Jump to content

The Ocean Cleanup

Coordinates: 51°55′15″N 4°28′06″E / 51.92083°N 4.46833°E / 51.92083; 4.46833
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Draft:System 001)

The Ocean Cleanup
Formation2013; 11 years ago (2013)
Founded atDelft, Netherlands
TypeStichting
PurposeCleaning the oceans
HeadquartersRotterdam, Netherlands
Coordinates51°55′15″N 4°28′06″E / 51.92083°N 4.46833°E / 51.92083; 4.46833
Boyan Slat
Budget (2022)
€ 54.705 million [1]
Staff
120[2]
Websitewww.theoceancleanup.com

The Ocean Cleanup is a nonprofit environmental engineering organization based in the Netherlands that develops technology to extract plastic pollution from the oceans and to capture it in rivers before it can reach the ocean. Their initial focus was on the Pacific Ocean and its garbage patch, and extended to rivers in countries including Indonesia, Guatemala, and the United States.

The Ocean Cleanup was founded in 2013 by Boyan Slat, a Dutch inventor[3][4][5] who serves as its CEO. It develops both ocean and river based catch systems. Its ocean system consists of a funnel shaped floating barrier which is towed by two ships. The ocean system is deployed in oceanic gyres to collect marine debris.[6] The project aims to launch 10 or more approximately 2 km-long (1.2 mi) systems which they predict could remove 50% of the debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch five years from deployment.[7][8]

The river system consists of a variety of floating barriers which are anchored to the riverbank. The Ocean Cleanup also publishes scientific papers,[9][10][11][12] and estimates that "1% of worlds rivers (~1000 rivers) are responsible for 80% of the pollution in the world's seas".[13][14][15] They aim to deploy their river systems in these 1000 rivers.

As of August 2023, the organization has removed more than 15.8 million kilograms of trash from rivers and the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.[16]

History

[edit]
CEO and Founder Boyan Slat on the Dutch talk show De Wereld Draait Door in 2018

Slat proposed the cleanup project and supporting system in 2012. In October, he outlined the project in a TED-talk. The initial design consisted of long, floating barriers fixed to the seabed, attached to a central platform shaped like a manta ray for stability. The barriers would direct the floating plastic to the central platform, which would remove the plastic from the water. Slat did not specify the dimensions of this system in the talk.[17]

2014-2017: Initial prototypes

[edit]

In 2014, the design replaced the central platform with a tower detached from the floating barriers. This platform would collect the plastic using a conveyor belt. The floating barrier was proposed to be 100 km (62 mi) long. They conducted and published a feasibility study.[18]

In 2015, this design won the London Design Museum Design of the Year,[19][20] and the INDEX: Award.[21][22] Later that year, scale model tests were conducted[23] in wave pools at Deltares and MARIN, testing the dynamics and load of the barrier in ocean conditions, and gathering data for computational modeling.[24]

A 100-metre (330 ft) segment went through a test in the North Sea in the summer of 2016.[23][25] The test indicated that conventional oil containment booms would not stand up over time, and they changed the floater material to a hard-walled HDPE pipe.[26]

In May 2017, significant changes to the conceptual design were made:[25]

  • Dimensions were reduced from 100 km (62 mi) to 2 km (1.2 mi), with the idea of using a fleet of 60 such systems.[27][28]
  • Seabed anchors were replaced with sea anchors, to drift with the currents, allowing the plastic to "catch up" with the cleanup system, and letting the system drift to locations with the highest concentration of debris. The lines to the anchor would keep the system in a U-shape.[29]
  • An automatic system for collecting plastic was replaced with a system for concentrating the plastic before removal by support vessels.[30]

System 001

[edit]
Top view of the floating barrier:
A - navigation pod
B - satellite pod
C - camera pod
(There are also nine lanterns situated every 100 metres along the barrier to provide visibility.)
External videos
video icon The ocean plastic cleanup of Boyan Slat – a 2018 documentary of the organization, operational detail of System 001, and excerpt footage of the early life of the founder (VPRO, full episode)

Tests in 2018[31] led to sea anchors being removed, and the opening of the U turned to face the direction of travel, by creating more drag in the middle with a deeper underwater screen.[32][33]

On 9 September 2018, System 001 (nicknamed Wilson in reference to the floating volleyball in the 2000 film Cast Away)[34][7] deployed from San Francisco. The ship Maersk Launcher towed the system to a position 240 nautical miles off the coast, where it was put through a series of sea trials.[35] It consisted of a 600 m (2,000 ft) long barrier with a 3 m (9.8 ft) wide skirt hanging beneath it.[citation needed] It was made from HDPE, and consists of 50x12 m sections joined.[36] It was unmanned and incorporated solar-powered monitoring and navigation systems, including GPS, cameras, lanterns and AIS.[37] The barrier and the screen were produced by an Austrian supplier.[38]

