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For the Australian Olympic swimmer, see Harry Hay (swimmer).
Harry Hay
Harry Hay, April 1996, Anza-Borrego Desert, Radical Faeries Campout
Born
Henry Hay, Jr.

April 7, 1912
Worthing, Sussex, England
DiedOctober 24, 2002 (aged 90)
San Francisco, California, USA
NationalityAmerican
Known forLGBT rights activist;
co-founder, Mattachine Society;
co-founder, Radical Faeries
Movementpro-LGBT rights, Socialist,[1] Communist[1]
SpouseAnita Platky (1938–1951)
Partner(s)Will Geer (1934–?)[2]
Rudi Gernreich (1950–1952)
Jorn Kamgren (1952–1962)
John Burnside (1963–2002)
ChildrenHannah Margaret
Kate Neall

Henry "Harry" Hay, Jr. (April 7, 1912 – October 24, 2002) was a prominent American gay rights activist, communist, labor advocate, and Native American civil rights campaigner. He was a founder of the Mattachine Society, the first sustained gay rights group in the United States, as well as the Radical Faeries, a loosely affiliated gay spiritual movement.

Born to a upper middle class family in England, Hay was raised in Chile and California. From an early age he acknowledged his same-sex sexual attraction, and came under the influence of Marxism. Briefly studying at Stanford University, he subsequently became a professional actor in Los Angeles, where he joined the Communist Party USA, becoming a committed activist in left-wing labor and anti-racist campaigns. As a result of societal pressure, he attempted to become heterosexual by marrying a female Party activist in 1938, with whom he adopted two children. Recognizing that he remained homosexual, his marriage ended and in 1950 he founded the Mattachine Society. Although involved in campaigns for gay rights, he resigned from the Society in 1953.

Hay's developing belief in the cultural minority status of homosexuals led him to take a stand against the assimilationism advocated by the majority of gay rights campaigners. He subsequently became a co-founder of the Los Angeles chapter of the Gay Liberation Front in 1969, although in 1970 moved to New Mexico with his longtime partner John Burnside. Hay's ongoing interest in Native American spirituality led the couple to co-found the Radical Faeries in 1979 with Don Kilhefner and Mitchell L. Walker. Returning to Los Angeles, Hay remained involved in an array of activist causes throughout his life, and became a well-known, albeit controversial, elder statesman within the country's gay community.

Hay has been described as "the father of gay liberation", and has been the subject of a biography and documentary film.

Early life

Youth: 1912–29

Hay was born in the coastal town of Worthing in Sussex, south-east England (at 1 Bath Road, then known as "Colwell"), on April 7, 1912.[3] Raised in a upper middle class American family, he was named after his father, Harry Hay, Sr., a mining engineer who had been working for Cecil Rhodes first in Witwatersrand, South Africa, and then in Tarkwa, Ghana.[4][5] His mother, Margaret Hay (née Neall),[6] a Catholic, had been raised in a wealthy family among American expatriates in Johannesburg, South Africa, prior to her marriage in April 1911.[7][5] Hay Sr. converted to her religion on their marriage, and their children were brought up Catholic.[7]

Their second child, Margaret "Peggy" Caroline Hay, was born in February 1914, but following the outbreak of the First World War the family moved to Northern Chile, where Hay Sr. had been offered a job managing a copper mine in Chuquicamata by the Guggenheim family's Anaconda Company.[8][5][9]

In Chile, Hay Jr. contracted bronchial pneumonia, resulting in permanent scar tissue damage to his lungs.[10] In May 1916, his brother John "Jack" William was born.[11] In June 1916, Hay Sr. was involved in an industrial accident, resulting in the amputation of a leg. As a result, he resigned from his position and the family relocated to California in the United States.[12] In February 1919 they moved to 149 Kingsley Drive in Los Angeles, with Hay, Sr. purchasing a 30-acre citrus farm in Covina, also investing heavily in the stock market.[13][9] Despite his wealth, Hay, Sr. did not spoil his son, and made him work on the farm.[14] Hay had a strained relationship with his father, whom he labelled "tyrannical". Hay Sr. would beat his son for perceived transgressions, with Hay later suspecting that his father disliked him for having effeminate traits.[15] He was particularly influenced on one occasion when he noted that his father had made a factual error: "If my father could be wrong, then the teacher could be wrong. And if the teacher could be wrong, then the priest could be wrong. And if the priest could be wrong, then maybe even God could be wrong."[16]

Los Angeles High School, where Hay studied.

