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The search for a replacement for the aging ''Sea Wolf'' class missile gunboats, which entered into service in 1972, started in the mid-1990s. The United States, Sweden and France participated in the bid for the contract.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tay |last=Joo Lin |title=Formidable Voyage to Deliver First Stealth Frigate |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |date=2007-05-26 |accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> In March 2000, the Singapore [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]] awarded the contract to [[DCNS (company)|DCNS]] for the design and construction of six frigates. A key feature of the contract was the [[technology transfer]] arrangement. Under the arrangement, DCNS was to design and build the first frigate in its [[Lorient]] yard in France while the remaining five frigates were to be built locally by Singapore Technologies (ST) Marine at its [[Benoi]] yard in Singapore. Subsequent maintenance and mid-life retrofit will be done by ST Marine.
The search for a replacement for the aging ''Sea Wolf'' class missile gunboats, which entered into service in 1972, started in the mid-1990s. The United States, Sweden and France participated in the bid for the contract.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tay |last=Joo Lin |title=Formidable Voyage to Deliver First Stealth Frigate |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |date=2007-05-26 |accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> In March 2000, the Singapore [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]] awarded the contract to [[DCNS (company)|DCNS]] for the design and construction of six frigates. A key feature of the contract was the [[technology transfer]] arrangement. Under the arrangement, DCNS was to design and build the first frigate in its [[Lorient]] yard in France while the remaining five frigates were to be built locally by Singapore Technologies (ST) Marine at its [[Benoi]] yard in Singapore. Subsequent maintenance and mid-life retrofit will be done by ST Marine.


Construction of the ''Formidable'' began in late 2002, when the keel was laid down in Lorient on November 2002.
Construction of the "Weiner" began in late 2002, when the keel was laid down in Lorient on November 2002.


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Revision as of 05:25, 14 July 2014

Formidable-class frigate
RSS Steadfast in 2008
RSS Steadfast in 2008
Class overview
NameFormidable
Builderslist error: <br /> list (help)
DCNS
ST Engineering (Marine)
Operators Republic of Singapore Navy
Completed6
Active6
General characteristics
TypeFrigate
Displacement3,200 tonnes (3,150 long tons; 3,530 short tons)
Length114.8 m (376 ft 8 in)
Beam16.3 m (53 ft 6 in)
Draught6.0 m (19 ft 8 in)
Installed powerlist error: <br /> list (help)
4 × ISM V1708 diesel generators, each producing 860 kilowatts (1,150 shp)[5]
Total output: 3,440 kW (4,610 shp)
Propulsionlist error: <br /> list (help)
Combined diesel and diesel (CODAD) arrangement
4 × MTU 20V 8000 M90, each rated at 9,100 kW (12,200 shp)[1]
Total output: 36,400 kW (48,800 shp)
Speedlist error: <br /> list (help)
Maximum: 27 knots (50.0 km/h; 31.1 mph)
Cruising: 18 kn (33.3 km/h; 20.7 mph)
Range4,200 nautical miles (7,780 km)
Complement71, excluding air crew detachment of approx. 19
Sensors and
processing systems		list error: <br /> list (help)
Search radar: Thales Herakles multi-function Passive electronically scanned array radar
Navigation radar: Terma Electronic Scanter 2001
Sonar: EDO Model 980 active low frequency towed sonar (ALOFTS)
Electronic warfare
& decoys		list error: <br /> list (help)
ESM: RAFAEL C-PEARL-M
Decoys: Sagem Défense Sécurité New Generation Dagaie System, 2 × forward & 1 × aft.
Armamentlist error: <br /> list (help)
Anti-ship: 8 × RGM-84C Harpoon SSM
Anti-air: MBDA Aster 15/30[2] launched from 4 × Sylver A50 8-cell VLS
Anti-submarine: EuroTorp A244/S Mod 3 torpedoes launched from 2 × B515 triple tubes with reloads
Guns: Oto Melara 76mm Super Rapid gun (mounted in stealth cupola), 4 × CIS 50MG 12.7 mm (0.50 in) HMG, 2 × 25mm Mk38 Mod2 Typhoon Weapon Station Stabilised Gun
Aircraft carried1 × S-70B Seahawk multi-mission capable naval helicopter
Aviation facilitiesFlight deck and enclosed hangar for up to two medium-lift helicopters
NotesSources:[3][4]