In October 2018 it was towed to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch for real-world duty.[39] System 001 encountered difficulties retaining the plastic collected.[40] The system collected debris, but soon lost it because the barrier did not retain a consistent speed through the water.[41] In December, mechanical stress caused an 18-meter section to detach, and the rig was moved to Hawaii for inspection and repair. During the two months of operation, it had captured 2 metric tons of plastic.[42][43][44]

In June 2019, after four months of root cause analyses and redesign,[45][46] System 001/B was deployed,[47][48] with a water-borne parachute to slow the system, and an extended cork line to hold the screen in place.[49][50] This successfully captured smaller plastic,[50] reduced the barrier size by two-thirds, and was easier to adjust offshore.[51][52][53] However, System 001/B still did not adequately capture and retain debris.

Interceptors 001-010

[edit]

In October 2019, The Ocean Cleanup unveiled a floating barrier for river cleanup, The Interceptor, to intercept river plastic and prevent it from reaching the ocean.[54] Two systems were deployed in Jakarta (Indonesia) and Klang (Malaysia).[55]

In January 2020, flooding broke the barrier of Interceptor 001 in Jakarta. It was replaced with a newer model with a stronger screen, simpler design, and an adjustable better-defined weak link.[56][57] A third Interceptor was deployed in Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic.[58] In December, The Ocean Cleanup announced they would start large-scale production of the Interceptor series.[59]

In July 2022, an Interceptor Original was deployed near the mouth of Ballona Creek in southwestern Los Angeles County, California. This was the first Interceptor Original installed in the United States, and the second of its kind to be deployed globally.[16]

In May 2022, the Ocean Cleanup trialed a new Interceptor called Trashfence on the Rio Las Vacas, a tributaty of the Rio Motagua, in Guatemala. It was anchored to the riverbed, and the anchors washed out.[60] In April 2023, they returned with a pair of new Interceptors, at a point on the river with slower current, anchored to the riverbank. This was successful, and soon became their most prolific site; by June 13, they had already removed 850 tons of plastic from the river.[61]

System 002 and 03

[edit]

In July 2021, a new design called System 002, also known as "Jenny", was deployed in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch for testing.[62] System 002 was actively towed by two ships as opposed to System 001 which passively drifted. In October, the organization announced that the system had gathered 28,000 kilograms (62,000 lb) of trash. In October, the project announced plans for System 03, which would span up to 2.5 km (1.6 mi).[63]

Interceptor 007 at Los Angeles, California removed 77 tons of trash in the 2023 storm season[64]

By December, the project announced it had removed more than 150 tonnes of plastic from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch[65] and announced it would transition to the new longer System 03 the following year.[66]

In May 2023, the project deployed its System 03 barrier, 1,750 meters long. The system included a retention zone where material is held before it is removed from the water, with the nets' mesh size there being increased from 10 to 50 mm. This is to allow marine life such as fish and turtles to escape, and to allow smaller creatures such as blue buttons and violet snails to pass through.[67]

System 03 has about 5x the capacity of System 002, which is why they dropped a 0 from the naming scheme:

[O]ur modeling suggests it may be possible to clean the entire GPGP with as few as 10 systems. That’s why we knocked off one of the zeroes from ‘002’ when we named ‘03’ – we no longer need a three-figure amount of systems to clean all five ocean garbage patches around the world.[68]

In April 2024, the project claimed that it had removed 10 million kilograms (22 million lb) of marine trash from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and from key polluting rivers around the world since 2019.[69]

Design

[edit]

Ocean system

[edit]
A side view diagram:
A: Wind
B: Waves
C: Current
D: Floating barrier

The latest 03 design uses a towed floating structure. The structure acts as a containment boom. A permeable screen underneath the float catches subsurface debris and funnels it into the Retention Zone which serves as a debris catch.[62] The Retention Zone is monitored by underwater cameras. If an animal is spotted in the Retention Zone, the Marine Animal Safety Hatch (MASH) is activated, blocking off any further entrance into the Retention Zone while opening an exit hatch and giving the animal a clear route out.