Hay was enrolled at Cahuenga Elementary School, where he excelled at his studies but was bullied.[17] He began experimenting with his sexuality, and aged 9 took part in sexual activity with a 12-year-old neighbour boy.[18] At the same time he developed an early love of the natural world and became a keen outdoorsman through walks in the wilderness around the city.[19] Aged 10 he was enrolled at Virgil Junior High School, and soon after joined a boys' club known as the Western Rangers, through which he was introduced to Native American societies and met groups from the Hopi and Sioux communities.[20][9] Becoming a voracious reader, in 1923 he began to volunteer at a public library, where he discovered a copy of Edward Carpenter's book The Intermediate Sex. Reading it, he discovered the word homosexual for the first time and came to recognize that he was gay.[21] Aged 12 he then enrolled at Los Angeles High School, where he continued to be studious and developed a love of theater.[22] Coming to reject Catholicism,[23] he remained at the school for three mandatory years before deciding to remain for a further two. In this period he took part in the school's poetry group, became State President of the California Scholarship Federation, President of the school's debating and dramatic society, and competed in the Southern California Oratorical Society's Contest, as well as joining the Reserve Officers' Training Corps.[24]

During the summer holidays, Hay's father sent him to work on his cousin's cattle ranch in Smith Valley, Nevada. Here he was introduced to Marxism by fellow ranch hands who were members of the Industrial Workers of the World ("Wobblies"). They gave him books and pamphlets written by Karl Marx, leading to his adoption of socialism.[25] He learned of men having sex with other men through stories passed around by ranch hands, telling him of violent assaults on miners who attempted to touch men with whom they shared quarters.[26][5] Through contact with a Native co-worker, in 1925 Hay was invited to a local celebration of Natives, where he was blessed by the Ghost Dance prophet Wovoka, who declared that Hay would one day be a great friend to the Native American people.[27][28][note 1] Aged 14, Hay took his union card to a hiring hall in San Francisco, convinced the union officials he was 21, and got a job on a cargo ship. In 1926, after an unloading at Monterey Bay, he met and had sex with a 25-year-old merchant-sailor named Matt, who introduced him to the idea of gay men as a global "secret brotherhood".[29][5][30] Hay would later build on this idea, in combination with a Stalinist definition of nationalist identity, to argue that homosexuals constituted a "cultural minority".[note 2]

Stanford University and the Communist Party: 1929–38

"The little pockets existed and either you were lucky enough to fall into them or you could go your whole life and not know about them. The close-down, the terror, was so complete that people could remain ignorant, unsocialized, and undeveloped. 'Communities' were the little groups that formed by accident. And with lots of restrictions. Tiresome bitchiness and boasting predominated. To find someone whose sensibility was more wide-ranging was relatively rare."

Harry Hay on Los Angeles' gay scene in the 1930s.[31]

Graduating from school in 1929, Hay hoped to study paleontology, but was forbidden from doing so by his father, who insisted that he pursue law. Hay, Sr. obtained an entry level job for his son at his friend's legal firm, Haas and Dunnigan.[32] While working at the firm, Hay discovered the gay cruising scene in Pershing Square, where he developed a sexual relationship with a man who taught him about the underground gay culture.[33] It has been claimed that here he learned about Chicago-based gay rights group, the Society for Human Rights,[34] although Hay would later deny having any knowledge of previous LGBT activism.[35]

