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Australia Day is Australia's national day, marking the anniversary of Captain Arthur Phillip's First Fleet raising the British Union Jack at Sydney Cove in 1788. After the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the official recognition and dates of Australia Day and its corresponding holidays emerged gradually and changed many times. Further alternations and alternatives have been proposed for debate, but not yet officially agreed or adopted.

Previously, Australia Day public holidays were held on different dates around Australia (such as a movable Monday or Friday for long weekends) with the first "Australia Day" being designated as Friday 30 July 1915 (as fundraising for World War I), and 26 January having been formerly recognised by different names (prior to 1946) as a regionally-specific date lacking national recognition (prior to 1935) and lacking official celebrations in the nation's own capital.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

There have also been proposals to institute a second day specifically for Indigenous Australians in addition to the existing date, which is often referred to as Invasion Day by opponents. Polling has shown a marked shift towards support for a change of date or second day of celebration since 2000, though around two thirds of respondents in recent years have supported the current date.[8] Various proposals for the name and date of a new holiday have been put forward.

Australia Day fireworks, Perth, 2013

Reasons for alternative dates

[edit]

Both before the establishment of Australia Day as the national day of Australia, and in the years after its creation, several dates have been proposed for its celebration and, at various times, the possibility of moving Australia Day to an alternative date has been mooted. Some reasons put forward are that the current date, celebrating the foundation of the Colony of New South Wales, lacks national significance;[9] that the day falls during school holidays which limits the engagement of schoolchildren in the event;[9] and that it fails to encompass members of the Indigenous community and some others who perceive the day as commemorating the date of an invasion of their land.[9] Connected to this is the suggestion that moving the date would be seen as a significant symbolic act.[10]

Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia's Indigenous peoples.[11]

In 1888, prior to the first centennial anniversary of the First Fleet landing on 26 January 1788, New South Wales premier Henry Parkes was asked about inclusion of Aboriginal people in the celebrations. He replied: "And remind them that we have robbed them?"[12]

Responses

[edit]

Protests

[edit]
Outside Australian Hall, Sydney, on the 1938 Day of Mourning
2020 Invasion Day rally in Melbourne
2023 Invasion Day march in Adelaide
Protesters at the 2023 Invasion Day march in Adelaide

The celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an Aboriginal Day of Mourning.[13] The Aboriginal Tent Embassy was established outside Old Parliament House, Canberra, on Australia Day in 1972, and celebrated 50 years of existence in 2022.[14]

A large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney in 1988 led an "Invasion Day" commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture.[13] Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as "Invasion Day", and protests occur almost every year, sometimes at Australia Day events.[15]

Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cities on Australia Day. Estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne ranged in the tens of thousands,[16][17][18][19] and around 80,000 in 2019, when rallies were also held across the country.[20]

Political responses

[edit]

A move to change the date would have to be made by a combination of the Australian federal and state governments,[21] and has thus far lacked sufficient political and public support.

In 2001, Prime Minister John Howard stated that he acknowledged Aboriginal concerns with the date, but that it was nevertheless a significant day in Australia's history, and should therefore be retained.[22] In 2009, in response to Mick Dodson's suggestion to reopen the debate, prime minister Kevin Rudd refused to do so, and opposition leader Malcolm Turnbull agreed; however both supported the right of Australians to raise the issue. Also in that year, at state level, NSW premier Nathan Rees and Queensland premier Anna Bligh opposed a change.[23]

In 2018, prime minister Scott Morrison rejected moving Australia Day, proposing the addition of another day for Indigenous Australians instead. Frontbencher Ken Wyatt supported the proposal, suggesting establishing it on a day during NAIDOC Week in July.[24]

In January 2023, Queensland LNP MP Henry Pike drafted a bill that would keep Australia Day on 26 January.[25][26]

On Australia Day 2024, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese confirmed the date would not be changed any time soon. He did not suggest an alternative.

Local councils

[edit]

In June 2017 the annual National General Assembly of the Australian Local Government Association voted by a slim majority for councils to consider how to lobby the federal government for a date change.[27] In August 2017 the council of the City of Yarra, in Melbourne, resolved unanimously that it would no longer hold citizenship ceremonies on 26 January and stop referring to it as Australia Day, instead holding an event acknowledging Aboriginal culture and history;[28] the City of Darebin soon followed suit. The federal government immediately deprived the councils of their powers to hold citizenship ceremonies.[29][30][31][32]

On 13 January 2019 prime minister Scott Morrison announced that, with effect from Australia Day 2020, all local councils would be required to hold citizenship ceremonies on and only on 26 January and 17 September.[33] The Inner West Council was the first local authority in Sydney to end Australia Day celebrations, from 2020,[34] while in February 2021 the City of Mitcham became the first local council in South Australia to officially oppose the date of Australia Day.[35]

Following the decision by Woolworths, Big W and Aldi not to stock extra items for Australia Day, Fairfield City Council in Sydney resolved to provide free Australia Day merchandise to residents.[36]