Crewed boats tow the approximately 2km U-shaped barrier through the water at 1.5 knots. The ship is steered to areas with higher waste densities.[62] In July 2022, the floating system reached the milestone of 100,000 kg of plastic removed from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.[70]

River system

[edit]

The Interceptor is a solar-powered, automated system designed to capture and extract waste. Along with an optimized water flow path, a barrier guides rubbish towards the opening of the Interceptor and onto the conveyor belt, which delivers waste to the shuttle. The shuttle deposits the waste equally into one of six bins according to sensors. When the bins are almost full, local operators are informed with an automated message. They then empty them and send the waste to local waste management facilities. The Interceptor project is similar to a smaller-scale local project called Mr. Trash Wheel developed in 2008 for Maryland's Baltimore harbor.

In 2021, The Ocean Cleanup began expanding their Interceptor systems to be able to tackle a wider range of rivers.[71][72] The Interceptor Barricade developed for Rio Las Vacas in 2023 was the first model designed for very high-throughput rivers that may carry 10,000 kg of trash a day.

System deployments

[edit]
Ocean deployments[16][73][74][75]
Unit Type Ocean Location Deployed Status
001 System 001 Pacific Ocean Great Pacific Garbage Patch 2018 Concluded
002 System 002 Pacific Ocean Great Pacific Garbage Patch 2021 Concluded
03 System 03 Pacific Ocean Great Pacific Garbage Patch 2023 Deployed
River deployments[76][77][16]
Unit Type River Location Deployed Status
001 Interceptor Original 1st Gen Cengkareng Drain Jakarta, Indonesia 2019 Deployed
002 Interceptor Original 2nd Gen Klang Selangor, Malaysia 2019 Deployed
003 Interceptor Original 2nd Gen Can Tho Can Tho, Vietnam 2021 Deployed
004 Interceptor Original 2nd Gen Rio Ozama Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 2020 Deployed
005 Interceptor Original 3rd Gen Klang Selangor, Malaysia 2021 Deployed
006 Interceptor Barricade Las Vacas Guatemala City, Guatemala 2023 Deployed
007 Interceptor Original 3rd Gen Ballona Creek Los Angeles County, California, United States 2022 Deployed
008 Interceptor Barrier + Tender Kingston Harbour (Kingston Pen Gully) Kingston, Jamaica 2021 Deployed
009 Interceptor Barrier + Tender Kingston Harbour (Barnes Gully) Kingston, Jamaica 2021 Deployed
010 Interceptor Barrier + Tender Kingston Harbour (Rae Town Gully) Kingston, Jamaica 2021 Deployed
011 Interceptor Barrier + Tender Kingston Harbour (Tivoli Gully) Kingston, Jamaica 2022 Deployed
012 Interceptor Guard Kingston Harbour (D'Aguilar Gully) Kingston, Jamaica 2023 Deployed
013 Interceptor Barrier + Tender, Interceptor Guard Kingston Harbour (Mountain View Gully) Kingston, Jamaica 2023 Deployed
014 Interceptor Guard Kingston Harbour (Shoemaker Gully) Kingston, Jamaica 2023 Deployed
019 Interceptor Original 3rd Gen Chao Phraya Bangkok, Thailand 2024 Deployed
020 Interceptor Original 3rd Gen Cisadane Tangerang Regency, Indonesia ? Planned
021 Interceptor Barricade Motagua El Quetzalito, Guatemala ? Planned

Research

[edit]

Oceanic expeditions

[edit]
Ocean plastic mass concentrations for August 2015

In August 2015, The Ocean Cleanup conducted the Mega Expedition, in which a fleet of approximately 30 vessels, with lead ship R/V Ocean Starr, crossed the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and mapped an area of 3.5 million square kilometers. The expedition collected data on the size, concentration and total mass of the plastic in the patch. According to the organization, this expedition collected more data on oceanic plastic pollution than the last 40 years combined.[78][79]

In September and October 2016, The Ocean Cleanup launched the Aerial Expedition, in which a C-130 Hercules aircraft conducted the first ever series of aerial surveys to map the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The goal was specifically to quantify the amount of large debris, including ghost nets in the patch.[80] Slat stated that the crew saw more debris than expected.[81]

The project released an app called The Ocean Cleanup Survey App, which enables others to survey the ocean for plastic, and report their observations.[82]

Scientific findings

[edit]

In February 2015, the research team published a study in Biogeosciences about the vertical distribution of plastic, based on samples collected in the North Atlantic Gyre. They found that plastic concentration decreases exponentially with depth, with the highest concentration at the surface, and approaching zero just a few meters deeper.[33][83] A follow-up paper was published in Scientific Reports in October 2016.[84]

Mass of river plastic flowing into oceans in tonnes per year.

