Climate of Puerto Rico
The climate of Puerto Rico falls into the tropical climatic zone. Temperatures are moderate year round, averaging near 80 °F (27 °C) in lower elevations and 70 °F (21 °C) in the mountains. Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round. Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November.[1] The mountains of the Cordillera Central are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances. The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects adding to the climatic variation. About a quarter of the annual rainfall for Puerto Rico, on average, occurs during tropical cyclones, which are more frequent during La Niña events.
Temperature
Temperatures range from 70 to 90 °F (21 to 32 °C) in the lower elevations, while higher elevations in the central part of the island experience temperatures between 61 and 80 °F (16 and 27 °C) year round. The temperature in the south is a few degrees higher than the north. Between winter and summer, there is only a temperature swing of around 6 °F (3.3 °C). This is mainly due to the warm waters of the tropical Atlantic Ocean, which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest,Costal Waters Temperatures around the years is about 75 °F in February to 85 °F in August. The highest temperature ever recorded was 103 °F (39 °C) at San Lorenzo, while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 38 °F (3 °C) at Aibonito.
| Climate data for Adjuntas Substation | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 85 (29) |
80 (27) |
81 (27) |
81 (27) |
83 (28) |
84 (29) |
85 (29) |
85 (29) |
85 (29) |
84 (29) |
82 (28) |
80 (27) |
83 (28) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 55 (13) |
54 (12) |
55 (13) |
60 (16) |
66 (19) |
68 (20) |
69 (21) |
69 (21) |
69 (21) |
66 (19) |
60 (16) |
57 (14) |
62 (17) |
| Source: Southeast Regional Climate Center [2] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Aibonito | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | — | 75 (24) |
77 (25) |
78 (26) |
79 (26) |
80 (27) |
81 (27) |
81 (27) |
81 (27) |
80 (27) |
78 (26) |
75 (24) |
— |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 61 (16) |
61 (16) |
61 (16) |
63 (17) |
65 (18) |
66 (19) |
67 (19) |
67 (19) |
67 (19) |
66 (19) |
65 (18) |
63 (17) |
64 (18) |
| Source: Southeast Regional Climate Center [2] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Cerro Maravilla | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 65 (18) |
67 (19) |
69 (21) |
69 (21) |
71 (22) |
73 (23) |
75 (24) |
75 (24) |
73 (23) |
72 (22) |
71 (22) |
68 (20) |
71 (22) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 45 (7) |
45 (7) |
49 (9) |
55 (13) |
59 (15) |
61 (16) |
62 (17) |
62 (17) |
61 (16) |
61 (16) |
59 (15) |
50 (10) |
56 (13) |
| Source: Southeast Regional Climate Center [2] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Lajas Substation | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 84 (29) |
86 (30) |
87 (31) |
88 (31) |
89 (32) |
91 (33) |
92 (33) |
93 (34) |
93 (34) |
90 (32) |
89 (32) |
87 (31) |
89 (32) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 60 (16) |
61 (16) |
62 (17) |
65 (18) |
70 (21) |
72 (22) |
74 (23) |
75 (24) |
74 (23) |
71 (22) |
66 (19) |
62 (17) |
68 (20) |
| Source: Southeast Regional Climate Center [2] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ponce 4 E | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 86 (30) |
86 (30) |
87 (31) |
87 (31) |
88 (31) |
90 (32) |
90 (32) |
91 (33) |
90 (32) |
89 (32) |
88 (31) |
87 (31) |
88 (31) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 67 (19) |
66 (19) |
67 (19) |
69 (21) |
72 (22) |
74 (23) |
74 (23) |
73 (23) |
73 (23) |
72 (22) |
70 (21) |
68 (20) |
70 (21) |
| Source: Southeast Regional Climate Center [2] | |||||||||||||
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °F (°C) | 92 (33) |
96 (36) |
96 (36) |
97 (36) |
96 (36) |
97 (36) |
95 (35) |
97 (36) |
97 (36) |
98 (37) |
96 (36) |
94 (34) |
98 (37) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 87.5 (30.8) |
88.2 (31.2) |
90.0 (32.2) |
91.7 (33.2) |
92.3 (33.5) |
92.7 (33.7) |
92.0 (33.3) |
92.8 (33.8) |
93.7 (34.3) |
92.7 (33.7) |
90.3 (32.4) |
88.0 (31.1) |
94.3 (34.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 83.2 (28.4) |
83.8 (28.8) |
84.7 (29.3) |
86.2 (30.1) |
87.4 (30.8) |
89.0 (31.7) |
88.7 (31.5) |
89.1 (31.7) |
89.2 (31.8) |
88.6 (31.4) |
86.1 (30.1) |
84.2 (29.0) |
86.7 (30.4) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 77.6 (25.3) |
77.8 (25.4) |
78.6 (25.9) |
80.1 (26.7) |
81.6 (27.6) |
83.1 (28.4) |
83.1 (28.4) |
83.5 (28.6) |
83.4 (28.6) |
82.7 (28.2) |
80.5 (26.9) |
78.8 (26.0) |
80.9 (27.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 71.9 (22.2) |