The Formidable-class multi-role stealth frigates are the latest surface platforms to enter into service with the Republic of Singapore Navy, and are multi-mission derivatives of the French Navy’s La Fayette class frigate.[6] The frigates are key information nodes and fighting units, and are described as "by far the most advanced surface combatants in Southeast Asia."[7] The six ships form the 185 Squadron of the RSN.

Planning and acquisition

The search for a replacement for the aging Sea Wolf class missile gunboats, which entered into service in 1972, started in the mid-1990s. The United States, Sweden and France participated in the bid for the contract.[8] In March 2000, the Singapore Ministry of Defence awarded the contract to DCNS for the design and construction of six frigates. A key feature of the contract was the technology transfer arrangement. Under the arrangement, DCNS was to design and build the first frigate in its Lorient yard in France while the remaining five frigates were to be built locally by Singapore Technologies (ST) Marine at its Benoi yard in Singapore. Subsequent maintenance and mid-life retrofit will be done by ST Marine.

Construction of the "Weiner" began in late 2002, when the keel was laid down in Lorient on November 2002.

Name Pennant
number		 Launched Commissioned
RSS Formidable 68 7 January 2004 5 May 2007
RSS Intrepid 69 3 July 2004 5 February 2008
RSS Steadfast 70 28 January 2005 5 February 2008
RSS Tenacious 71 15 July 2005 5 February 2008
RSS Stalwart 72 9 December 2005 16 January 2009
RSS Supreme 73 9 May 2006 16 January 2009

Design and construction

Radar cross section (RCS) reduction features have been incorporated into the Formidable class design, with inclined hull sides and bulwarks as well as concealment of ship boats and replenishment-at-sea equipment behind low-RCS curtains. The Formidable class have a significantly reduced profile than the La Fayette class and its other derivatives,[9] due to the smaller superstructure and the use of enclosed sensor mast technology.[10] The frigate is also constructed entirely of steel, unlike the La Fayette class which makes extensive use of weight-saving composite structures in its aft superstructure block.[11] The frigates also possess better sea keeping qualities and are able to stay at sea for longer periods of time.[4]

Sensors and systems

The frigates are equipped with the Thales Herakles passive electronically scanned array multi-function radar, which provides three-dimensional surveillance for up to 250 km (155.3 mi).[12] The radar provides all-round automatic search and tracking of both air and surface targets, and is integrated with the MBDA Aster air defence system.[13] Utilising the DCNS Sylver vertical launch system (VLS), each frigate is equipped with 32 cells.[14] It is reported that the frigates have a special surface-to-air missile configuration, combining the Thales Herakles radar with the Sylver A50 launcher and a mix of Aster 15 and 30 missiles.[15]

The Formidable class frigates are key nodes within the Singapore Armed Forces' Integrated Knowledge-based Command and Control network, a concept similar to the United States Department of Defense's network-centric warfare doctrine. The locally-developed Combat Management System integrates all the sensors and weapon systems on board, and a dual Fast Ethernet data transfer system forms the backbone of this system.[11]

Each frigate has a span of influence that stretches up to about 200 nmi (370 km), where it acts as the Navy's mobile operations centre out at sea and receives information from sister ships and aerial assets deployed within the range. The Combat Management System will then make sense of the different data, establish an accurate picture of the area of operations, and send the information back to shore and to its army and air force counterparts.[16] This increases battlespace awareness and allows little time for the enemy to react due to the short sensor-to-shooter loops.[17]

Armament

The frigates are equipped with Boeing Harpoon missiles and Oto Melara 76 mm guns for surface defence. The Harpoon missile has a range of 117 km (63 nmi) and uses active radar guidance. It is armed with a 227 kg (500 lb) warhead. The gun fires 6 kg (13 lb) shells to a maximum range of 30 km (33,000 yd) at a firing rate of up to 120 rounds per minute.