In 1930 Hay enrolled at Stanford University to study international relations, taking independent study courses in English, history, and political science.[36] There, he became increasingly interested in acting,[37] and also wrote poetry, some of which was published in university magazines.[38] He came to frequent the gay scene in both Los Angeles and San Francisco, attending parties where men danced with men, women danced with women, people cross-dressed, and alcohol was consumed, all of which was illegal.[39] He had a number of sexual and romantic trysts with various men; one biographer asserts that these included a one-night stand with Prince George, Duke of Kent, and a brief affair with James Broughton.[40] In 1931 he came out as gay to some people he knew at Stanford, and while he did not face any vehement backlash, some friends and associates (including a number who were gay) chose not to be seen with him from then on.[41][34][42] A severe sinus infection led Hay to drop out in 1932 and he returned to his cousin's Nevada ranch to recuperate; he would never return to university.[43]

Relocating to Los Angeles, Hay moved back in with his parents.[44] He associated with artistic and theatrical circles, befriending composer John Cage and his lover Don Sample, with the former getting Hay to perform vocals at one of his concerts in November 1932.[45] Becoming a professional voice actor, he obtained a minor role in a radio adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities performed by George K. Arthur's International Group Players for the Hollywood Playhouse. They were impressed with his talent, and gave him a job as a permanent understudy.[46] He supplemented this income as a screen extra, usually as a stunt rider in B movies, and also worked as a freelance dialogue coach for expat aristocrats in Hollywood.[47][48] Through a friendship with George Oppenheimer he was able to get work screen-writing as a ghost-writer.[49] Immersing himself in the Hollywood gay scene, he claimed to have had brief flings with Willy Wakewell, Philip Ahn, Hans Heinrich von Twardowski, and Richard Cromwell.[50] Having met the Thelemite high priestess Regina Kahl on a play that they were both working on, he agreed to play the organ for the public performances of the Gnostic Mass given by the Agape Lodge, the Hollywood branch of the Ordo Templi Orientis.[51]

It was while working on a play that Hay met actor Will Geer, with whom he entered into a relationship. Geer was a committed leftist, with Hay later describing him as his political mentor.[52][53][54] Geer introduced Hay to Los Angeles' leftist community, and together they took part in activism, joining demonstrations for laborers' rights and the unemployed, and on one occasion handcuffed themselves to lamposts outside UCLA to hand out leaflets for the American League Against War and Fascism.[52] Other groups whose activities he joined in with included End Poverty in California, Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, the Mobilization for Democracy, and Workers' Alliance of America.[55] Hay and Geer spent a weekend in San Francisco during the city's 1934 General Strike, where they witnessed police open fire on protesters, killing two; this event further committed Hay to societal change.[56][48] Hay joined an agitprop theatre group that entertained at strikes and demonstrations; their performance of Waiting for Lefty in 1935 led to attacks from the fascist Friends of New Germany group.[57]

After Hay had become increasingly politicized, Geer introduced him to the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), however from the beginning Hay was perturbed at the Party's hostility to homosexuals and its view that same-sex attraction was a deviance resulting from bourgeois society.[58][59] Although he joined the Party in 1934, his involvement was largely restricted to attending fundraisers until 1936.[55] In late 1937, Hay attended further classes in Marxist theory at which he came to fully understand and embrace the ideology, becoming a fully committed member of the Party.[60] From the time he joined the Party until leaving it in the early 1950s, Hay taught courses in subjects ranging from Marxist theory to folk music at the "People's Educational Center" in Hollywood and later throughout the Los Angeles area.[61] Hay, along with Roger Barlow and LeRoy Robbins, directed a short film titled Even As You and I (1937) featuring Hay, Barlow, and filmmaker Hy Hirsh, in which they spoofed surrealism.[62] In early 1937, Hay, Sr. was partly paralysed following a stroke, leaving Hay to take on many of his family duties.[63]