71.8 (22.1) |
72.4 (22.4) |
74.0 (23.3) |
75.7 (24.3) |
77.2 (25.1) |
77.6 (25.3) |
77.8 (25.4) |
77.5 (25.3) |
76.7 (24.8) |
74.9 (23.8) |
73.3 (22.9) |
75.1 (23.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 68.3 (20.2) |
68.7 (20.4) |
69.2 (20.7) |
70.7 (21.5) |
72.1 (22.3) |
74.0 (23.3) |
74.1 (23.4) |
74.2 (23.4) |
74.3 (23.5) |
73.7 (23.2) |
71.7 (22.1) |
70.0 (21.1) |
67.8 (19.9) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 61 (16) |
62 (17) |
60 (16) |
64 (18) |
66 (19) |
66 (19) |
69 (21) |
68 (20) |
69 (21) |
67 (19) |
65 (18) |
62 (17) |
60 (16) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.07 (103) |
2.58 (66) |
2.18 (55) |
4.60 (117) |
5.54 (141) |
4.66 (118) |
6.02 (153) |
6.29 (160) |
6.50 (165) |
5.21 (132) |
7.37 (187) |
4.85 (123) |
59.87 (1,521) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 18.4 | 15.3 | 13.1 | 14.3 | 16.5 | 15.1 | 19.0 | 19.8 | 18.3 | 17.7 | 20.6 | 20.2 | 208.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74.0 | 72.4 | 71.0 | 71.3 | 74.9 | 75.5 | 75.9 | 76.4 | 76.4 | 76.9 | 76.2 | 74.7 | 74.6 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 67.1 (19.5) |
66.6 (19.2) |
66.7 (19.3) |
68.2 (20.1) |
71.1 (21.7) |
72.9 (22.7) |
73.4 (23.0) |
73.6 (23.1) |
73.2 (22.9) |
72.7 (22.6) |
70.9 (21.6) |
68.5 (20.3) |
70.4 (21.3) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 237.4 | 231.2 | 282.0 | 268.3 | 255.2 | 259.4 | 280.8 | 267.8 | 234.7 | 227.2 | 202.4 | 217.4 | 2,963.8 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 69 | 72 | 76 | 71 | 63 | 65 | 69 | 68 | 64 | 63 | 60 | 64 | 67 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 8 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 11 |
| Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[4][5][6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: The Weather Channel[7], Weather Atlas (UV)[8] | |||||||||||||
Temperature records
| Climate data for Puerto Rico | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.7 (98.1) |
37.6 (99.7) |
37.5 (99.5) |
39.2 (102.6) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.4 (102.9) |
40.4 (104.7) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.3 (104.5) |
37 (99) |
36.1 (97.0) |
40.4 (104.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
4.2 (39.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
6.2 (43.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
4.5 (40.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net—Climate Monitor[9] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo.ru - Baseline Climatological Data Sets[10] | |||||||||||||
Wind
Persistent 19-knot (35 km/h; 22 mph) trade winds move from east to west across the island year round. In lighter wind regimes, sea breeze and land breeze circulations dominate.[12] Higher winds occur in the vicinity of tropical cyclones, which pass by every five years.[13]
Rainfall
There is a pronounced rainy season from April to November. Due to the commonwealth's topography, rainfall varies greatly across the island. Pico del Este averages 171.09 inches (4,346 mm) of rainfall yearly while Magueyes Island averages only 29.32 inches (745 mm) a year.[14][15]
Severe weather
| Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | mm | in | |||
| 1 | 1,058.7 | 41.68 | Fifteen 1970 | Jayuya 1 SE | [16] |
| 2 | 962.7 | 37.90 | Maria 2017 | Caguas | [17] |
| 3 | 845.6 | 33.29 | Eloise 1975 | Dos Bocas | [16] |
| 4 | 822.9 | 32.40 | Fiona 2022 | Marueno | [18] |
| 5 | 804.4 | 31.67 | Isabel 1985 | Toro Negro Forest | [19] |
| 6 | 775.0 | 30.51 | Georges 1998 | Jayuya | [16] |
| 7 | 751.8 | 29.60 | San Felipe II 1928 | Adjuntas | [20] |
| 8 | 662.2 | 26.07 | Hazel 1954 | Toro Negro Tunnel | [21] |
| 9 | 652.5 | 25.69 | Klaus 1984 | Guavate Camp | [16] |
| 10 | 596.4 | 23.48 | Hortense 1996 | Cayey 1 NW | [16] |
- Puerto Rico experiences the Atlantic hurricane season, similar to the remainder of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic oceans. On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which is more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño.[22] A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico, on average, every 5 years.[13] A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island, on average, every 11 years. Only one Category 5 hurricane has struck the island since 1851, the Lake Okeechobee Hurricane of September 1928.[23]
- Sometimes, during showers and thunderstorms, waterspouts form off the coasts, frequently on the west coast. In the inner sea, tornadoes and hailstorms are possible. These thunderstorms can be a result from tropical waves, tropical cyclones, and frontal boundaries which become stationary across the region between fall and spring.
