Double agent
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In the field of counterintelligence, a double agent (also double secret agent) is an employee of a secret intelligence service, whose primary purpose is to spy on a different target organization, but who, in fact, is a member of the target organization.[1]
Double agentry may be practiced by spies of the target organization who infiltrate the controlling organization, or may result from the turning (switching sides) of previously loyal agents of the controlling organization by the target. The threat of execution is the most common method of turning a captured agent (working for an intelligence service) into a double agent (working for a foreign intelligence service) or a double agent into a re-doubled agent. It is unlike a defector, who is not considered an agent as agents are in place to function for an intelligence service and defectors are not, but some consider that defectors in place are agents until they have defected.
Double agents are often used to transmit disinformation or to identify other agents as part of counter-espionage operations. They are often very trusted by the controlling organization since the target organization will give them true, but useless or even counterproductive, information to pass along.
Double agents
Double agent Re-doubled agent Mole
Context | Agent | Nationality | Loyal to | Spying on | Comments | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1639 – 1651 |
Samuel Morland | English | Restoration | Commonwealth of England | [citation needed] | |
Richard Willis | English | Commonwealth of England | Restoration | [citation needed] | ||
World War I 1914 – 1918 |
Mata Hari | Dutch | German Empire | French Third Republic | [citation needed] | |
World War II 1939 – 1945 |
Mathilde Carré "La Chatte" | French | Double-Cross System | [citation needed] | ||
Roman Czerniawski "Brutus" | Polish | Double-Cross System | [citation needed] | |||
Eddie Chapman "ZigZag" | English | Double-Cross System | Infiltrated the German Abwehr during World War II whilst feeding intelligence to MI5. He was so trusted by the Germans that he is reportedly the only British citizen to have ever been awarded the Iron Cross | [citation needed] | ||
Roger Grosjean "Fido" | French | Double-Cross System | French Air Force pilot who worked for the British | [citation needed] | ||
Christiaan Lindemans "King Kong" | Dutch | Abwehr (1944) | SOE (1940-1944) Dutch resistance (1941-1944) |
[citation needed] | ||
Arthur Owens "Snow" | Welsh | Double-Cross System | [citation needed] | |||
Johann-Nielsen Jebsen "Jonny" "Artist" |
German | Abwehr (1939-1941) MI6 (1941-1945) |
Abwehr (1941-1945) | Anti-Nazi German intelligence officer and British double agent. Jebsen recruited Dušan Popov. | [citation needed] | |
Ivan Popov "LaLa" "Aesculap" "Dreadnought" "Hans" | Serbian | VOA (1939-1945) Abwehr (1940-1944) MI6 (1941-1945) |
Abwehr (1941-1945) | Yugoslav working for his national military agency VOA. He also work for British MI6 and German Abwehr. In German Gestapo he held rank of Obersturmbannführer. Brother of Dušan Popov. | [citation needed] | |
Dušan Popov "Duško" "Tricycle" "Ivan" | Serbian | VOA (1939-1945) Abwehr (1940-1941) MI6 (1940-1945) |
Abwehr (1941-1945) | Yugoslav working for his national military agency VOA. He also work for British MI6 and German Abwehr. In British army he held rank of Colonel. Brother of Ivan Popov. | [citation needed] | |
John Herbert Neal Moe "Mutt and Jeff" | Norwegian | Double-Cross System | [citation needed] | |||
Tor Glad "Mutt and Jeff" | Norwegian | Double-Cross System | [citation needed] | |||
Juan Pujol García "Garbo" | Catalan[2] | Double-Cross System | British double agent in German spy service-awarded both an MBE and an Iron Cross | [citation needed] | ||
Johann Wenzel | Polish |
|
|
Member of Red Orchestra spy ring who, after being unmasked by the Germans, fed false information to the Soviet Union | [citation needed] | |
William Sebold "Tramp" | German U.S. citizen |
FBI (1939) | Abwehr (1939) | Coerced by the Abwehr into becoming a spy, exposed the Duquesne Spy Ring to the FBI. | [citation needed] | |
Cold War 1947 – 1991 |
Aldrich Ames | American | KGB | CIA (1957-1993) | [citation needed] | |
John Cairncross "Liszt" | Scottish | MGB Cambridge Five |
MI5 (1941-1944) GC&CS (1942-1943) MI6 (1944-1945) |
[citation needed] | ||
Anthony Blunt "Johnson" | English | NKVD Cambridge Five |
MI5 | [citation needed] | ||
Guy Burgess "Hicks" | English | MGB Cambridge Five |
MI5 (1939-1941) Foreign Office (1944-1956) |
[citation needed] | ||
Donald Maclean "Homer" | English | MGB Cambridge Five |
