View source for HMS Resolute (1850)

{{short description|19th-century British Royal Navy barque}}
{{Other ships|HMS Resolute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[File:HMS Resolute cropped (cropped).jpg|300px|An etching of HMS ''Resolute'' from December 1856.]]
|Ship caption= An etching of HMS ''Resolute'' from December 1856.
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country= United Kingdom
|Ship flag=[[File:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|50px]]
|Ship name= ''Resolute''
|Ship builder= T&W Smith of Newcastle, UK
|Ship laid down= 1849
|Ship launched= 1850
|Ship acquired= 1850
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate= 1854, left locked in Arctic ice<ref name="proceedings">Wallis, Geoffrey "A 'Resolute' Reminder" ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'' (January 1978) pp.74-75</ref>
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country= United States
|Ship flag=[[File:U.S. flag, 31 stars.svg|50px]]
|Ship acquired= 1855, found adrift in ice<ref name="proceedings"/>
|Ship fate= 1856, restored and returned to UK as a gift<ref name="proceedings"/>
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country= United Kingdom
|Ship flag=[[File:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|50px]]
|Ship acquired= 1856<ref name="proceedings"/>
|Ship struck= 1879<ref name="proceedings"/>
|Ship fate= Broken up<ref name="proceedings"/>
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Ship tons burthen=424 [[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]
|Ship length={{convert|115|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|28.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught=
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship sail plan=3-masted barque<ref name="proceedings"/>
|Ship complement=
}}
|}

'''HMS ''Resolute''''' was a mid-19th-century [[barque]]-rigged ship of the British [[Royal Navy]], specially outfitted for Arctic exploration.  ''Resolute'' became trapped in the ice searching for [[Franklin's lost expedition]] and was abandoned in 1854.  Recovered by an American [[whaler]], she was returned to [[Queen Victoria]] in 1856. Timbers from the ship were later used to construct the [[Resolute desk|''Resolute'' desk]] which was presented to the President of the United States and is located in the [[White House]] [[Oval Office]].

==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2021}}
In the face of rising concerns regarding the fate of the [[Franklin's lost expedition|Arctic expedition of Sir John Franklin]], having left Britain in 1845 in search of the [[North West Passage]], the British Government sent expeditions in 1848 in search of the expedition. With few existing warships deemed suitable, six merchant ships were purchased between 1848 and 1850 and soon converted to exploration ships: two steamships, HMS ''Pioneer'' and HMS ''Intrepid'', the other four (''Resolute'', {{HMS|Assistance|1850|2}}, {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|2}} and {{HMS|Investigator|1848|2}}) seagoing sailing ships. The first ship to set sail in search of Franklin was HMS ''Herald'', and at the helm, [[Henry Kellett|Captain Henry Kellett]]. ''Herald'' went through the [[Bering Strait]] to search the western reaches of the Canadian Arctic. In 1850, HMS ''Investigator'', Captain McClure, and HMS ''Enterprise'', Captain Collinson were sent to the Arctic from the west.

''Resolute'', formerly known as the [[barque]] ''Ptarmigan'', was purchased on 21 February 1850 and renamed a month later. Fitted for Arctic service by the Blackwall Civilian Shipyard [[Blackwall Yard]], the refitting included installation of strong timbers, an internal heating system, and a polar bear as a figurehead.<ref name="proceedings"/>

During 1850–51, ''Resolute'' ([[flagship]]), ''Assistance'', ''Pioneer'' and ''Intrepid'', sailed the eastern Arctic under the command of [[Horatio Thomas Austin]].  The expedition found traces of Franklin's first winter camp on [[Beechey Island]].

During the winter months, from October 1850 to March 1851, Second Master George F. McDougall, from ''Resolute'' and Lieutenant [[Sherard Osborn]] of ''Intrepid'' published five accounts in ''The Illustrated Arctic News'', in what the editors identified as the "Barrow Strait". Upon returning the ''Resolute'' to her home port in England, the manuscript paper was printed in London in 1852. Atwood (1997) references extant copies of the papers at both the [[British Museum]] and the [[Scott Polar Research Institute]], Cambridge.<ref>Roy Alden Atwood (1997). [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED417447&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED417447 "Shipboard News: Nineteenth Century Handwritten Periodicals at Sea." Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (80th, Chicago, Illinois, 30 July – 3 August 1997) Addendum I].</ref>

