General authority

In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), a general authority is a member of the highest levels of leadership in the church^[1] who has administrative and ecclesiastical authority over the church. A general authority's jurisdiction is church-wide, in contrast to the responsibilities of a local authority or an area authority, which relate to a particular area, unit, or department of the church. As a group, the general authorities are often referred to as "the Brethren".^[1] As of March 2016, the number of general authorities is 103.^[2]

Origin of the term

The first scriptural use of the term general authority was in minutes of a meeting for the organization of the Presiding High Council in 1834. Though the original minutes did not refer to the term general authorities, the revised minutes, which were included in the 1835 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, stated that decisions of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles "can only be called into question by the general authorities of the church in case of transgression."^[3] The use of the term general authorities at this time and in this context is generally interpreted to include the First Presidency and the Presiding High Council.^{[citation needed]}

Composition and distinction from general officers

By definition, general authorities are members of the church's priesthood.^[1] In order of precedence,^[1] the general authorities include the members of the following leadership organizations:

Organization	Membership	Title given to members (e.g., Title Smith or Title John J. Smith)	Tenure
First Presidency	President of the Church and his chosen counselors	President^[1]	President of the Church: Life Counselors: Until own death, death of the President of the Church, or release at the discretion of the president
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles	12 Apostles	Elder;^[1] President or Acting President of the Quorum: President^[1]	Typically life; may be removed from Quorum to join First Presidency
Presidency of the Seventy	7 Seventies, typically drawn from the First or Second Quorum of the Seventy	Elder^[1]	Variable (usually 5–8 years); until release at the discretion of the church president; may remain a member of the First or Second Quorum of the Seventy when released
First Quorum of the Seventy	Up to 70 Seventies	Elder^[1]	Life; will typically be relieved of active duties and granted emeritus status around age 70
Second Quorum of the Seventy	Up to 70 Seventies	Elder^[1]	Variable (usually 5–7 years); until release at the discretion of the church president
Presiding Bishopric	3 Bishops: one presiding bishop and two counselors	Bishop^[1]	Variable (usually 9–12 years); until release at the discretion of the church president; will typically become a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy upon their release^[4]
Presiding Patriarch	1 Patriarch, usually a descendant of Joseph Smith, Sr.	Elder	Defunct; Life; In 1979, Eldred G. Smith was released from active duties and given general authority emeritus status. A new presiding patriarch has not been called since his death in 2013.
Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles	Defunct (was variable)	Defunct (was Elder)	All Assistants to the Twelve were added to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1976 and the position was eliminated

General officers

Not all church leaders with church-wide responsibility are considered general authorities. The general presidencies of the church's auxiliary organizations, which are sustained as general officers of the church, but are not general authorities,^[1] include the general presidencies of the following organizations:

The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority.

Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called area seventies and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority.^[5]

Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the church's April 2004 general conference, Thomas S. Monson, of the First Presidency, announced that "a recent decision [has been made] that members of the Quorums of the Seventy [will] not serve in the general presidencies of the Sunday School and Young Men."^[6]

Due to this change, no general auxiliary presidencies are composed of general authorities. Rather, the general authority seventies remain active in general church committees and have less jurisdiction over local stakes, particularly in North America. Generally, stake presidents now report to area seventies, who in turn report to area presidencies, which are usually composed of general authority seventies. In North America, there are no area presidencies, with members of the Presidency of the Seventy taking the responsibility of overseeing the areas.

Typically, general authorities are given authority to use the sealing power, while general officers and area seventies are not.

Tenure

A person is typically called to be a general authority or general officer by a member of the First Presidency or the Quorum of the Twelve. The president of the church and members of the Quorum of the Twelve are typically called for life, although there have been more than a dozen instances when an apostle has been released from his service in the Quorum of the Twelve due to disfellowshipment, excommunication, or resignation.^[7]

As with any calling in the church, general authorities and general officers serve "until they are released". In current church practice, men called to the First Quorum of the Seventy typically remain general authorities for life, but are granted emeritus status in the October following their 70th birthday.^[8] Members of the Second Quorum of the Seventy are typically called for a period of five to seven years. When members of the Second Quorum are released, they are no longer general authorities of the church. When members of the presiding bishopric are released, they typically become members of the First Quorum of the Seventy and are therefore retained as lifetime general authorities, including later being granted emeritus status.^[9]

Common consent

In the biannual general conferences of the church held in April and October, all of the general authorities and general officers of the church are presented to the Latter-day Saints for a sustaining vote, in accordance with the church's interpretation of the principle of "common consent".^[1] This is a voluntary indication made by each member (usually by raising the hand) that the member assents to be led by the individuals presented as general authorities and general officers. Members of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are always named by name, as are any persons being added or released from a position or any general authority or general officer moving from one organization to another (e.g., a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy being called to the Presidency of the Seventy). Otherwise, the general authorities and general officers of the church are simply sustained "as presently constituted".

This biannual procedure is dictated by church theology, which states that the church shall be governed by the common consent of its membership.^[10] Dissenting votes are rare and have even more rarely prevented a person from holding the proposed position. General authorities and general officers are also assigned to deliver sermons during the two-day conferences.