Commercial responses

[edit]

In 2023, retail chain Kmart stopped selling Australia Day merchandise, as did Woolworths, Big W and Aldi in 2024,[37] with Woolworths citing a decline in demand and noting that it sells Australian flags all year round.[38] The decision by Woolworths caused some controversy, with opposition leader Peter Dutton calling for a boycott of Woolworths,[38] and vandalism to two stores in Brisbane.[39][40][41] The company's CEO noted that the company was not attempting to "cancel" the holiday.[42]

Other responses

[edit]

Among those calling for change have been Tony Beddison, then chairman of the Australia Day Committee (Victoria), who argued for change and requested debate on the issue in 1999;[9] and Mick Dodson, Australian of the Year in 2009, who called for debate as to when Australia Day was held.[43]

In 2016, National Indigenous Television chose the name "Survival Day" as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day, saying that the term "recognises the invasion", but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people.[44]

The anniversary is also termed by some as "Survival Day" and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert, first held in Sydney in 1992, celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination.[45]

Suggested alternatives

[edit]

Abolition

[edit]

Some people call for the abolition of Australia Day altogether,[46][47][48] arguing that any day celebrating Australia celebrates colonisation and Indigenous genocide. Luke Pearson writes, “You want a day to celebrate Australia. I want an Australia that’s worth celebrating.”[49]

1 January (Federation of Australia)

[edit]
Federation Pavilion, Centennial Park, Sydney, 1 January 1901

As early as 1957, 1 January was suggested as a possible alternative day, to commemorate the Federation of Australia.[50] In 1902, the year after Federation, 1 January was named "Commonwealth Day".[51] However, New Year's Day was already a public holiday, and Commonwealth Day did not gather much support.[51]

19 January (alternative federation date)

[edit]

Proposed as an alternative because it is only one week earlier than Australia Day and "19/01" can represent the year of Federation.[52]

Photo of the Australia Act 1986 document located in Parliament House, Canberra

25 and 26 January (two national days)

[edit]

The Two Australia Day campaign proposes that January 25 should be "First Australians Day" – a mourning for the last unspoiled day of Indigenous life – and that January 26 should be rebranded as "New Australians Day", a day to celebrate Australia's rich history of immigration.[53] This idea was first mooted by and activist Noel Pearson, as outlined in an essay published in the 2021 collection Mission.[54][page needed] Alan Kohler supported this proposal in his opinion piece published in The New Daily on 25 January 2023.[55]

3 March (Australia Act)

[edit]

There has been support for an "independence day", 3 March, to represent the enacting of the Australia Act 1986.[56]

25 April (Anzac Day)

[edit]

There has been a degree of support by some in recent years for making Anzac Day, 25 April, Australia's national day, including in 1999, by Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane Peter Hollingworth.[57][21] In 2001, following comments made during a review into the future of Anzac Day,[58] the idea of a merger was strongly opposed by Prime Minister John Howard and Opposition Leader Kim Beazley, who clarified his earlier position.[59]

8 May ("mate")

[edit]

Starting 2017, there has been a partially humorous suggestion to move Australia Day to 8 May. This is primarily because of the homophonous quality between "May 8" and the Australian idiom "mate", but also because the opening of the first Federal Parliament was on 9 May.[60][61][62]

Opening of Parliament House in May 1927

9 May (opening of Provisional Parliament House)

[edit]

The date 9 May is also sometimes suggested, the date on which the first federal seat of parliament was opened in Melbourne in 1901, the date of the opening of the Provisional Parliament House in Canberra in 1927, and the date of the opening of the New Parliament House in 1988.[63] The date has, at various times, found support from former Queensland Premier Peter Beattie, Tony Beddison,[9] and Geoffrey Blainey.[64] However, the date has been seen by some as being too closely connected with Victoria,[65] and its location close to the start of winter has been described as an impediment.[63]

27 May (1967 referendum)

[edit]

The anniversary of the 1967 referendum to amend the federal constitution has also been suggested.[10] The amendments enabled the federal parliament to legislate with regard to Indigenous Australians and allowed for Indigenous Australians to be included in the national census. The public vote in favour was 91%.

9 July (acceptance of the Constitution)

[edit]

This is the date when Queen Victoria accepted the Constitution of Australia.[66]

1 September (Wattle Day)

[edit]

Wattle Day is the first day of spring in the southern hemisphere. Australia's green and gold comes from the wattle, and it has symbolised Australia since the early 1800s. Wattle Day has been proposed as the new date for Australia Day since the 1990s and is supported by the National Wattle Day Association.[67][68]

8 September

[edit]

This was the day Australia was first circumnavigated, by Matthew Flinders and Bungaree in 1803.[69]

17 September

[edit]

On 17 September 1790, Governor Phillip decided not to punish Willemering despite being speared by him 10 days earlier, realising he had done so for kidnapping Bennelong, and met them with gifts which they accepted – some consider this to be the first of a series of relative friendship between the two groups.[70] Since 2001, this date is also considered Australian Citizenship Day,[71] and citizenship ceremonies are also held on that date as of 2020.[33]