MI5 MI6 |
[citation needed] | ||
Kim Philby "Stanley" | English Born in India |
MGB Cambridge Five |
MI6 | [citation needed] | ||
George Blake | Dutch | KGB | MI6 | [citation needed] | ||
Oleg Gordievsky | Russian | MI6 (1968-2008) | KGB (1963-1985) | Abducted in Moscow in 1985; escaped to the United Kingdom two months later. | [citation needed] | |
Matei Pavel Haiducu | Romanian | DST (1981) | DIE (1975-1982) | Defected to France in 1981. | [citation needed] | |
Dmitri Polyakov | Ukrainian | FBI CIA |
GRU | Executed in 1988. | [citation needed] | |
Robert Hanssen | American | GRU | FBI | Worked for the FBI and sold information to the Soviet Union as a mole. | [citation needed] | |
Oleg Kalugin | Russian | CIA | KGB | Longtime head of KGB operations in the U.S., provided disinformation regarding American involvement in Prague Spring; and also played a role in the establishment of Yeltsin as post-USSR leader. Sentenced in absentia in 2002 to 15 years imprisonment; the US refuses to extradite him | [citation needed] | |
Oleg Penkovskiy "Hero" | Russian | NSA MI6 |
GRU | A colonel with GRU informed the U.K. and the U.S. about the Soviet emplacement of missiles in Cuba; executed by the Soviets in 1963. | [citation needed] | |
Stig Bergling | Swedish | GRU | SÄPO | Among other things, handed over the entire Swedish "FO-code", a top secret list of Sweden's defence establishments, coastal artillery fortifications and mobilization stores. Convicted in 79 and sentenced to life imprisonment for treason. | [citation needed] | |
Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 – |
Ashraf Marwan | Egyptian | Mossad | Egypt | Egyptian businessman and an alleged spy for Israel, or possibly an Egyptian double agent; managed to become celebrated as a hero in each country for his alleged work against the other. | [citation needed] |
Basque conflict 1959 – 2011 |
Mikel Lejarza "El Lobo" | Basque | CESID | ETA | [citation needed] | |
Northern Ireland conflict 1968 – 1998 |
Denis Donaldson | Northern Irish | MI5 PSNI |
Provisional IRA Sinn Féin |
Found dead in his cottage after a Northern Ireland newspaper exposed him. | [citation needed] |
Peter Keeley "Kevin Fulton" | Northern Irish | Royal Irish Rangers Int Corps |
Provisional IRA | Allegedly betrayed by his employers and nearly sacrificed to cement Freddie Scappaticci's cover in the IRA. | [citation needed] | |
Freddie Scappaticci "Stakeknife" | Italian | FRU | Provisional IRA ISU |
Allegedly the British government ordered him to expose Fulton to increase his own standing in the IRA. | [citation needed] | |
Robert Nairac | English Born in Mauritius |
British Army | Provisional IRA | [citation needed] | ||
Global War on Terrorism 2001 – |
"April Fool" | American | United States | Iraq | Allegedly, an American officer who provided false information to Saddam Hussein | [citation needed] |
Iyman Faris | Pakistani U.S. citizen |
al-Qaeda | FBI | [citation needed] | ||
Chinese intelligence operations in the United States | Katrina Leung | Chinese Taiwan citizen U.S. citizen |
MSS | FBI | [citation needed] |
Re-doubled agent
A re-doubled agent is an agent who gets caught as a double agent and is forced to mislead the foreign intelligence service.
F. M. Begoum describes the redoubled agent as "one whose duplicity in doubling for another service has been detected by his original sponsor and who has been persuaded to reverse his affections again".[3]
Triple agent
A triple agent pretends to be a double agent for one side, while he or she is truly a double agent for the other side. Famous triple agents include Kim Philby and Alexander Litvinenko.[4]
A lesser used definition of triple agent is an agent who works for three intelligence services, but is usually truly loyal to only one of them.
- Henri Déricourt, Secret Intelligence Service agent with the Special Operations Executive who may have "turned" for the Germans (d. 1962).
Events in which double agents played an important role
- Babington plot
- Battle of Normandy
- Stormontgate
- Cold War
- Battle of Lexington
- Vietnam War
- War on Terrorism
- 1973 Yom Kippur War
- Duquesne Spy Ring
- Camp Chapman attack
See also
References
- ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/double%20agent
- ^ García, Juan Pujol; West, Nigel (2011). "Childhood". Operation Garbo: The Personal Story of the Most Successful Spy of World War II. Biteback Publishing. ISBN 9781849546256.
- ^ Begoum, F.M. "Observations on the Double Agent". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
- ^ http://www.thewire.com/global/2012/12/poisoned-russian-spy-was-working-british-triple-agent/59959/