Marriage and Marxist class: 1938–48

Hay began Jungian analysis in 1937. He later claimed that the psychiatrist "misled" him into believing that through marriage to a woman, he could become heterosexual; the psychiatrist suggested that Hay find himself a "boyish girl".[64][42] After confiding with fellow Party members that he was homosexual, they too urged Hay to marry a woman, adhering to the party line that same-sex attraction was a symptom of bourgeoise decadence.[65] Acting on this advice, in 1938 he married Anna Platky, a Marxist Party member from a working-class Jewish family. Hay maintained that he loved her, and was happy to have a companion with whom he could share his political pursuits; he also got along well with her family.[66][67] Their marriage took place in September 1938, in a non-religious wedding ceremony overseen by a Unitarian minister.[68] Their honeymoon however was cut short as a result of the sudden death of Hay, Sr.[68] Settling into married life, Hay gained employment with the Works Progress Administration supervising the cataloguing of Orange County's civil records,[69] while the couple continued their activism by taking photographs of Los Angeles' slums for a leftist exhibition.[70] However, the marriage did not quell Hay's same-sex attractions, and by 1939 he had begun to seek sexual encounters with other men in local parks on a weekly basis.[70] He would later describe the marriage as "living in an exile world".[65]

The couple moved to Manhattan, New York City, where Hay went through a series of unsteady and low-paid jobs, including as a scriptwriter, a service manager in Macy's toy department, and a marketing strategy planner. Briefly returning to acting, he appeared in George Sklor's off-Broadway play Zero Hour.[71] The couple involved themselves with the city's Communist Party branch, with Hay becoming a party functionary in the Theater Arts Committee for Peace and Democracy, and in 1941 he was appointed interim head of the New Theatre League, responsible for organising trade union theatre groups and teaching acting classes, for which he adopted the Konstantin Stanislavski 'system'.[72] By 1940 he was having a series of affairs with men in the city, developing a 7-month relationship with architect William Alexander, almost leaving his wife for him.[73] During this period he took part in the research of sexologist Alfred Kinsey.[74]

In 1942 the couple returned to Los Angeles, renting a house near to Silver Lake and Echo Park; the area was colloquially known as "the Red Hills" due to its large left-wing community.[75] There, Hay went through various jobs, including with Russian War Relief, as a puddler, and as a production engineer at a manufacturing plant. He was not conscripted into the armed forces following the outbreak of World War II due to his work with Avion Aircraft, which was deemed essential for the country's war effort.[76] He would subsequently work in a record store, a television repair shop, and at a boiler manufacturing plant.[77] Better-paid work was barred from him by his political viewpoints, with the Federal Bureau of Investigation monitoring his activities.[77] He spent much time teaching lessons in Marxism across the Los Angeles Bay Area, for which he read widely in anthropology and sociology, but faced problems due to the increased anti-communist repression being exerted by the government through the Smith Act and the subsequent creation of the House Un-American Activities Committee.[78] From 1945, he was involved in the People's Songs organisation, becoming the group's theoretician, through which he came to know Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger. From 1947 he taught classes on musicology titled "The Historical Development of Folk Music", through which he articulated a Marxist understanding of the genre; he continued to teach these classes through to the mid-1950s.[79]

In September 1943, Hay and his wife adopted a daughter, Hannah Margaret, soon moving to a larger home nearby to accommodate her.[80][81] They adopted a second daughter, Kate Neall, several days after her birth in December 1945.[82][83] Hay was a caring parent, and encouraged his children's interests in music and dance.[84] In 1945, Hay was diagnosed with hypoglycemia,[85] and the following year began to suffer intense mental anxiety and repeated nightmares as he realised that he was still homosexual and that his marriage had been a serious mistake.[86] The couple divorced in 1951.[87]

Gay rights activism

Mattachine Society: 1948–53

"The post-war reaction, the shutting down of open communication, was already of concern to many of us progressives. I knew the government was going to look for a new enemy, a new scapegoat. It was predictable. But Blacks were beginning to organize and the horror of the holocaust was too recent to put the Jews in this position. The natural scapegoat would be us, the Queers. They were the one group of disenfranchised people who did not even know they were a group because they had never formed as a group. They – we – had to get started. It was high time."