===Belcher Expedition===
After returning to England, the squadron assigned to Austin received provisions and placed under the command of [[Edward Belcher|Sir Edward Belcher]]. The Belcher Expedition was augmented by the addition of a fifth ship, ''North Star'' that remained at Beechey Island as a [[depot ship]]. Belcher's orders contained the following objectives: to find Franklin, or evidence regarding his fate by broadening the search to the Eastern Canadian Arctic; and to split the expedition at Beechey Island and send ''Resolute'' and ''Intrepid'' west in search of Franklin, as well as secure provisions for ''Investigator'' and ''Enterprise''.<ref name="eventfulvoyage">''Eventful Voyage of H. M. Discovery Ship Resolute'', by George F. McDougall</ref> The expedition left England in April 1852, and later crossed [[Baffin Bay]] westward in August 1852. After the rendezvous of the five ships at Beechey Island, splitting the squadron was necessary. The flagship ''Assistance'' and her steam tender, ''Pioneer'', headed north up [[Wellington Channel]]. ''Resolute'', then under Captain Kellett, and her steam tender, ''Intrepid'', headed west and ''North Star'' remained at Beechey Island.<ref name="eventfulvoyage" /> In 1852, of the seven Royal Navy ships searching the Arctic, only ''Enterprise'' found traces of Franklin's expedition in the form of a small quantity of timber on the eastern coast of [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]].

[[File:Lossy-page1-4800px-H.M.S Resolute and Intrepid winter Quarters, Melville Island, 1852-53 RMG PU6194 (cropped).jpg|thumb|HMS ''Resolute'' and HMS  ''Intrepid'' winter quarters, at [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]], 1852–53. Drawn by George Frederick McDougall, sailing master on ''Resolute''.]]
The crew of ''Resolute'' set up winter camp and a temporary dock on the stationary land ice of Dealy Island near the north shore of [[Viscount Melville Sound]].<ref name="proceedings"/>  During the spring and summer of 1853, the crews of ''Resolute'' and ''Intrepid'' sledged aboard in search of clues to Franklin's whereabouts in hope to locate ''Investigator'' and ''Enterprise''.<ref name="eventfulvoyage" /> They found neither Franklin nor ''Enterprise'', but did succeed in finding and rescuing Captain McClure and his crew upon the ice-bound ship, HMS ''Investigator'' in April 1853. Captain Kellett ordered McClure to abandon ''Investigator'' due to the ship being frozen in ice since 1850. The lack of a proper spring and summer thaw kept the ship at bay. The conditions caused severe hardship for the crew, forcing the crew to reduce their rations for over a year.  Before winter set in, and while passage remained open at Dealy Island, the 1852–53 winter camp was dissolved and ''Resolute'' and ''Intrepid'' sailed eastward.<ref name="eventfulvoyage" /> In August 1853, a cold front caused the open passage to freeze, encasing ''Resolute'' in ice. Since the flow direction of the water, and therefore the ice, was from the west to the east, ''Resolute'' moved east at about {{convert|1.5|nmi|lk=in}} per day. The crew prepared the ship for the winter by stowing her sails and upper rigging below deck.<ref name="eventfulvoyage" /> ''Resolute'' was still beset by this floe ice in the spring of 1854.<ref name="proceedings"/> In April, Belcher ordered Captain Kellett to abandon ''Resolute''. Despite his protest, Kellett obeyed orders and prepared the ship for winter.<ref name="eventfulvoyage" /> In May, Captain Kellett left ''Resolute'' locked in the slowly moving floe ice, and led his men in a hard march across the ice to reach the ships of the expedition at Beechey Island.  Their number included the officers and crew of ''Investigator'', rescued by Kellett in the spring of 1853, and the men from ''Intrepid'' and ''Resolute''.

Two of the other main vessels of Belcher's fleet were abandoned, the flagship ''Assistance'' and her steam tender, ''Pioneer''. Belcher arrived at Beechey Island between May–August 1854. The men were divided into roles as crew to ''North Star'' and two relief ships: {{HMS|Phoenix|1832|6}} and {{HMS|Talbot|1824|6}}, which arrived at Beechey Island just as the overcrowded ''North Star'' was about to sail. The men left Beechey Island on 29 August 1854.<ref name="eventfulvoyage" />

The British Government announced in ''The London Gazette'' that the ships, including ''Resolute'', were still Her Majesty's property, but no salvage was attempted.<ref name="proceedings"/>