In June 2017, researchers published a paper in Nature Communications, with a model of the river plastic input into the ocean. Their model estimates that between 1.15 and 2.41 million metric tons of plastic enter the world's oceans every year, with 86% of the input stemming from rivers in Asia.[85][86] In December 2017, they published a paper in Environmental Science & Technology about pollutants in oceanic plastic they had sampled.[87]

In March 2018, they published a paper in Scientific Reports, summarizing the combined findings from the two expeditions. They estimated that the Patch contains 1.8 trillion pieces of floating plastic, with a total mass of 79,000 metric tons. Microplastics (< 0.5 cm) make up 94% of the pieces, accounting for 8% of the mass. The study suggests that the amount of plastic in the patch increased exponentially since 1970.[88]

In September 2019, they published a paper in Scientific Reports studying why emissions into the ocean are higher than the estimates of debris accumulated at the surface layer of the ocean. They argue that debris circulation dynamics offer an explanation for this missing plastic and suggest that there is a significant amount of time between initial emissions and accumulation offshore. The study also indicated that current microplastics are mostly a result of the degradations of plastic produced in the 1990s or before.[89] A follow-up study in May 2020 showed that part of the plastic at the surface of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is breaking down into microplastics and sinking to the deep sea. Most debris is still found at the surface, with 90% in the first 5 meters.[90]

In October 2019, other researchers estimated that most ocean plastic pollution comes from cargo ships, with a majority from Chinese cargo ships alone.[91] A spokesperson from The Ocean Cleanup said: "Everyone talks about saving the oceans by stopping using plastic bags, straws and single use packaging. That's important, but when we head out on the ocean, that's not necessarily what we find."[92]

Funding

[edit]

The Ocean Cleanup raised over US$2 million with the help of a crowdfunding campaign in 2014.[93]

As of 2019, it was mainly funded by donations and in-kind sponsors, including Maersk, Salesforce.com chief executive Marc Benioff, Peter Thiel, Julius Baer Foundation, The Coca-Cola Company and Royal DSM.[94][95]

In 2019, it received a 10 million AUD award from the Macquarie Group Foundation as part of its 50th anniversary celebration.[96]

In October 2020, they unveiled a product made from plastic certified from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, The Ocean Cleanup sunglasses, to help fund the continuation of the cleanup.[97] They made 21,000 sunglasses, sold at €200 apiece. They worked with DNV GL to develop a certification for plastic from water sources and the sunglasses were certified to originate from the GPGP.[97][98] The sunglasses were designed by Yves Béhar and manufactured by Safilo. They sold out in early 2022.[99]

In October 2021, they were part of the #TeamSeas fundraising campaign led by YouTube stars Mark Rober and MrBeast, and received roughly half of the $30 million raised.

In 2022, Kia signed a seven-year deal to become a global partner of The Ocean Cleanup through funding and in-kind contributions. The partnership will fund the construction of a new Interceptor and will allow for recycled plastics to be used in the manufacturing process of Kia.[100]

In early 2023 the organization received its largest private donation to date of $25 million from Joe Gebbia, co-founder of Airbnb.[101]

Efficacy issues and possible negative impacts

[edit]

Criticisms and doubts about method, feasibility, efficiency and return on investment have been raised in the scientific community. Miriam Goldstein, director of ocean policy at the Center for American Progress, stated in 2019 that compared to the ocean system, devices closer to shore are easier to maintain, and would likely recover more plastic per dollar spent overall.[102]

The team has expressed their own concerns that the devices could imperil sea life,[103] including neustons, communities of pleustons, Portuguese man-of-war, sea snails, and sail jellyfish that live near the ocean surface,[104] and have monitored for such impacts. A modelling study concluded that it is currently impossible to determine how damaging at-sea plastic removal strategies (such as those of The Ocean Cleanup) would be for marine life, with impacts potentially ranging from mild to severe.[105]

It is understood that this approach cannot solve the whole problem.[5][106] Plastic in the oceans is spread far beyond the gyres; experts estimate that less than 5% of all the plastic pollution which enters the oceans makes its way into any of the garbage patches.[5]: 1  Much of the plastic that does make it to gyres is not floating at the surface,[103] though recent research confirms it is mostly within the first meters. Plastic in rivers can be more easily trapped at the source but that accounts for only a part of all plastic in the oceans.

In 2022, it collected 923 000 kg of ocean and river plastic with the expenses of €45.603 million; a cost of €49.4/kg.[1]

In 2023 the efficacy has significantly improved due to the upscaling of the river systems. A total of 8531 metric tons of ocean and river plastic was collected with the expense of €44.507 million; a cost of €5.22/kg.[107]

Recognition

[edit]
Lilianne Ploumen, Dutch minister of foreign trade and development cooperation, meets with Boyan Slat.