Harry Hay.[88]

Influenced by the publication of the Kinsey Report, Hay conceived the idea of a homosexual activist group in August 1948. After signing a petition for Progressive Party presidential candidate Henry A. Wallace, Hay spoke with other gay men at a party about forming a gay support organization for the campaign called "Bachelors for Wallace". Encouraged by the response he received, Hay wrote out the organizing principles that night, a document he referred to as "The Call", however the men who had expressed an interest were not enthused the following morning.[89][90][91] Over the next two years, Hay refined his idea, finally conceiving of an "international...fraternal order" to serve as "a service and welfare organization devoted to the protection and improvement of Society's Androgynous Minority",[92] the latter being a term that he later rejected.[93] He planned to call this organization "Bachelors Anonymous" and envisioned it serving a similar function and purpose as Alcoholics Anonymous.[94] At the centre of its approach was Hay's view that homosexuals were "a social minority" or "cultural minority" who were being oppressed; in this he was influenced by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's Marxist–Leninist concepts of what constituted a minority group.[93]

Hay met Rudi Gernreich in July 1950, with the pair soon entering a relationship. Gernreich shared many of Hay's leftist ideas, and was impressed by The Call. He became an enthusiastic financial supporter of the venture, although he did not lend his name to it, going instead by the initial "R".[95][42][96][97] On November 11, 1950, Hay, Gernreich, and their friends Dale Jennings, Bob Hull, and Chuck Rowland held the first meeting of the Mattachine Society in Los Angeles, under the name "Society of Fools".[98][99] The group changed its name to "Mattachine Society" in April 1951, a name chosen by Hay at the suggestion of fellow Mattachine member James Gruber,[100][101] based on Medieval French secret societies of masked men who, through their anonymity, were empowered to criticize ruling monarchs with impunity.[102]

In April 1951, Hay informed his wife about his continuing homosexuality and his work with the Mattachine Society; she was angry and upset. In September they gained a divorce on the grounds of Hay's "extreme cruelty" and he moved out of their home.[103] He continued to send half his paycheck to Anita for twelve years, meanwhile cutting out most of his friends from that social milieu.[104] He informed the Communist Party of the news, recommending that he be expelled; the Party forbade homosexuals from being members. Although they agreed and discharged him as a "security risk", they also declared him a "Lifelong Friend of the People" in recognition of his many years of service.[105][106] Hay's relationship with Gernreich ended not long after, with Hay entering a relationship with Danish hat-maker Jorn Kamgren in 1952; it would last for 11 years, during which Hay helped him establish a hat shop, attempting to use his contacts within the fashion and entertainment industries to get exposure for Kamgren's work and meeting with moderate success.[107]

Hay (upper left) with members of the Mattachine Society in a rare group photograph. With Hay are (l-r) Konrad Stevens, Dale Jennings, Rudi Gernreich, Stan Witt, Bob Hull, Chuck Rowland (in glasses), Paul Bernard. Photo by James Gruber, about 1951.

Mattachine's structure was based partly on that of the Communist Party and partly on fraternal brotherhoods like Freemasonry. Operating on the Leninist basis of democratic centralism, it had cells, oaths of secrecy and five different levels of membership, each of which required greater levels of involvement and commitment. As the organization grew, the levels were expected to subdivide into new cells, creating the potential for both horizontal and vertical growth.[108][109] The founding members constituted the "Fifth Order" and from the outset remained anonymous. Mattachine's membership grew slowly at first but received a major boost in February 1952 when founder Jennings was arrested in a Los Angeles park and charged with lewd behavior. Often, men in Jennings' situation would simply plead guilty to the charge and hope to quietly rebuild their lives. Jennings and the rest of the Fifth Order saw the charges as a means to address the issue of police entrapment of homosexual men. The group began publicizing the case under the name Citizens Committee to Outlaw Entrapment, and the generated publicity brought financial support and volunteers. Jennings admitted during his trial to being a homosexual but insisted he was not guilty of the specific charge. The jury deadlocked (11-1 in favor of acquittal), with the judge dismissing the charges; Mattachine declared victory.[110][111]

