County of Gorizia

(Princely) County of Gorizia (Gefürstete) Grafschaft Görz Contea (Principesca) di Gorizia
1127–1747
Flag Coat of arms
Gorizia in the 13th century, including exclaves in the Istria and Aquileia/Friuli. The pale highlighted area roughly corresponds with the anachronistic Austrian Circle, and is merely for context.
Gorizia territories (in white), late 15th century
Status	State of the Holy Roman Empire
Capital	Gorizia Lienz
Government	Principality
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Meinhard, Count of Gorizia	1127
• Meinhard III inherited Tyrol	1253
• Raised to principality	1365
• Bequeathed to House of Habsburg	1500
• Joined Austrian Circle	1512
• Reunited with Gradisca	1747
Preceded by Succeeded by Patria del Friuli Gorizia and Gradisca

The County of Gorizia (Template:Lang-it, Template:Lang-de, Template:Lang-sl, Template:Lang-fur), from 1365 Princely County of Gorizia, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire. Originally mediate Vogts of the Patriarchs of Aquileia, the Counts of Gorizia (Meinhardiner) ruled over several fiefs in the area of Lienz and in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy with their residence at Gorizia (Görz).

In 1253 the Counts of Gorizia inherited the County of Tyrol, from 1271 onwards ruled by the Gorizia-Tyrol branch which became extinct in the male line in 1335. The younger line ruled the comital lands of Gorizia and Lienz until its extinction in 1500, whereafter the estates were finally acquired by the Austrian House of Habsburg.

History

Count Meinhard I, a descendant of the Meinhardiner noble family with possessions around Lienz in the Duchy of Bavaria, is mentioned as early as 1107. As a vogt official of the Patriarchs of Aquileia, he was enfeoffed with large estates in the former March of Friuli, including the town of Gorizia, and from 1127 on called himself a Graf von Görz.

The borders of the county changed frequently in the following four centuries, due to frequent wars with Aquileia and other counties, but also to the subdivision of the territory in two main nuclei: one around the Bavarian ancestral seat of Lienz on the upper Drava River up to Innichen in the Puster Valley, the other centered on Gorizia in Friuli itself.

Gorizia-Tyrol

Meinhard's descendant Count Meinhard III of Gorizia, a follower of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, upon the extinction of the House of Babenberg was appointed administrator of Styria in 1248. He campaigned the adjacent Duchy of Carinthia but was defeated by the troops of Duke Bernhard von Spanheim and his son Archbishop Philip of Salzburg at Greifenburg in 1252. Nevertheless, the county reached the apex of its power, when Meinhard III inherited County of Tyrol (as Meinhard I) from his father-in-law Count Albert IV one year later.

Gorizia Castle

After Count Meinhard III had died in 1258, his sons at first ruled jointly until in 1271 they divided their heritage: While the elder Meinhard IV took the comital Tyrolean lands west of the Puster Valley, his brother Albert retained the Meinhardiner ancestral lands around Lienz and Gorizia. After his death, the County of Gorizia was again partitoned among his sons into the "inner county" at Gorizia, ruled by Henry III, and the "outer county" around Lienz und Albert II. When Count Henry III was assassinated in 1323, the Gorizia lands were shattered into four countries. The Counts of Gorizia temporarily controlled the Italian March of Treviso (Marca Trevigiana) and the remains of the Istrian march around Pazin (Mitterburg), which Count Albert III of Görz bequeathed to the House of Habsburg in 1365.

Bruck Castle, Lienz

In 1365 Count Meinhard VI of Görz was granted the princely title by the Luxemborg emperor Charles IV, the county was thereon called Gefürstete Grafschaft Görz. The Meinhardiner nevertheless suffered a steep decline under their powerful neighbours, the Austrian lands of the Habsburg dynasty and the Republic of Venice. After the Habsburgs had acquired the Carinthian duchy with the March of Carniola in 1335 and the County of Tyrol in 1363, the remaining Gorizia lands of Lienz were a thorn in their side, separating the dynasty's "hereditary lands". Venice had conquered the former Patriarchate territories in Friuli, which were incorporated into the Domini di Terraferma by 1434. The Council of Ten strived for the adjacent "inner county" lands around Gorizia up to the Venetian Stato da Màr territories in Istria. Due to the pressure, the Gorizia counts took their residence at Bruck Castle in Lienz.

Habsburg

In 1429 the county was reunited under the single rule of Count Henry VI. His son, the last count Leonhard, died in 1500 and despite claims raised by Venice, according to a contract of inheritance the county fell to the Habsburg emperor Maximilian I.

While the Lienz area was administrated with the Tyrolean crown land, the "inner county" of Gorizia remained an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Inner Austrian Archdukes as part of the Austrian Circle, governed by a capitano. Its territory included the Isonzo Valley down to Aquileia, the area of Cormons and Duino, and the former Venetian fortress of Gradisca, which was conquered by Imperial troops in 1511. Monfalcone formed a Venetian exclave in the county from 1420 to 1797. In 1647 Emperor Ferdinand III separated the "County of Gradisca" from Gorizia for his courtier Johann Anton von Eggenberg, until in 1747 both were again merged to form the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, a crown land of the Habsburg Monarchy.

Counts

Gorizia coat of arms, Ingeram Codex, 1459

• Meginhard, Count in the Puster Valley (died about 1090)
• Engelbert I, son, 1090–1122
• Meinhard I, brother, 1122–1142
• Henry II, son of Meinhard I, 1142–1150
• Engelbert II, brother, 1150–1191, also Margrave of Istria from 1188
• Engelbert III, son, 1191–1220
• Meinhard II the Elder, brother, 1220–1231
• Meinhard III, son of Engelbert III, 1231–1258, also Count of Tyrol (as Meinhard I of Gorizia-Tyrol) from 1253
• Meinhard IV, son, 1258–1271, Count of Tyrol 1258–1295 (as Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol), also Duke of Carinthia from 1286
  • Albert I, brother, 1258–1304
• Henry III, son of Albert I, 1304–1323
• John Henry IV, son, 1323–1338, under tutelage of his uncle Albert II of Gorizia until 1325
• Albert III, son of Albert II, 1338–1374
  • Meinhard VI, brother, 1338–1385
  • Henry V, brother, 1338–1362
• Henry VI, son of Meinhard VI, 1385–1454
• John II, son, 1454–1462
  • Leonhard, brother, 1454–1500

Line extinct, county inherited by the Habsburg king Maximilian I, Archduke of Austria.

See also

• House of Gorizia
• History of Gorizia
• Austrian Empire
• History of Slovenia