Camel milk
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Camel's milk has supported Bedouin, nomad and pastoral cultures since the domestication of camels millennia ago. Herders may for periods survive solely on the milk when taking the camels on long distances to graze in desert and arid environments.
Camel dairy farming is an alternative to cow dairy farming in dry regions of the world where bovine farming consumes large amounts of water and electricity to power air-conditioned halls and cooling sprinkler systems. Camel farming, by utilising a native species well-adapted to arid regions, able to eat salty desert plants, has been linked to de-desertification by UNESCO. Camel milk can be found in supermarkets in the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Mauritania. Camel milk is a rich source of proteins with potential antimicrobial and protective activities; these proteins are not found in cow milk or found only in minor amount.[citation needed] Camel milk has enough nutrients to sustain a person through the day. In many countries, camel milk is given to babies suffering from malnutrition.
Compared to cow, buffalo and ewe milk fat, camel milk fat contains fewer short-chained fatty acids, but the same long-chained fatty acids can be found. Some researchers claim that the value of camel milk is to be found in the high concentrations of linoleic acid among other polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are essential for human nutrition.[clarification needed]
Camel milk has a high vitamin and mineral content and immunoglobin content.[1] The composition of camel milk depends on its feed and species: Bactrian milk has a higher fat content than dromedary milk.
- Camel milk is low in lactose[dubious – discuss] compared with cow's milk.[2] However, levels of potassium,[2] magnesium, iron,[2] copper, manganese, sodium and zinc are higher than in cow's milk.
- Cholesterol in camel milk is lower than cow or goat milk.
- Camel milk is three times higher in vitamin C than cow's milk and 10 times higher in iron.
- It is also high in unsaturated fatty acids and B vitamins but lower in vitamin A and B2 (than cow milk).
- Camel milk has more fat and protein than cow's milk.[3]
Production
Camel milk is still largely a subsistence product, but production in camel milk dairies is a growing industry.
India
The NRCC (National Research Centre for Camels) in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India is a research institute producing a quantity of milk daily that it sells at a subsidised price to diabetic patients and to an alternative therapy centre for children with disabilities.
USA
The USA has an imported population of 5,000 camels.
Several farms owning collections of breeding camels are adopting camel milking programs in the states of Michigan, Missouri, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Indiana, North Carolina, Ohio, with new milking programs set to open in Louisiana, Virginia, Georgia, Texas, Idaho, Tennessee, and Florida. Most of the camel dairies in the US are small, with four to 20 camels, each producing a minimum of five litres per day.
Laws in the United States allow an individual who owns an animal to consume that animal's milk but until recently it was a felony to sell camel milk in the US. Milk sold in the U.S. must be tested for antibiotic residue if it crosses state lines or is sold commercially in stores. As the law stands in most states, the dairies are allowed to sell the milk directly from the farms to customers who buy it directly from the farm. Each state is different with regulations governing the sale of the milk. Milk is allowed to be sold, depending on the state, in raw form, pasteurized, or cow share program.
The current market for the milk in the US is for medical purposes and as a food for ethnic populations. There is also a very large demand for the colostrum, which is in very limited amounts and is quite expensive.
The cost of producing a quart of camel's milk is considerably higher than that of producing a quart of cow's milk; approximately fifty times more expensive. In the United States, female camels are very rare; they mature slowly and can be bred safely only after age four. Their thirteen month gestation period must conclude in a live birth followed by suckling, else the female camel will stop producing milk. Unlike a dairy cow which is parted from her calf when it is born and then gives milk for six to nine months, a camel can share her milk with the farmer and her calf for twelve to eighteen months.
Milk yields
Pakistani and Afghani camels are supposed to produce the highest yields of milk, up to 30 litres per day. The Bactrian camel, produces 5 litres per day and the dromedary produces an average of 20 litres per day.[3] Intensive breeding of cows has created animals that can produce 40 litres per day in ideal conditions. Camels, with their ability to go 21 days without drinking water, and produce milk even when feeding on low-quality fodder, are a sustainable option for food security in difficult environments.
Camel cheese
Cheese from camel milk is more difficult to make than cheese from the milk of other dairy animals.[4] It does not coagulate easily and bovine rennet fails to coagulate the milk effectively. In camel herding communities camel milk cheeses use spontaneous fermentation, or lactic fermentation to achieve a sour curd. In camel farms in Sudan, the Rashaida tribe use this method to store surplus milk in the rainy season, pulverising the dried curds and adding water for consumption in the dry season. In Mongolia camel milk is consumed as a product at various stages of the curd-making process. Recent advances in cheese making technology have made it possible to coagulate camel milk with a vegetable rennet and camel rennet.
Mauritania
A European-style cheese was created through collaboration between Mauritanian camel milk dairy Tiviski, the FAO, and professor J.P. Ramet of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires (ENSAIA). Curdling was produced by the addition of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet. Caravane, the subsequently produced cheese is a product of Tiviski, and sold in supermarkets in Nouakchott. EU restrictions prevent this product from being sold in the EU. Difficulties with the cold chain and economy of scale prevent the camel cheese from being sold in the US.
Denmark
A Danish dairy company, CHR-Hansen, has commercially produced an enzyme for the production of camel cheese. Recent experiments have successfully manufactured a hard European-style cheese. The camel enzyme, isolated from the stomach of a camel calf and reproduced in a laboratory, has been optimised for use in camel milk as an effective coagulant.[citation needed]
Camel Milk as a Medicine
Camel milk is believed to modulate the immune system. A study showed its ability to ameliorate allergies in children. (Shabo Y, Barzel R, Margoulis M, Yagil R., Camel milk for food allergies in children.) However, the sample size of this study is evidently small.
Camel milk is also used as a medicinal product in India. The Bedouins of the Middle East believe it to have curative powers.[3]
See also
References
- ^ Farah, Z; Rettenmaier, R; Atkins, D (1992). "Vitamin content of camel milk". International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition. 62 (1): 30–3. PMID 1587705.
- ^ a b c "The amazing characteristics of the camels". Camello Safari. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
- ^ a b c "Bactrian & Dromedary Camels". Factsheets. San Diego Zoo Global Library. March 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ^ Ramet, J. P. (2011). "Methods of processing camel milk into cheese". The technology of making cheese from camel milk (Camelus dromedarius). FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPER. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-103154-1. ISSN 0254-6019. OCLC 476039542. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
External links
- Camel Milk Chocolate
- The Technology of Making Cheese from Camel Milk (Camelus dromedarius) Animal Production and Health Paper Issued by FAO, United Nations. (2001)
- Camels and Camel Milk. Report Issued by FAO, United Nations. (1982)
- Shabo, Y; Barzel, R; Margoulis, M; Yagil, R (2005). "Camel milk for food allergies in children". The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ. 7 (12): 796–8. PMID 16382703.
- Camelmilk USA
