Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional
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The Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (Template:Lang-en) or DINA was the Chilean secret police in the government of Augusto Pinochet, and has been called Pinochet's Gestapo.[1] The DINA was established in November 1973, as a Chilean Army intelligence unit headed by Colonel Manuel Contreras and vice-director Raúl Iturriaga. It was separated from the army and made an independent administrative unit in June 1974, under the aegis of Decree 521.
The DINA existed until 1977, after which it was renamed the Central Nacional de Informaciones (CNI) (National Information Center).
In 2008 the Chilean Army presented a list of 1,097 DINA agents to Judge Alejandro Solís.[2]
DINA internal suppression and human rights violations
Under decree #521, the DINA had the power to detain any individual so long as there was a declared state of emergency. Such an administrative state characterized nearly the entire length of the Pinochet government. Torture and rape of detainees was common:
In some camps, routine sadism was taken to extremes. At Villa Grimaldi, recalcitrant prisoners were dragged to a parking lot; DINA agents then used a car or truck to run over and crush their legs. Prisoners there recalled one young man who was beaten with chains and left to die slowly from internal injuries. Rape was also a reoccurring form of abuse. DINA officers subjected female prisoners to grotesque forms of sexual torture that included insertion of rodents and, as tactfully described in the Commission report, "unnatural acts involving dogs."[3]
DINA censorship of media
As of September 11, 1973, the military dictatorship worked with DINA to censor channels, newspapers, and radio transmissions that supported the Popular Socialist Union and supporters. A decree by the Junta established that all public information would have to be inspected and revised by the Junta before airing, and a couple days later an “Office of Censorship” which supervised all news outlets was created. A lot of newspapers received their work back scribbled out with red ink.
Many television outlets through coercion by murder and kidnappings, masked the truth on the coup d'etat as a plan by the military of Chile to prevent a suspected leftist government. Various international cable news networks were banned by DINA to prevent the news of the forced coup d’etat by the military. Some international networks were convinced to lie by the Junta about the social and political aspects of Chile.
Even worse the censorship breached particular homes and public services, and on September 23, 1973, DINA sent policemen to register households and institutions. They searched subversive evidence such as books by Pablo Neruda, articles on social sciences, political science, human rights, and those who were rounded up and burned at the Plaza de Armas (Santiago).[4]
Foreign involvement
The United States backed and supported the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, and continued to aid the Pinochet dictatorship until it ended. The CIA actively supported the junta after the overthrow of Salvador Allende.
DINA foreign assassinations and operations
The DINA was involved in Operation Condor, as well as Operation Colombo. In July 1976, two magazines in Argentina and Brazil appeared and published the names of 119 Chilean leftist opponents, claiming they had been killed in internal disputes unrelated to the Pinochet regime. Both magazines disappeared after this one and only issue. Judge Juan Guzmán Tapia eventually asked Chilean justices to lift Pinochet's immunity in this case, called "Operation Colombo", having accumulated evidence that Pinochet had ordered the DINA to plant this disinformation, in order to cover up the "disappearance" and murder by the Chilean secret police of those 119 persons. In September 2005, Chile's Supreme Court ordered the lifting of Pinochet's general immunity from prosecutions, with respect to this case.
Assassinations of Carlos Prats and Orlando Letelier
The DINA worked with international agents, such as Michael Townley, who assassinated former Chilean minister Orlando Letelier in Washington DC in 1976, as well as General Carlos Prats in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1974.
Michael Townley worked with Eugenio Berríos on producing sarin gas in the 1970s, at a laboratory in a DINA-owned house in the district of Lo Curro, Santiago de Chile.[5] Eugenio Berríos, who was murdered in 1995, was also linked with drug traffickers and agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).[6]
Accounts of daily life in Chile
The overwhelming fear by the Chilean people caused them to support Pinochet and his administration. There are seldom accounts that are disdainful towards DINA because DINA and other agencies that supported Pinochet repressed and dissolved all accounts against his regime. Some writers and journalists that opposed this right-winged regime, secretly interviewed people lived first hand terror by DINA. Writers such as Patricia Politzer, interviewed people that suffered. Politzer writes about specific incidents in Chile.
On of the accounts is on a mother of leftist sympathizer who is victim of a forced disappearance in Chile. The mother has not heard nor received any update on her son’s status even after Pinochet is removed from power. This is an occurrence that happened too frequently. Many disappeared and wrongly murdered were never identified and so thousands of leftist sympathizers remain missing. These unsolved kidnapping and disappearances left thousands of relatives still searching for their relatives in Chile today.
