Egyptian tomb bat
| Egyptian tomb bat | |
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| Illustration accompanying the original species description. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Emballonuridae |
| Genus: | Taphozous |
| Species: | T. perforatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Taphozous perforatus | |
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| distribution | |
| Synonyms[4] | |
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The Egyptian tomb bat (Taphozous perforatus) is a species of sac-winged bat in the family Emballonuridae.[1] It is a medium- to large-sized microbat with a mass of approximately 30 g (1.1 oz).[5] It is an aerial insectivore, foraging in open space.[5] Based on individuals captured in Ethiopia, it is thought to feed predominantly on Lepidoptera, but is also known to feed on Isoptera, Coleoptera and Orthoptera.[5]
Description
[edit]Its total body length is 64.8–80 mm (2.55–3.15 in), with different subspecies varying in size. Its forearms are 60.2–65.3 mm (2.37–2.57 in) long. Its ears are 15–23 mm (0.59–0.91 in) long.[6]
Subspecies
[edit]Mammals of Africa follows Mammal Species of the World in recognizing four subspecies.[3][4]
- T. p. senegalensis Desmarest, 1820[7] — West Africa
- T. p. perforatus É. Geoffroy, 1818[2] — Egypt and northern Sudan
- T. p. sudani Thomas, 1915[8] — Southern Sudan, South Sudan, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Botswana, and Zimbabwe
- T. p. haedinus Thomas, 1915[9] — Tanzania through Ethiopia and in South Asia.
Biology
[edit]Diet
[edit]An analysis of the bat's feces done by J. Rydell and D. W. Yalden in 1997 in Ethiopia deduced its diet is mostly moths (57%). Other prey includes: termites (14%), beetles (10%), katydids and crickets (8%), bugs (3%), lacewings (2%), ants (1%), and flies (1%).[10][4]
Reproduction
[edit]Juvenile bats (pups) and lactating females have been encountered in July. Parturition, or giving birth, likely occurs in late May and early June. They are polyestrous, capable of becoming pregnant multiple times a year. Pregnancies can occur in quick succession, with one female identified that was simultaneously lactating and pregnant.[6]
Parasites
[edit]Michel Anciaux de Faveaux reports the following fleas, bat-flies, ticks, and mites have been found as ectoparasites on this species:[4]
- Siphonaptera: Pulicidae
- Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae
- Diptera: Nycteribiidae
- Diptera: Streblidae
- Acari: Argasida
- Acari: Macronyssidae
- Steatonyssus sp.
- Acari: Myobiidae
- Acari: Chirodiscidae
Genetics
[edit]Based on a study of Egyptian specimens, A. E. Yaseen and colleagues report its chromosome number is 2n = 42 and its autosomal fundamental number is 64.[11][4]
Reservoir of MERS-CoV
[edit]An isolate of the MERS-CoV from the first patient identified was found in an Egyptian tomb bat near the victim's home in Saudi Arabia. The isolate, found in a fecal pellet from the bat, was found to be a 100% match with the London victim.[12][13]
Range and habitat
[edit]Its type locality is Kom Ombo, Egypt.[4] Geoffroy's initial description was based on specimens from Kom Ombo and Thebes but he didn't specify which was the type location; D. Kock designated Kom Ombo the type locality in 1969.[14] It is found in Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, India, Iran, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is dry savanna.[15] In South Asia, it prefers tropical thorn forests. It avoids deserts and forests. It is not found at elevations above 200 m (660 ft).[1]
Conservation
[edit]It is currently assessed as least concern by the IUCN. It meets the criteria for this listing because it has a large population, a wide distribution, and its population trend is currently stable. A threat facing the populations in South Asia is destruction of the thorn forests. Thorn forests are currently being destroyed for agriculture, mining, and stone quarries.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Monadjem, A.; Molur, S.; Hutson, A.M.; Amr, Z.S.S.; Kock, D.; Mickleburgh, S.; Bergmans, W. (2020) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Taphozous perforatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T21463A166505490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T21463A166505490.en. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ a b Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, [É.] (1818). "Description des mammifères qui se trouvent en Égypt". Description de l'Égypte: Histoire naturelle. Paris. pp. 126–128. – Pl. 3, Fig. 1.