24 October (Tenterfield Oration)

[edit]

On 24 October 1889 Sir Henry Parkes, the "Father of Federation", gave his pivotal speech at Tenterfield in NSW, which set the course for federation.[72]

Eureka Slaughter by Charles Doudiet (1854)

3 December (Eureka Stockade)

[edit]

The Eureka Stockade on 3 December has had a long history as an alternative choice for Australia Day, having been proposed by The Bulletin in the 1880s.[73] The Eureka uprising occurred in 1854 during the Victorian gold rush, and saw a failed rebellion by the miners against the Victorian colonial government. Although the rebellion was crushed, it led to significant reforms, and has been described as being the birthplace of Australian democracy.[74] Supporters of the date have included senator Don Chipp and former Victorian Premier Steve Bracks.[9][75] However, the idea has been opposed by both hard-left unions and right-wing nationalist groups, both of whom claim symbolic attachment to the event,[74] and by some who see it as an essentially Victorian event.[65]

Polling

[edit]

2000s

[edit]

In 2004, a Newspoll poll that asked if the date of Australia Day should be moved to one that is not associated with European settlement found 79% of respondents favoured no change, 15% favoured change, and 6% were uncommitted.[76] Historian Geoffrey Blainey said in 2012 that he believed 26 January worked well as Australia Day and that it was at that time more successful than it had ever been.[77]

2010s

[edit]

A January 2017 poll conducted by McNair yellowSquares for The Guardian found that 68% of Australians felt positive about Australia Day, 19% were indifferent and 7% had mixed feelings, with 6% feeling negative about Australia Day. Among Indigenous Australians, however, only 23% felt positive about Australia Day, 31% were negative and 30% had mixed feelings, with 54% favouring a change of date.[78] A September 2017 poll conducted by Essential Polling for The Guardian found that 54% were opposed to changing the date; 26% of Australians supported changing the date and 19% had no opinion.[79][80]

A poll conducted by progressive public policy think tank The Australia Institute in 2018 found that 56% do not mind what day it is held.[81] The same poll found that 49% believe that the date should not be on a date that is offensive to Indigenous Australians, but only 37% believed the current date was offensive.[82]

Prior to Australia Day 2019, the conservative public policy think tank Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) published the results of a poll in which 75% of Australians wanted the date to stay, while the new nationalist Advance Australia Party's poll had support at 71%. Both groups asked questions about pride in being Australian prior to the headline question.[80]

The Social Research Centre, a subsidiary of the Australian National University, also released a report in January 2019.[66] Their survey found that, when respondents know that 26 January is the anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet at Port Jackson, 70% believe it is the best date for Australia Day, and 27% believe it is not. The report includes demographic factors which affect people's response, such as age, level of education, and state or territory of residence. Those who did not support 26 January as the best date then indicated their support for an alternative date. The three most supported dates were 27 May, 1 January and 8 May.[citation needed]

2020s

[edit]

Polling by Essential Media since 2015 suggests that the number of people celebrating Australia Day is declining, indicating a shift in attitudes. In 2019, 40% celebrated the day; in 2020, 34%, and in 2021 it was down to 29% of over 1000 people surveyed. In 2021, 53% said that they were treating the day as just a public holiday.[83]

An IPA poll commissioned in December 2020 and published in January 2021 showed that support for changing the date had remained a minority position.[84][85][86][87] In January 2021, an Essential poll reported that 53% supported a separate day to recognise Indigenous Australians; however only 18% of these thought that it should replace Australia Day. A poll by Ipsos for The Age / The Sydney Morning Herald reported in January 2021 that 28% were in support of changing the date, 24% were neutral and 48% did not support changing the date. 49% believed that the date would change within the next decade and 41% believed that selecting a new date would improve the lives of Indigenous Australians. Results were split by demographic factors, with age being a significant factor. 47% of people aged 18–24 supported changing the date, compared to only 19% among those aged 55 years or older. Individuals who voted for the Greens were most likely to support the date change at 67%, followed by Labor voters at 31% and Coalition voters at 23%.[88]

A January 2022 IPA poll found 65% were opposed to changing the date, including 47% of 18–24 year olds, with 15% of the general population and 25% of 18–24 year olds in favour of changing it.[89] However an Essential poll around the same time reported growing support for a change of date or an additional day of celebration for Indigenous Australians, at nearly 60%.[90]

A January 2023 Roy Morgan poll found that 64% said that 26 January should be known as "Australia Day". A majority of respondents under 35 favoured "Invasion Day", as did a majority of Greens supporters. Support for the name "Australia Day" was up across every age group compared to the year prior, with support for the name up by eight percentage points among respondents aged 18–24. Majorities of men, women, capital city residents, country residents, Coalition and Labor supporters and respondents in each state favoured "Australia Day".[91]

References

[edit]
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