There was minimal restoration and children suffered greatly as well. In another interview by Politzer, she describes the account of woman who was shot with other leftists and managed to survive. She explains that if she would have died at the hands of DINA, her children would have been left behind with no one to watch them. These accounts reveal the inconsideration of DINA and other agencies that answered to Pinochet. Children would be left behind as orphans. All these accounts in "Fear in Chile", by Patricia Politzer captivated and showed what life was like in Chile.[7]
The replacement of DINA by the CNI
Its actions only stopped after DINA was replaced by the CNI (Central Nacional de Informaciones) in 1977 and Contreras was replaced by general Odlanier Mena. At that point DINA had reached their military goal ; assassinate the Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR) leadership and main leaders of the Popular Socialist Union, the coalition of the political winners of the 1970 elections.
General Contreras as prosecuted in Chile due to crimes against humanity with DINA (sentenced to 12 years in prison for covert kidnappings, a crime that had not been amnestied). But judge Víctor Montiglio who had replaced judge Juan Guzmán Tapia is now responsible for the Pinochet, gave amnesty to contreras in 2005.
Finally, June 30, 2008, Contreras was sentenced to two life-sentences, and recently there have been two more life-sentences added, one for the murder of Carlos Patras and one for his wife, Sofía Cuthbert, with another 20 additional years illegal association, to establish a resolution.[8]
Other activities
In an undated letter to Augusto Pinochet, Michael Townley advised him that Virgilio Paz Romero, an anti-Castro Cuban, was taking photographs of British prisons in Northern Ireland in 1975 as a DINA assignment. The photographs were to be used by the Chilean government at the United Nations in New York to discredit the United Kingdom and accuse it of human rights violations. However they arrived too late to be used, and were finally published in El Mercurio.[9]
Beginning in late 2014 in response to a request by then Senate Armed Services Committee Chair Carl Levin, the William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, a U.S. Department of Defense[10] institution for defense and security studies in the Western Hemisphere, has been under investigation by the Department of Defense Office of Inspector General. Insider national security whistleblower complaints allege that the Center knowingly protected a WJPC professor who belonged to the DINA during the dictatorship of Captain General Pinochet, as well as the clandestine participation of Center officials in the 2009 Honduran coup, gross mismanagement, corruption, homophobia, racism, and sexism. “Reports that NDU hired foreign military officers with histories of involvement in human rights abuses, including torture and extra-judicial killings of civilians, are stunning, and they are repulsive,” said Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vermont, the author of the “Leahy Law” prohibiting U.S. assistance to military units and members of foreign security forces that violate human rights.[11][12][13]
See also
References
- ^ Article Manuel Contreras, el jefe de la Gestapo de Pinochet in Spanish online newspaper El Pais on 08 August 2015, retrieved on 08 August 2015
- ^ Article Piden desafuero de diputado Rosauro Martínez por asesinato de tres miembros del MIR en 1981 in Chilean online newspaper El Mostrador on 23 May 2013, retrieved on 23 May 2013
- ^ Kornbluh, Peter (2003). The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. New York: The New Press. p. 171. ISBN 1-56584-936-1.
- ^ "Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional". Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre (in Spanish). 2016-10-09.
- ^ "Townley reveló uso de gas sarín antes de ser expulsado de Chile". El Mercurio. September 19, 2006.
- ^ El coronel que le pena al ejército, La Nación, September 24, 2005 Template:Es icon
- ^ Politzer, Patricia (2001). Fear In Chile: Lives Under Pinochet. New York: The New Press. pp. 3–11 and 141–153. ISBN 9781565846616.
- ^ "Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional". Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre (in Spanish). 2016-10-09.
- ^ Activities of Virgilio Paz in Northern Ireland during 1975, National Security Archive
- ^ United States Department of Defense http://www.defenselink.mil
- ^ Martin Edwin Andersen Unpunished U.S. Southern Command role in '09 Honduran military coup May 24, 2016, Academia.edu
- ^ Marisa Taylor and Kevin G. Hall, For years, Pentagon paid professor despite revoked visa and accusations of torture in Chile March 27, 2015
- ^ McClatchyDC, Chilean 70's torture survivor seeks justice March 12, 2015
External links
- History of the organization
- Memoriaviva (Complete list of Victims, Torture Centres and Criminals) Template:Es icon
- List DINA agents