Guangdong Romanization

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Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese. The schemes utilized similar elements with some differences in order to adapt to their respective spoken varieties.

In certain respects, Guangdong romanization resembles pinyin in its distinction of the alveolar initials z, c, s from the alveolo-palatal initials j, q, x, and in its use of b, d, g to represent the unaspirated stop consonants /p t k/. In addition, it makes use of the medial u before the rime rather than representing it as w in the initial when it follows g or k.

Guangdong romanization makes use of diacritics to represent certain vowels. This includes the use of the circumflex, acute accent, and diaeresis in the letters ê, é, and ü, respectively. In addition, it uses -b, -d, -g to represent the coda consonants /p t k/ rather than -p, -t, -k like other romanization schemes in order to be consistent with their use as unaspirated plosives in the initial. Tones are marked by superscript numbers rather than by diacritics.

Cantonese

The scheme for Cantonese is outlined in "The Cantonese Transliteration Scheme" (simplified Chinese: 广州话拼音方案; traditional Chinese: 廣州話拼音方案; pinyin: Guǎngzhōuhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). It is referred to as the Canton Romanization on the LSHK character database. The system is not used in Hong Kong where romanization schemes such as Hong Kong Government, Yale, Cantonese Pinyin and Jyutping are popular, though it can be seen in works released in the People's Republic of China regarding Cantonese.

Initials

b /p/	p /pʰ/	m /m/	f /f/
d /t/	t /tʰ/	n /n/	l /l/
g /k/	k /kʰ/	ng /ŋ/	h /h/
z /ts/	c /tsʰ/	s /s/
j /tɕ/	q /tɕʰ/	x /ɕ/
		y /j/	w /w/

Unlike the other Cantonese romanization schemes, Guangdong romanization indicates a difference between the alveolar consonants z, c, s and the alveolo-palatal consonants j, q, x. Cantonese typically does not differentiate these two types of consonants because they are allophones that occur in complementary distributions. However, speech patterns of most Cantonese speakers do utilize both types of consonants and the romanization scheme attempts to reflect this.

z, c, and s are used before finals beginning with a, e, o, u, ê, and é.^{[citation needed]}
j, q, and x are used before finals beginning with i and ü.^{[citation needed]}

Some publications may not bother with this distinction and will choose just one set or the other to represent these consonants.

Finals

Finals consist of an optional medial and an obligatory rime.

Medials

The only recognized medial glide in the Cantonese Guangdong romanization is u, which occurs in syllables with initials g or k and rimes that begin with a, e, i, or o. In other romanization schemes, this medial is usually grouped along with the initial as gw and kw, but Guangdong romanization attempts to preserve it as a medial. For simplicity, the u is sometimes grouped with the initials anyway as gu and ku.

The u medial can occur without an initial, but in that case it is considered the same as the initial w. The same is true for the medial i, which is only recognized as the initial y.

Rimes

a /aː/	ai /aːi/	ao /aːu/	am /aːm/	an /aːn/	ang /aːŋ/	ab /aːp/	ad /aːt/	ag /aːk/
	ei /ɐi/	eo /ɐu/	em /ɐm/	en /ɐn/	eng /ɐŋ/	eb /ɐp/	ed /ɐt/	eg /ɐk/
é /ɛː/	éi /ei/				éng /ɛːŋ/			ég /ɛːk/
i /iː/		iu /iːu/	im /iːm/	in /iːn/	ing /eŋ/	ib /iːp/	id /iːt/	ig /ek/
o /ɔː/	oi /ɔːi/	ou /ou/		on /ɔːn/	ong /ɔːŋ/		od /ɔːt/	og /ɔːk/
u /uː/	ui /uːi/			un /uːn/	ung /oŋ/		ud /uːt/	ug /ok/
ê /œː/	êu /ɵy/			ên /ɵn/	êng /œːŋ/		êd /ɵt/	êg /œːk/
ü /yː/				ün /yːn/			üd /yːt/
			m /m̩/		ng /ŋ̩/

When i begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, y is used as the initial.
When u begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, w is used as the initial.
When ü begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, y is used as the initial and the umlaut is omitted.
When ü begins a rime in a syllable with initial j, q, or x, the umlaut is omitted.
The rime êu may be also written as êü (with the umlaut over the u), in accord with its pronunciation.
The rimes m and ng can only be used as standalone nasal syllables.

Tones

There are nine tones in six distinct tone contours in Cantonese. In Guangdong Romanization, one may represent the entering (入 rù) tones either together with tones 1, 3, and 6, as in the other Cantonese romanization schemes, or separately as tones 7, 8, and 9. Syllables with entering tones correspond to those ending in -b, -d, or -g.

Tone name	Yīn Píng (陰平)	Yīn Shàng (陰上)	Yīn Qù (陰去)	Yáng Píng (陽平)	Yáng Shàng (陽上)	Yáng Qù (陽去)	Yīn Rù (陰入)	Zhōng Rù (中入)	Yáng Rù (陽入)
Tone name in English	high level or high falling	mid rising	mid level	low falling	low rising	low level	entering high level	entering mid level	entering low level
Contour	55 / 53	35	33	21 / 11	13	22	5	3	2
Number	1	2	3	4	5	6	1 (7)	3 (8)	6 (9)
Simplified tone markers	\|(or no marker)	/	-	\	=	_	\|' or '	-'	_'
Character Example	分	粉	訓	焚	奮	份	忽	發	佛
Example	fen¹	fen²	fen³	fen⁴	fen⁵	fen⁶	fed¹	fad³	fed⁶
Example with simplified tone markers	fen\| or fen	fen/	fen-	fen\	fen=	fen_	fed\|' or fed'	fad-'	fed_'

Examples

Traditional	Simplified	Romanization
廣州話	广州话	guong² zeo¹ wa²
粵語	粤语	yud⁶ (or yud⁹) yu⁵
你好	你好	néi⁵ hou²

Teochew

The scheme for the Teochew dialect of Min Nan is outlined in "The Teochew Transliteration Scheme" (simplified Chinese: "潮州话拼音方案"; traditional Chinese: 〈潮州話拼音方案〉; pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). This scheme (and another similar scheme which is based upon this scheme) is often referred to as Peng'im, which is the Teochew pronunciation of pinyin.

This scheme is the romanization scheme currently described in the Teochew dialect article.

Hakka

The scheme for Hakka is outlined in "The Hakka Transliteration Scheme" (simplified Chinese: 《客家话拼音方案》; traditional Chinese: 《客家話拼音方案》; pinyin: Kèjiāhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). The scheme describes the Meixian dialect, which is generally regarded as the de facto standard dialect of Hakka in mainland China.

This scheme is the romanization scheme currently described in the Hakka Chinese article.

Hainanese

The scheme for Hainanese is outlined in the "Hainanese Transliteration Scheme" (simplified Chinese: 《海南话拼音方案》; traditional Chinese: 《海南話拼音方案》; pinyin: Hǎinánhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn).

External links

References

Yang, Mingxin (杨明新) (1999). A Concise Cantonese-English Dictionary (简明粤英词典). Guangdong Higher Education Publishing House (广东高等教育出版社). ISBN 7-5361-2350-7.