Following the Jennings trial, the group expanded rapidly, with founders estimating membership in California by May 1953 at over 2,000 with as many as 100 people joining a typical discussion group.[112] This brought greater scrutiny of the group, and in February 1953 a Los Angeles daily newspaper published an article exposing Hay as a Marxist; not wishing to tar the Society as a Communist group, Hay stepped down from his position.[113] The group's membership was diversifying, with people from a broader political spectrum becoming involved. Many members were concerned by the far left control of the group and felt that it should have a more open, democratic structure. At a group convention held in Spring 1953, Hal Call and other conservative members challenged the leaders to amend its constitution and to affirm that members were loyal to the United States and its laws. In an effort to preserve their vision of the organization, the Fifth Order members revealed their identities and resigned their leadership positions. With the founders gone, Call and other like-minded individuals stepped into the leadership void,[114][115] and Mattachine officially adopted non-confrontation as an organizational policy. The reduced effectiveness of this newly organized Mattachine led to a precipitous drop in membership and participation.[116] Hay was distraught at Mattachine's change in direction, having an emotional breakdown as a result.[117]

After Mattachine: 1953–69

Hay's relationship with Kamgren was strained, and he was bored by a life of domesticity and annoyed with Kamgren's controlling and regimented nature. They had little in common, with Kamgren not sharing Hay's interest in political activism, instead being conservative and, in Hay's words, "petty bourgeois".[118] Kamgren permitted Hay to spend three nights a week in study, which the latter spent reading anthropological and historical texts to learn more about the role of gay people in society, becoming particularly interested in the berdache of Native American communities.[119] In doing so, Hay was annoyed that Marxist scholars like V. Gordon Childe and George Derwent Thomson evaded the subject in their works.[120] Although his writing style was widely deemed difficult to read, he published articles on many of his findings in the gay press, namely ONE Institute Quarterly and ONE Confidential, also giving lectures on the subject at ONE's Mid-Winter Institute.[121] Meanwhile, in May 1955 Hay was called to testify before a subcommittee of the House Un-American Activities Committee that was investigating Communist Party activity in Southern California. The subcommittee was aware that Hay was a Marxist, and as such he struggled to find legal representation, fearing that he would lose his job and worrying that his sexuality would be used to smear the Party.[122]

Feeling that he was being restrained by the relationship, Hay left Kamgren, in 1963 beginning a brief relationship with Jim Kepner. Together they mooted the idea of starting a new Mattachine Society; this came to nothing.[123] Influenced by the growing counter-culture, Hay ceased to wear suits, instead favouring brightly colored clothing, earrings and necklaces, also growing his hair long. In doing so, he stated that "I never again wanted to be mistaken for a hetero."[124] At a subsequent ONE event, Hay met the inventor John Burnside, who became his life partner. Burnside left his wife for Hay, with the latter becoming the manager for Burnside's kaleidoscope factory. As the pair became increasingly interested in the counter-culture, many individuals belonging to the movement came to work for them.[125] Moving to downtown Los Angeles, together the pair created a gay brotherhood called the Circle of Loving Friends in 1965, although they would frequently be the only members of it.[126] As the Circle they participated in early homophile demonstrations throughout the 1960s and helped establish the North American Conference of Homophile Organizations (NACHO) in 1966.[127]

Fascinated by spirituality, they regularly attended events of the Council on Religion and the Homosexual,[128] and despite his anti-military stance, Hay became Chairman of the Los Angeles Committee to Fight Exclusion of Homosexuals from the Armed Forces, taking part in the group's motorcade protest through the city.[129] Attempting to gain greater visibility for the gay rights cause, he made appearances on local media, such as The Joe Pyne Show.[130] Hay and Burnside also took part in research and fundraising for the Committee for Traditional Indian Land and Life, attending the first North American Traditional Indian conference at Tonawanda, New York state, in 1967.[131] In June 1969, the Stonewall riots in New York marked a move toward a more radical and militant approach among gay rights activists; Hay however stated that "I wasn't impressed by Stonewall, because of all the open gay projects we had done throughout the sixties in Los Angeles. As far as we were concerned, Stonewall meant that the East Coast was catching up."[132] The riot led to the emergence of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF), with Hay and Burnside involving themselves in the early development of its Los Angeles chapter in December 1969. Hay was elected its first chairperson, organising pickets of homophobic establishments, holding a one-day "Gay-In" in Griffith Park and "funky dances" at Troupers Hall to challenge the legal restrictions on same-sex dancing.[133][134]

