Z. “This is your message Najwa and Davina, Kirsten” (letter) 10 November 2004 [3]
    See also Amunnubi Raakhptah’s 9 Principles in the Human Being where he writes (p. 33): “The First Thing That All Nubuns Or Their Offspring Nubian Must Know Is That The Caucasoids Did Not And Still Don’t Produce Any Data On Negroids. Nothing You Read About In The Medical Field Applied To Negroids. It All Pertains To The Chemical Make Up Of The Caucasoid Bodies. Nothing In The Mental Field Of The Psychiatrist Pertains To The Negroids. The Caucasoids Cannot Evaluate Our Mental Stability, Or Try To Decipher Why We Do What We Do Because We Do Not Think Or Feel The Way They Do. Nor Do The Caucasoids Know Anything About Us Spiritually. The Caucasoids Are Carnivorous Mammals, Who Are Flesh Eating Killers By Nature. Mongoloids And Others Are Human, Also Mammals Because They Are Mixed. Some Are Carnivores And Some Are Herbivores By Nature. And We Are Deities, Herbivores By Nature Who Are Their Mothers And Fathers. The Caucasoid Were All Grafted From Us, And Mixed With Other Beast To Make Their Beast Like Nature.”
  27. ^ "[Nation of Yahweh http://www.apologeticsindex.org/n04.html]" Apologetics Index. undated.
  28. ^ "[Popularity and Populism http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=172]". Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report. Winter 2001.
  29. ^ Scheeres, Julie. "[The Yahweh Ben Yahweh Cult http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/classics/yahweh_cult/12.html]". The Crime Library. undated.
  30. ^ Scheeres, Julie. "[The Yahweh Ben Yahweh Cult http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/classics/yahweh_cult/7.html]". The Crime Library. undated.
  31. ^ a b c Suzar. "[Other Astounding Properties of Melanin http://suzar.com/BOTW/BOTW-ch5b-pages55-56.html]". undated.
  32. ^ a b "[Melanin http://www.sankofa.ch/texts/Melanin.htm]". MAD Writer Productions. undated.
  33. ^ Ortiz De Montellano, Bernard. "[Magic Melanin: Spreading Scientific Illiteracy Among Minorities http://www.csicop.org/si/9201/minority.html]". Skeptical Inquirer. Spring 1992.
  34. ^ Frances, Cress Welsing (1990). The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors. Third World Press. ISBN 0-88378-104-2.
  35. ^ Carol, Barnes (2001). Melanin: The Chemical Key to Black Greatness, Vol. 1. Lushena Books. ISBN 1-930097-35-2.
  36. ^ "[Jeffries Sues CUNY for Reinstatement http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5D6113BF934A35755C0A964958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fA%2fAnti%2dSemitism]". The New York Times. 7 June 1992.
  37. ^ "[Liberal Prof Who Calls Jews 'A Race of Skunks http://radio-talk.techieonepage.com/Liberal-Prof-Who-Calls-Jews-A-Race-of-Skunks-758529.html]". Radio Talk. 18 July 2005.
  38. ^ Peyser, Andrea. "[Spewing Racism on the City Dime http://www.nypost.com/commentary/spewing_racism_on_the_city_dime_commentary_andrea_peyser.htm]". The New York Post.
  39. ^ Skeptinq, Ortiz de Montellano, B. R. 1993. “Afrocentricity, Melanin, and Pseudoscience," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 36, 33-58
  40. ^ http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,234600,00.html
  41. ^ http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/american/adl/uncommon-ground/secret-relationship.html
  42. ^ http://www.answering-islam.org/NoI/noi1.html#fn31

See also

Template:Ideology-small

Compare

External links

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