The frigates are also equipped with the EDO Corporation active low frequency towed sonar to enable long range submarine detection and classification, as well as EuroTorp A244/S Mod 3 lightweight torpedoes fired from two B515 triple-tube launchers hidden behind the bulwark.

The frigates are equipped with Sikorsky S-70B naval helicopters, an international derivative of the United States Navy Sikorsky SH-60B Seahawk. The Ministry of Defence signed a contract with Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in January 2005 to acquire six of these helicopters, which will be organic to the frigates.[18] Each of these naval helicopters are equipped with a Telephonics AN/APS-143 Ocean Eye X-band maritime surveillance and tracking radar,[19] a L-3 Communications Helicopter Long Range Active Sonar (HELRAS) dipping sonar, EuroTorp A244/S Mod 3 torpedoes and a Raytheon AAS-44 electro-optic system to provide infrared detection and tracking.[20] The naval helicopters will be raised as a squadron in the Republic of Singapore Air Force and piloted by air force pilots, but the system operators will be from the Navy.

Operational History

Astern view from starboard: RSS Steadfast during RIMPAC 2008.

RSS Formidable participated in Exercise Malabar 07-2 in September 2007, a Theater Security Cooperation engagement involving the navies of the United States, India, Australia, Japan and Singapore.[21][22] The exercise involved more than 20,000 personnel on 28 ships and 150 aircraft, including the USS Kitty Hawk Carrier Strike Group.[23]

RSS Intrepid in port

RSS Intrepid conducted the navy's inaugural live firing of the French-made Aster 15 surface-to-air missile on 2 April 2008, off the French coast of Toulon.[24] The frigate successfully shot down an aerial drone simulating an enemy target with an Aster missile. It was reported that the frigate sailed halfway round the world to test fire the Aster missiles due to the crowded air and sealanes around Singapore and the lack of an instrumented firing range needed by defence engineers to track and measure the performance of the Aster missile.[25]

RSS Steadfast participated in the world's largest multilateral naval exercise RIMPAC for the first time from 27 June to 31 July 2008, which involved 20,000 personnel from 10 countries operating over 35 ships, six submarines and over 150 aircraft.[26] During this exercise, RSS Steadfast launched a Harpoon missile on a decommissioned USN warship on 14 July 2008 and also refueled at sea with a contingent of USN vessels.[27][28][29] Participation in this exercise also validated the RSN's ability to conduct sustained sea operations.[30]

On 16 November 2009, the Republic of Singapore Air Force established its Peace Triton Sikorsky S-70B Seahawk Naval Helicopter detachment at the USN Maritime Strike Weapons School in San Diego, California to undertake qualification and operational training under the umbrella of the USN's SH-60F Aircraft Qualification Course. RSS Stalwart was deployed to southern California to support ship/air integration activities.[31] On 25 March 2010, the Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean announced that the Seahawk integration programme had successfully concluded with a "high-tempo, week-long exercise" involving assets from both the RSN and USN, including five surface ships, a submarine, maritime patrol aircraft and F-18 Hornet combat jets.[32]

In September 2012 the RSN deployed RSS Intrepid and an S-70B naval helicopter in support of Combined Task Force 151 (CTF 151), a multinational effort to fight piracy in the shipping lanes off Somalia. This was the first operational deployment of a Formidable-class frigate and naval helicopter for counter-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden.[33] This was followed by a second deployment in March 2014 of a task group comprising RSS Tenacious and another S-70B, the fifth such mission undertaken by the SAF.[34]