The project and its founder have been recognized in many fora.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "The Ocean Cleanup - Annual Report 2022" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2023.
  2. ^ About - The Ocean Cleanup Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  3. ^ "Hrvat Koji Čisti Oceane – Moj tata živi u Istri, a ja sam s ušteđevinom od 200 € ostvario san". jutarnji.hr. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  4. ^ "Nizozemac hrvatskog podrijetla izumio sustav koji elimira plastični otpad iz mora". www.monitor.hr. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  5. ^ a b c Wise, Jeff (9 October 2018). "This Thiel-Backed Startup Says It Can Clean Up the Seas. Scientists Have Doubts". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  6. ^ "Into the Twilight Zone". The Ocean Cleanup. 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  7. ^ a b Summers, Hannah (8 September 2018). "Scientists get ready to begin Great Pacific Garbage Patch cleanup". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  8. ^ CNET (10 September 2018), The Ocean Cleanup launches to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, archived from the original on 7 January 2020, retrieved 2 November 2018
  9. ^ Cleanup, The Ocean. "The Ocean Cleanup Launches Mega Expedition, Largest Research Expedition In History". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  10. ^ jason (27 July 2018). "The Ocean Cleanup Aerial Expedition [All You Need To Know]". International Air Response. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  11. ^ Chen, Qiqing (November 2017). "Pollutants in Plastics within the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre" (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 52 (2): 446–456. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04682. PMID 29185716.
  12. ^ Lebreton, L. (March 2018). "Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 4666. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4666L. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w. PMC 5864935. PMID 29568057.
  13. ^ "Dutch foundation launches project to tackle river plastic pollution". news.yahoo.com. 26 October 2019. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  14. ^ Rivers | The Interceptor, Explained | The Ocean Cleanup, 26 October 2019, archived from the original on 30 October 2019, retrieved 26 October 2019
  15. ^ Boyan Slat talks up his latest invention, The Interceptor, archived from the original on 31 October 2019, retrieved 25 October 2019
  16. ^ a b c d "Dashboard • The Ocean Cleanup". The Ocean Cleanup. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  17. ^ "How the oceans can clean themselves: Boyan Slat at Delft". YouTube. 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  18. ^ The Ocean Cleanup (3 June 2014). Feasibility Study Published https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/feasibility-study-published/ Archived 2021-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ a b Winners announced for three Nor-Shipping 2015 Awards Archived 2015-11-18 at the Wayback Machine Mynewsdesk.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  20. ^ a b Designs of the Year 2015 Archived 2015-11-04 at the Wayback Machine, Designmuseum.org. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  21. ^ "Ocean cleaner wins top Danish design award". GlobalPost.com. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  22. ^ a b "The Ocean Cleanup Array – Index: Award 2015 Winner (Community Category) – Index: Design to Improve Life®". INDEX: Design to Improve Life®. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  23. ^ a b "Can this project clean up millions of tons of ocean plastic?". PBS NewsHour. 14 August 2016. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  24. ^ "Ocean Cleanup enters new stage with model experiments in test basins of Marin and Deltares, the Netherlands". Dutch Water Sector. 23 November 2015. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  25. ^ a b Kotecki, Peter (13 September 2019). "The massive plastic-cleaning device a 25-year-old invented is finally catching some trash in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Take a look at its journey". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  26. ^ "Ocean Cleanup's fully re-engineered plastic recovery prototype nears completion". Dutch Water Sector. 21 February 2018. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  27. ^ Stokstad, Erik (11 September 2018). "Controversial plastic trash collector begins maiden ocean voyage". Science. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  28. ^ Meyer, Rachael (28 October 2019). "The Ocean Cleanup successfully collects ocean plastic, aims to scale design". Mongabay. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  29. ^ Loria, Kevin (11 May 2017). "A 22-year-old is moving ahead with a controversial plan to trap plastic floating in the great Pacific garbage patch". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  30. ^ "The Ocean Cleanup: the next phase in capturing plastic". Material District. 12 May 2017. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  31. ^ "Video: Scale Model Tests of The Ocean Cleanup System". World Maritime News. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  32. ^ Rainey, James (13 June 2018). "A young Dutch inventor wants to clean plastic from the ocean. Can he do it?". NBC News. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  33. ^ a b Loria, Kevin (7 September 2018). "A 24-year-old is going ahead with a controversial plan to trap plastic floating in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Some experts are worried". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  34. ^ Ahiza Garcia. "This floating pipe is trying to clean up all the plastic in the ocean". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  35. ^ "Maersk Signs on to Help Clean up Ocean Plastic". Marine Technology News. 16 August 2018. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  36. ^ "Plastics to the rescue in cleanup of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch". PlasticsToday. 10 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  37. ^ "The Ocean Cleanup Technology". The Ocean Cleanup. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  38. ^ "Manufacturing the floater for "The Ocean Cleanup"". AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  39. ^ Meixler, Eli (16 October 2018). "A Giant Net Has Been Deployed to Clean Up Plastics in the Pacific Ocean". Time. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  40. ^ Elizabeth Weise (10 December 2018). "Ocean Cleanup fail? System in Great Pacific Garbage Patch to corral plastic needs redesign". USA Today. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  41. ^ Lavars, Nick (6 December 2018). "Ocean Cleanup Project struggles to get its system up to speed". newatlas.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  42. ^ Lavars, Nick (2 January 2019). "Ocean Cleanup Project drags its fractured plastic-catching barrier in for repairs". newatlas.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  43. ^ Burnett, John (13 January 2019). "Malfunctioning ocean cleanup boom to arrive in Hilo today". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  44. ^ Cowgirl, Cosmic (28 January 2019). "Ocean Cleanup device in Hilo for repairs". KNKR 96.1FM. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  45. ^ "Great Pacific Garbage Patch: Ocean Cleanup device could be fixed and in action by summer". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  46. ^ "The Ocean Cleanup Fails on Its First Effort". www.oaklandmagazine.com. 5 March 2019. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  47. ^ "Great Pacific Garbage Patch: giant plastic trap put to sea again". The Guardian. Associated Press. 23 June 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  48. ^ Pieters, Janene (24 June 2019). "Ocean Cleanup's plastic collecting boom relaunched". nltimes.nl. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  49. ^ Lavars, Nick (19 August 2019). "Ocean Cleanup attaches parachutes to trash-collecting barriers to maintain steady speeds". New Atlas. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  50. ^ a b Boffey, Daniel (3 October 2019). "Ocean cleanup device successfully collects plastic for first time". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  51. ^ Lavars, Nick (27 June 2019). "Take two: Upgraded Ocean Cleanup barrier returns to take on the Great Pacific Garbage Patch". newatlas.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  52. ^ Young, Chris (2 October 2019). "The Ocean Cleanup Is Successfully Recovering Plastic from the Pacific Ocean". interestingengineering.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  53. ^ Boffey, Daniel (2 October 2019). "Ocean cleanup device successfully collects plastic for first time". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  54. ^ The Maritime Executive (2019, 11 June). The Ocean Cleanup Unveils River Vessel. https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/the-ocean-cleanup-unveils-river-vessel Archived 2021-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ DesignBoom (nd). the ocean cleanup unveils floating garbage truck that catches plastic in rivers. https://www.designboom.com/technology/the-ocean-cleanup-interceptor-river-plastic-pollution-10-30-2019/ Archived 2021-04-29 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ The Ocean Cleanup (2020, 22 January). Interceptor 001 in Place After Extreme Flooding in Jakarta. Retrieved 22 April 2021, from: https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/interceptor-001-in-place-after-extreme-flooding-in-jakarta/ Archived 2021-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ^ Meyer, R. & Gokkon, B. (2020, 17 March). The Ocean Cleanup's 'Interceptor' Aims to Clean 1,000 Rivers in 5 Years. Will It Work? Retrieved 22 April 2021, from: https://www.ecowatch.com/ocean-cleanup-interceptor-2645510058.html Archived 2021-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ^ EfeVerde (2020, 19 August). Interceptor 004 cleans the Dominican Republic river of garbage. FuturoVerde. Retrieved 22 April 2021, from: https://futuroverde.org/2020/08/19/interceptor-004-limpia-de-basura-el-rio-de-de-republica-dominicana/ Archived 2021-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
  59. ^ Hellenic Shipping News (2020, 11 December). The Ocean Cleanup prepares for series production of Interceptor – partners with Konecranes. Retrieved 22 April 2020, from: https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/the-ocean-cleanup-prepares-for-series-production-of-interceptor-partners-with-konecranes/ Archived 2021-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ^ "The Ocean Cleanup Trials New Interceptor in World's Most Polluting River • Updates • The Ocean Cleanup". The Ocean Cleanup. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  61. ^ Interceptor 006 Has Tackled Over 850,000 KG of Trash in Guatemala So Far, 14 June 2023, retrieved 29 June 2023