Weather by season
Summer is hot and humid, with thunderstorms in the afternoon, especially in August and September, trade winds bring cool summer breezes in the north and east of Puerto Rico, but due to the topography of the island, these winds do not reach the coast south and west, causing temperatures much higher than in the north. During humid summer days the heat index reach 115 °F (47 °C) and actual temperatures reach 100 °F (38 °C). Sometimes the wind shifts from the south, causing an inverse, where the heat south of the island moves to the north, causing temperatures in the mid 90s (35 °C) in San Juan and low humidity. The month of June is usually the driest month of the summer. During June and July the precipitation is mostly caused by the effects of humidity and heat of the island.
Autumn is the peak of the hurricane season, especially in September. It is very rainy in the autumn months, with frequent strong thunderstorms on the west coast and a lot of tropical waves and low pressure. This season is hot and humid. On October 9, 1981 temperatures reach to 98 °F (37 °C) in San Juan International Airport.
Winter In December cold fronts from the north cooling down temperatures and humidity, giving way to a drier and more pleasant climate. In San Juan in the winter months high temperature up to 77–87 °F (25–30 °C) giving an average of 83 °F and low down to 66–76 °F (19–24 °C), giving an average of 71 °F (22 °C). in the central area of the island, the elevation and lesser influence of the sea, the minimum temperatures drop to 55–65 °F (13–18 °C) on average. After cold fronts the temperature drops to the 40s (4–9 °C) in the mountains, in the 50s (10–15 °C) in the valleys, and in the 60s (16 °C to 20 °C) in the coastal zone.
Spring The springtime usually starts dry and pleasant; March is the driest month in Puerto Rico with little precipitation in some part of the Island. In May the rainy season starts again, with frequent showers and thunderstorms.
Sun
The sunrise varies from 5:30 a.m. in summer and 7:00 a.m. in winter. Sunset varies between 5:40 p.m. in winter and 7:10 p.m. in summer. Puerto Rico does not use the daylight saving time. The ultraviolet index or UV index varies from 10+ UV index in the summer and a maximum of 7 UV index in winter.
See also
Notes
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for San Juan were kept at downtown from November 1898 to December 1955 and at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport since January 1956.[3]
References
- ^ Matt Carter and J.B. Elsner. Monthly Rainfall Climatology for Puerto Rico. Retrieved on January 24, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e "Historical Climate Data For Puerto Rico". Retrieved January 23, 2008.
- ^ ThreadEx
- ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ "Station: San Juan L M Marin AP, PR RQ". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-06-24. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ "WMO Climate Normals for SAN JUAN/ISLA VERDE INT'L ARP,PR 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-06-24. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for San Juan, PR – Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
- ^ "San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ "Meteo.ru". Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ "NOAA NCDC Climate Data Online". Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ Shawn P. Bennett, Vanda Grusbisic, and Roy M. Rasmussen. GRAVITY WAVES, RAINBANDS, AND DEEP CONVECTION INDUCED BY TRADE WIND FLOW PAST PUERTO RICO. Retrieved on January 24, 2008.
- ^ a b Alexa J. Andrews. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Tropical Storm and Hurricane Strikes in the Bahamas, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Retrieved on 2007-01-23.
- ^ Southern Region Climate Center. Pico del Este Climatology. Retrieved on January 23, 2008.
- ^ Southern Region Climate Center. Magueyes Island Climatology. Retrieved on January 23, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Roth, David M. (January 3, 2023). "Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Hurricane Maria Live Updates: In Puerto Rico, the Storm 'Destroyed Us'". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
- ^ Pasch, Richard; Reinhart, Brad; Alaka, Laura (March 23, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Fiona (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ^ Roth, David M (June 27, 2007). "Tropical Storm Isabel – October 4 – 16, 1985". United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
- ^ Mújica-Baker, Frank. Huracanes y tormentas que han afectado a Puerto Rico (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Agencia Estatal para el Manejo de Emergencias y Administración de Desastres. pp. 3–4, 7–10, 12–14. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
- ^ Higgs, Ralph L (1954). "Severe Floods of October 12–15, 1954 in Puerto Rico" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 82 (10). American Meteorological Society: 301–304. Bibcode:1954MWRv...82..301H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1954)082<0301:SFOOIP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
- ^ Edward B. Rodgers, Robert F. Adler, Harold F. Pierce. Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to the North Atlantic Climatological Rainfall as Observed from Satellites.
- ^ Aurelio Mercado and Harry Justiniano. Coastal Hazards of Puerto Rico. Retrieved on January 23, 2008.