- ^ a b Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d e f Taylor, P.J. (2013). "Taphozous perforatus Egyptian Tomb Bat". In Happold, Meredith; Happold, David C. D. (eds.). Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats. Mammals of Africa. Vol. 4. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 436–437.
- ^ a b c Monadjem; et al. (2010). Bats of Southern and Central Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
- ^ a b Harrison, David L. (1958). "A new race of tomb bat Taphozous perforatus E. Geoffroy, 1818, from northern Nigeria, with some observations on its breeding biology". Durban Museum Novitates. 5: 143–149. hdl:10520/AJA0012723X_1585.
- ^ Desmaret, A. G. (1820). "Esp. Taphien Lérot-volant, Taphozous senegalensis". Mammalogie, ou, Description des espèces de mammifères. Vol. 1. Paris. p. 130.
- ^ Thomas, Oldfield (1915). "On three new bats obtained by Mr. Willoughby Lowe in the Sudan". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8. 15 (90): 561–562. doi:10.1080/00222931508693671.
- ^ Thomas, Oldfield (1915). "Notes on Taphozous and Saccolaimus". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 24 (1): 62–63.
- ^ Rydell, J.; Yalden, D. W. (1997). "The diets of two high-flying bats from Africa". Journal of Zoology. 242 (1): 69–76. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb02930.x.
- ^ Yassen, A. E.; Hassan, H. A.; Kawashti, L. S. (1994). "Comparative study of the karyotypes of two Egyptian species of bats, Taphozous perforatus and Taphozous nudiventris (Chiroptera: Mammalia)". Experientia. 50 (11–12): 1111–1114. doi:10.1007/BF01923469. ISSN 0014-4754.
- ^ Memish, Ziad A.; Mishra, Nischay; Olival, Kevin J.; Fagbo, Shamsudeen F.; Kapoor, Vishal; Epstein, Jonathan H.; AlHakeem, Rafat; Durosinloun, Abdulkareem; Al Asmari, Mushabab; Islam, Ariful; Kapoor, Amit; Briese, Thomas; Daszak, Peter; Al Rabeeah, Abdullah A.; Lipkin, W. Ian (November 2013). "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Bats, Saudi Arabia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 19 (11): 1819–1823. doi:10.3201/eid1911.131172. PMC 3837665. PMID 24206838.
- ^ "MERS-CoV found in bat; hunt for other sources goes on | CIDRAP". Cidrap.umn.edu. 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ Koopman, Karl F. (1975). "Bats of the Sudan". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 154 (4): 370–372. hdl:2246/609.
- ^ Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, Christian T., eds. (2011). The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region. Cambridge University Press. pp. 276–278.
Further reading
[edit]- Heuglin, Th. v. (1877). "Der haarbäuchige Grabflatterer". Reise in Nordost-Afrika. Vol. 2. Brannschweig: George Westermann. pp. 25–26.
- Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Muhammad; Javid, Arshad; Nadeem, Muhammad Sajid; Ashraf, Sana (2012). "An extralimital record of the Egyptian tomb bat Taphozous perforatus from Pakistan". Mammalia. 76 (2): 227–229. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2011-0009.
- Nader, Iyad A. (1975). "On the bats (Chiroptera) of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Journal of Zoology. 176 (3): 336. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb03205.x.
- Wason, A. (1977). "Observations on homing abilities of some insectivorous bats". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 77: 305–306.
- Yom-Tov, Yoram; Kadmon, Ronen (1998). "Analysis of the distribution of insectivorous bats in Israel" (PDF). Diversity and Distributions. 4 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1046/j.1472-4642.1998.00012.x.