  62. ^ a b c Lavars, Nick (13 August 2021). "Ocean Cleanup's biggest system sweeps into Great Pacific Garbage Patch". New Atlas. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  63. ^ Lavars, Nick (22 October 2021). "Ocean Cleanup moves beyond testing and outlines a system 3x the size". New Atlas. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  64. ^ Castleman, Terry (11 May 2023). "77 tons less trash made it into the ocean thanks to this experimental L.A. County device". Los Angeles Times.
  65. ^ "FIRST 100,000 KG REMOVED FROM THE GREAT PACIFIC GARBAGE PATCH". theoceancleanup. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  66. ^ Lavars, Nick (21 September 2022). "Ocean Cleanup video artfully depicts demise of Great Pacific Garbage Patch". New Atlas. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  67. ^ Weiss, Sabrina. "The Harmful Side Effect of Cleaning Up the Ocean". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  68. ^ erika (21 July 2022). "Transition to System 03 Begins • Updates • The Ocean Cleanup". The Ocean Cleanup. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  69. ^ Ridden, Paul (5 June 2024). "Marine fungus takes a bite out of plastic waste". New Atlas. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  70. ^ "Today we reached an exciting milestone: over 100,000kg of plastic removed from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch". twitter.com.
  71. ^ Verweij, Hilde (26 October 2019). "Dutch foundation launches project to tackle river plastic pollution | National Post". National Post. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  72. ^ "Expanding the Interceptor Family". The Ocean Cleanup. 31 December 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  73. ^ "Milestones: System 001". www.theoceancleanup.com.
  74. ^ "Transition to System 03 Begins". theoceancleanup.com. 21 July 2022.
  75. ^ "System 03: A Beginner's Guide". theoceancleanup.com. 31 August 2023.
  76. ^ "The Interceptor™". The Ocean Cleanup. 6 May 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  77. ^ "2021 Highlights: Why we won't forget this year". YouTube. 30 December 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  78. ^ Mega Expedition Archived 2017-08-23 at the Wayback Machine, Theoceancleanup.com. Vittu mitä paskaa.
  79. ^ "Garbage 'patch' is much worse than believed, entrepreneur says". SFGate. 23 August 2015. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  80. ^ "Great Pacific Garbage Patch more awash with waste than expected". New Atlas. 4 October 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  81. ^ Milman, Oliver (4 October 2016). "'Great Pacific garbage patch' far bigger than imagined, aerial survey shows". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  82. ^ "The Ocean Cleanup Survey App – Apps on Google Play". play.google.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  83. ^ Reisser, J.; Slat, B.; Noble, K.; du Plessis, K.; Epp, M.; Proietti, M.; de Sonneville, J.; Becker, T.; Pattiaratchi, C. (26 February 2015). "The vertical distribution of buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in the North Atlantic Gyre" (PDF). Biogeosciences. 12 (4): 1249–1256. Bibcode:2015BGeo...12.1249R. doi:10.5194/bg-12-1249-2015. ISSN 1726-4189.
  84. ^ Kooi, Merel; Reisser, Julia; Slat, Boyan; Ferrari, Francesco F.; Schmid, Moritz S.; Cunsolo, Serena; Brambini, Roberto; Noble, Kimberly; Sirks, Lys-Anne (10 October 2016). "The effect of particle properties on the depth profile of buoyant plastics in the ocean". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 33882. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633882K. doi:10.1038/srep33882. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5056413. PMID 27721460.
  85. ^ Lebreton, Laurent C. M.; van der Zwet, Joost; Damsteeg, Jan-Willem; Slat, Boyan; Andrady, Anthony; Reisser, Julia (7 June 2017). "River plastic emissions to the world's oceans". Nature Communications. 8: 15611. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815611L. doi:10.1038/ncomms15611. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5467230. PMID 28589961.
  86. ^ Berman, Robby (17 June 2017). "Where Is the Plastic in the Ocean Coming From? Try Asia". Big Think. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  87. ^ Chen, Qiqing; Reisser, Julia; Cunsolo, Serena; Kwadijk, Christiaan; Kotterman, Michiel; Proietti, Maira; Slat, Boyan; Ferrari, Francesco F.; Schwarz, Anna (21 December 2017). "Pollutants in Plastics within the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre" (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 52 (2): 446–456. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04682. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 29185716.
  88. ^ Lebreton, L.; Slat, B.; Ferrari, F.; Sainte-Rose, B.; Aitken, J.; Marthouse, R.; Hajbane, S.; Cunsolo, S.; Schwarz, A. (22 March 2018). "Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 4666. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4666L. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5864935. PMID 29568057.