On 10 September 1855, the abandoned ''Resolute'' was found adrift by the American [[whaler]] ''George Henry'', captained by James Buddington of [[Groton, Connecticut]]<ref name="proceedings"/> in an ice floe off Cape Walsingham of [[Baffin Island]],  {{convert|1200|mi|km}} from where she had been abandoned. An October 1856, ''[[New York Journal]]'' article relates Captain Budington and crew's encounter:  
{{blockquote|Finally, stealing over the side, they found everything stowed away in proper order for desertion—spars hauled up to one side and bound, boats piled together, and hatches closed. Everything wore the silence of the tomb. Finally reaching the cabin door they broke in, and found their way in the darkness to the table. On it they accidentally turned on a box of lucifer matches; in a moment one was ignited, the glowing light revealed a candle; it was lit and before the astonished gaze of these men exposed a scene that appeared to be rather one of enchantment than reality. Upon a massive table was a metal teapot, glistening as if new, also a large volume of Scott's family Bible, together with glasses and decanters filled with choice liquors. Near by was Captain Kellett's chair, a piece of massive furniture, over which had been thrown, as if to protect this seat from vulgar occupation, the royal flag of Great Britain.<ref>[http://www.machine-history.com/node/745 The Ship ''Resolute'', Her Recovery 1856] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714014849/http://www.machine-history.com/node/745 |date=14 July 2011 }}</ref>}} Buddington split his crew, and took 13 men with him on the ''Resolute''. He arrived home in New London, Connecticut on Christmas Eve.<ref>''Two Dramatic Episodes of New England Whaling'', by Sidney Withington</ref>

[[File:William Simpson - George Zobel - England and America. The visit of her majesty Queen Victoria to the Arctic ship Resolute - December 16th, 1856 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Queen Victoria visits ''Resolute'', 16 December 1856, after its rediscovery and return to the British by the Americans.]]
Although most of the expeditions in search of the lost Franklin expedition, before 1856, were funded by either the British government or by public subscription from within the British Empire, two expeditions were funded by [[Henry Grinnell]], a New York merchant and shipowner in New Bedford, in addition to the assistance offered by the United States Government. Senator James Mason of Virginia presented Congress with the bill to restore ''Resolute'' and return her to England as a gesture of "national courtesy". Grinnell wrote in support of this bill. The [[United States Congress]] purchased the ''Resolute'' for $40,000. Once refitted, Commander Henry J. Hartstene sailed ''Resolute'' to England to present the ship to Queen Victoria on 13 December 1856, at [[East Cowes]] as a token of comity.<ref name="proceedings"/><ref>{{Cite book |author-link=Queen Victoria |url=http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/search/displayItemFromId.do?FormatType=fulltextimgsrc&QueryType=articles&&filterSequence=0&PageNumber=1&ItemID=qvj08753&volumeType=PSBEA#transcript |title=Queen Victoria's Journals |date=16 December 1856 |volume=42 |pages=233–266 |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref>

Both Grinnell and [[Jane Griffin|Lady Jane Franklin]] hoped the restored ''Resolute'' would once again be employed for a new expedition in search of the Franklin expedition. Evidence found by [[John Rae (explorer)|John Rae]] proved beyond reasonable doubt that the crew had suffered harsh conditions that led to their deaths. The British Government declined. Lady Franklin organized a private expedition under [[Francis Leopold McClintock]], who, in 1859, located the only written account of the fate of Franklin.

''Resolute'' served in the Royal Navy from 1856, but never left home waters. Retired in 1879, ''Resolute'' was later salvaged for timber.<ref name="proceedings"/> The [[Canada|Canadian]] settlement of [[Resolute, Nunavut]], is named after the ship. In March 2009, British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] presented US President [[Barack Obama]] with the framed commission of ''Resolute'', and a pen holder made from the wood of another Royal Navy ship, {{HMS|Gannet|1878|6}}.