On 9 March 2014, RSS Steadfast was deployed along with other air and sea assets to assist with the search and rescue operations of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.[35]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "MTU Series 8000". MTU-online. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  2. ^ Andy Mativi (January–February 2008). "Global Dispatches: Target Acquisition - MAST highlights missile defense concepts". Defense Technology International (Online). Dow Jones Reuters Business Interactive LLC: 38. ISSN 1935-6269. OCLC 456168746. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  3. ^ "Republic of Singapore Navy - Naval Assets". Ministry of Defence (Singapore) (MINDEF). 15 March 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ a b "Capabilities of the Frigate". MINDEF. Retrieved 23 April 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ "Isotta Fraschini Motori S.p.A. engines specs". Diesel-Specs.Com. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  6. ^ "Formidable Frigate". DCNS. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
  7. ^ Minnick, Wendell (14 May 2007). "Singapore's Navy Cruises Toward Blue-Water Force". Defence News. Army Times Publishing Company. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  8. ^ Joo Lin, Tay (26 May 2007). "Formidable Voyage to Deliver First Stealth Frigate". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  9. ^ "DCNS - European Leader in Naval Defence" (PDF). DCNS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  10. ^ "Surface Forces". Strategy Page. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
  11. ^ a b Scott, Richard (April 2006). "Singapore Moves to Realise Its Formidable Ambitions". Jane's Navy International. 111 (4): 42–49.
  12. ^ "Thales HERAKLES" (PDF). Thales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  13. ^ "Combat Systems of the Frigate". MINDEF. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  14. ^ "Formidable Class Multi-Mission Frigates, Singapore". Naval Technology. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  15. ^ "Target acquisition - MAST highlights missile-defense concepts". Defence Technology International. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  16. ^ "Frigates to Function as Ops Centre in Integrated Warfighting". MINDEF. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
  17. ^ Wan, Gail (May 2007). "Heralding the New-Age Navy". Pioneer. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
  18. ^ "Republic of Singapore Navy Acquires Six New Naval Helicopters". Sikorsky Corporation. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  19. ^ Designation-Systems.net: AN/APR to AN/APS - Equipment Listing
  20. ^ Moss, Trefor (March 2010). "Helicopters return to Singapore following integration training". Jane's Navy International.
  21. ^ "Kitty Hawk, Allies Complete Malabar Exercise". United States Navy. 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ^ "Statement by Admiral Gary Roughead Chief of Naval Operations Before The House Armed Services Committee On The Cooperative Strategy For 21st Century Seapower" (PDF). United States Navy. 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ "Exercise Malabar 07-2 Kicks Off". United States Navy. 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean Witnesses Inaugural Aster Missile Live Firing". MINDEF. 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Boey, David (3 April 2008). "S'pore Navy's first surface-to-air missile firing a success". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  26. ^ "RIMPAC Touted as Largest Maritime Exercise in the World". United States Navy. 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  27. ^ "Republic of Singapore Navy Participates in RIMPAC For First Time". Aviation Weekly - Ares. 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ^ "Singapore Navy's Inaugural Participation in Rim of the Pacific Exercise". Ministry of Defence Singapore. 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ^ "Singapore warship makes mark in 10-nation drill". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ^ "Singapore's Steadfast successfully fires Harpoon missile". Jane's Defence Weekly. July 2008.
  31. ^ Scott, Richard (November 2009). "Singapore establishes 'Peace Triton' helicopter training unit in US". Jane's Navy International.
  32. ^ Moss, Trefor (March 2010). "Singapore's Seahawk integration programme concludes successfully". Jane's Navy International.
  33. ^ "RSS Intrepid returns home" (Press release). Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. 16 December 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  34. ^ "SAF Deploys Fifth Task Group to the Gulf of Aden" (Press release). MINDEF. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  35. ^ http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/saf-deploys-more-assets-help-search-missing-plane
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