  89. ^ Lebreton, Laurent; Egger, Matthias; Slat, Boyan (12 September 2019). "A global mass budget for positively buoyant macroplastic debris in the ocean". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 12922. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912922L. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49413-5. PMC 6742645. PMID 31515537.
  90. ^ Egger, Matthias; Sulu-Gambari, Fatimah; Lebreton, Laurent (6 May 2020). "First evidence of plastic fallout from the North Pacific Garbage Patch". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 7495. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.7495E. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64465-8. PMC 7203237. PMID 32376835.
  91. ^ Ryan, Peter G.; Dilley, Ben J.; Ronconi, Robert A.; Connan, Maëlle (25 September 2019). "Rapid increase in Asian bottles in the South Atlantic Ocean indicates major debris inputs from ships". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (42): 20892–20897. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11620892R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909816116. PMC 6800376. PMID 31570571.
  92. ^ "Ocean plastic waste probably comes from ships, report says". AFP.com. 16 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  93. ^ Kratochwill, Lindsey (26 March 2016). "Too good to be true? The Ocean Cleanup Project faces feasibility questions". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  94. ^ "Thanks to Our Partners We Can Clean the Oceans". theoceancleanup.com. [htltps://web.archive.org/web/20210811234828/https://theoceancleanup.com/partners/ Archived] from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  95. ^ "The Ocean Cleanup Project Secures Major Funding". subseaworldnews.com. 5 May 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  96. ^ a b "The Ocean Cleanup is awarded Macquarie 50th Anniversary Award | Press release". The Ocean Cleanup. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  97. ^ a b R Sabri (20 October 2020). "The Ocean Cleanup Flashes Sunglasses Made from Ocean Plastic". TriplePundit. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  98. ^ H van der Vliet (5 June 2020). "DNV GL launches standard for traceability of recovered plastic from the ocean". DNV GL. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  99. ^ Staff Writer (24 October 2020). "Turning Trash into Treasure: The Ocean Cleanup Sunglasses". The Ocean Cleanup. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  100. ^ "The Ocean Cleanup and Kia announce global partnership". The Ocean Cleanup. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  101. ^ Staff Writer (3 February 2023). "Airbnb and Samara Co-Founder Joe Gebbia Donates $25 Million to The Ocean Cleanup". The Ocean Cleanup.
  102. ^ Rainey, James (4 January 2019). "The audacious plan to clean plastics from the Pacific Ocean has broken down". NBC News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019. "I certainly hope they will be able to get it to work, but this is a very difficult environment where equipment breaks, which is why you normally do things closer to shore, where things are easier to repair," said Miriam Goldstein, director of ocean policy at the Center for American Progress, a liberal think tank. ... Goldstein wrote her Ph.D. dissertation in oceanography on the Pacific Garbage Patch. ... "A great deal of money is being spent on this Ocean Cleanup device," Goldstein said, "when there are various other methods that remove a lot more plastic, for a lot less money."
  103. ^ a b Simon, Matt (9 January 2019). "Ocean Cleanup's Plastic Catcher Is Busted. So What Now?". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  104. ^ Stuart, Ryan (21 September 2021). "Scooping Plastic Out of the Ocean Is a Losing Game". Hakai Magazine. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  105. ^ Spencer, Matthew; Culhane, Fiona; Chong, Fiona; Powell, Megan O.; Holst, Rozemarijn J. Roland; Helm, Rebecca (27 April 2023). "Estimating the impact of new high seas activities on the environment: the effects of ocean-surface macroplastic removal on sea surface ecosystems". PeerJ. 11: e15021. doi:10.7717/peerj.15021. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 10149055. PMID 37131993.
  106. ^ Solly, Meilan. "2,000-Foot-Long Plastic Catcher Released to Aid Cleanup of Great Pacific Garbage Patch". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  107. ^ "The Ocean Cleanup Annual Report 2023" (PDF). theoceancleanup.com/. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  108. ^ Boyan Slat Founder – The Ocean Cleanup 2014 Champion of the Earth – Inspiration and Action Archived 2015-11-18 at the Wayback Machine, web.unep.org. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  109. ^ C2-MTL and Intel Reveal Top 20 Finalists Archived 2015-11-18 at the Wayback Machine, C2Montreal.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  110. ^ The 2015 Innovation By Design Awards Winners: Social Good Archived 2015-11-17 at the Wayback Machine Fastcodesign.com retrieved 2015-11-17
  111. ^ "The Leading Global Thinkers of 2015". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  112. ^ "Plastic-scooping Ocean Cleanup project wins prestigious Katerva Award". Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  113. ^ "Press release: Winner of the Heyerdahl Award 2017 – Nor-Shipping". Nor-Shipping. 31 May 2017. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ocean Cleanup.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ocean_Cleanup&oldid=1254942990#CITEREFSummers2018"