==The ''Resolute'' desks==
[[File:Photograph of Socks the Cat Sitting Behind the President's Desk in the Oval Office- 01-07-1994 (6461515323).jpg|thumb|Presidential cat [[Socks (cat)|Socks]] sitting at the [[Resolute desk|''Resolute'' desk]] in 1994]]
[[File:Grinnell desk 6.jpg|thumb|alt=The Grinnell desk in a glass display case|The Grinnell desk on display at the [[New Bedford Whaling Museum]]]]
{{Main|Resolute desk}}
The British government ordered at least three desks to be made from the timbers of the ship, and they were constructed by cabinetmakers at the Joiner's Shop of [[Chatham Dockyard]]. A large partner's desk was presented to [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] in 1880 as a gesture of thanks for the rescue and return of ''Resolute''.<ref name="proceedings"/> Since then, this desk—known as the [[Resolute desk|''Resolute'' desk]]—has been used by every American President in some capacity except [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]], [[Richard Nixon]], and [[Gerald Ford]]. Eight Presidents have used it as their official desk in the [[Oval Office]] starting with [[John F. Kennedy]], but some have had it in their private study in the [[Executive Residence]].<ref name="proceedings"/>

A second desk, called the [[Grinnell Desk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whalingmuseum.org/explore/exhibitions/installations/grinnell-resolute-desk |title=The Grinnell Resolute Desk |publisher=New Bedford Whaling Museum |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093933/https://www.whalingmuseum.org/explore/exhibitions/installations/grinnell-resolute-desk |url-status=dead }}</ref> or, the Queen Victoria Desk, was also made from the timbers of HMS ''Resolute''. This smaller lady's desk was presented to the widow of Henry Grinnell in 1880 in recognition of her husband's generous contributions to the search for [[John Franklin|Franklin]]. In 1983, it was given to the [[New Bedford Whaling Museum]] and is in their collection in [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]].

A  third desk, or more accurately a [[writing table]], was commissioned by Queen Victoria; it remains part of the [[Royal Collection]].

==HMS ''Resolute'' in popular media==
*The 2007 novel ''HMS Resolute'' by Elizabeth Matthews is about the discovery of ''Resolute'' by the whaler ''George Henry''.<ref>Matthews, Elizabeth R. (2007). ''HMS Resolute: From the Canadian Arctic to the President's Desk''. Auxilium ab Alto Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7552-0396-3}}</ref>
*HMS ''Resolute''{{'}}s story is an integral clue in the plot of the film ''[[National Treasure: Book of Secrets]]''. The relevance of the two desks to the discovery of further clues is concealed in the [[Île aux Cygnes#Statue of Liberty|version of the Statue of Liberty upon the Île aux Cygnes]] in Paris, France. The anecdote ''"These twins stand resolute to preserve what we are looking for"'' refers to the twin ''Resolute'' desks made from the ship's timbers, with one located in [[The White House]] and the other in the [[Royal Naval Museum]] at Portsmouth (though in the film, the desk is located in [[Buckingham Palace]]).
*The book ''Resolute'', by Martin Sandler, tells the story, with historical accuracy, of all the different expeditions tied to the one by [[John Franklin]], HMS ''Resolute'' being one of them.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Sterling| isbn = 978-1-4027-5861-4| last = Sandler| first = Martin W.| title = Resolute: The Epic Search for the Northwest Passage and John Franklin, and the Discovery of the Queen's Ghost Ship| location = New York| date = 2008-04-01| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/resolute00mart_1t4}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Roderic Owen (1978). ''The Fate of Franklin'', Hutchinson. {{ISBN|0-09-131190-X}}.
*John Brown, F.R.G.S. (1860). ''The North-West Passage and the Plans for the Search for Sir John Franklin: A Review with maps, &c., Second Edition with a Sequel Including the Voyage of the "Fox"'' London, E. Stanford, 1860.
*Sherard Osborn and George F. McDougall, eds. (1852) Facsimile of the ''Illustrated Arctic News'', Published on Board H.M.S. ''Resolute'', Captain Horatio T. Austin, C.B., In Search of the Expedition Under Sir John Franklin (London, Ackerman, 1852).
*Sandler, Martin W. (2006). ''Resolute: The Epic Search for the Northwest Passage and John Franklin, and the Discovery of the Queen's Ghost Ship''. {{ISBN|9781402758614}}
*{{cite book |last=M'Dougal |first=George F |date=1857 |title=The Eventful Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ship Resolute to the Arctic Regions |series=CIHM/ICMH Microfiche |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t6737jj60;view=2up;seq=5 |location=London |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts |isbn=9780665368585 }}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/Resol.htm|title=The ''Resolute'' story|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312091945/http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/Resol.htm|archive-date=12 March 2007}}

{{Royal Navy Arctic exploration}}
{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{1854 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Resolute (1850)}}
[[Category:Ships of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Victorian-era naval ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Exploration ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Baffin Island]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Tyne]]
[[Category:Arctic exploration vessels]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in May 1854]]
[[Category:Ghost ships]]
[[Category:1850s ships]]
[[Category:Maritime folklore]]