Later life

New Mexico and the Radical Faeries: 1971–1979

In May 1971, Hay and Burnside moved to San Juan Pueblo in New Mexico, taking their kaleidoscope factory with them, thereby providing jobs for the economically deprived area. They soon fitted in to the community, gaining many friends, both with local gays and members of the Native Tewa people.[135] However, in June 1973 an accidental fire destroyed their kaleidoscope factory and mail order inventory, leaving them without a livelihood.[136] In the pueblo, Hay once again took part in activism; he volunteered for a radical newspaper, El Grito (The Cry), which aimed at a Native and Chicano readership.[137] In 1975 he took a leading role in a water rights campaign to prevent the federal government from damming the Rio Grande. Local activists argued that it would devastate local farmland while benefitting the wealthy land owner Richard Cook, whose own land would be made fertile by the dam and who owned the company that were due to construct it. Hay organised the publication of literature on the subject, forming an umbrella activist group, and building it into a national campaign through the Nation-Wide Friends of the Rio Grande. The campaign was ultimately successful as the government rejected the plans in 1976.[138][139] During the campaign, his mother died although he had been unable to return to Los Angeles for her memorial service.[140]

After this, he involved himself in the foundation of a local LGBT rights group, the Lambdas de Santa Fe, designed to fight homophobic violence in northern New Mexico. The group sponsored a gay ball and in June 1977 held Alburquerque's first Gay Pride Parade.[141][139] Hay's fame had begun to grow across the U.S., and at this time he was contacted by the historians Jonathan Ned Katz and John D'Emilio over the course of their independent research projects into the nation's LGBT history.[142] He and Burnside also appeared in Peter Adair's documentary film, Word Is Out (1977).[143]

A Faerie gathering in 1986, with Hay in bottom left corner

In 1978, Hay teamed up with Don Kilhefner and Mitchell L. Walker to co-host a workshop on "New Breakthroughs in the Nature of How We Perceive Gay Consciousness" at the annual conference of the Gay Academic Union, held at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.[144] This event convinced Hay and his partner John Burnside that they should leave their home in New Mexico and move to Los Angeles, where they settled into a 1920s house on the eastern edge of Hollywood.[145] The three then decided to organise an outdoor conference at which they could teach other gay men about their ideas regarding gay consciousness. Kilhefner identified an ideal location from an advert in The Advocate; the Sri Ram Ashram was a gay-friendly spiritual retreat in the desert near Benson, Arizona, owned by an American named Swami Bill.[146] Hay, Kilhefner, and Walker visited to check its suitability, and although Hay disliked Bill and didn't want to use the site, the others insisted.[146]

Their conference, set for Labor Day 1979, was to be called the "Spiritual Conference for Radical Fairies",[147][note 3] with the term "Radical Faerie" having been coined by Hay. The term "Radical" was chosen to reflect both political extremity and the idea of "root" or "essence", while the term "Faerie" was chosen in reference both to the immortal animistic spirits of European folklore and to the fact that "fairy" had become a pejorative slang term for gay men.[148] Initially, Hay rejected the term "movement" when discussing the Radical Faeries, considering it to instead be a "way of life" for gay males, and he began referring to it as a "not-movement".[149] In organizing the event, Hay handled the political issues, Burnside the logistics and mechanics, Kilhefner the budgetary and administrative side, and Walker was to be its spiritual leader.[150] A flier advertising the event was released which proclaimed that gays had a place in the "paradigm shift" of the New Age, and quoted Mark Satin and Aleister Crowley alongside Hay; these fliers were sent out to gay and leftist bookstores as well as gay community centres and health food stores.[151]

Around 220 men turned up to the event, despite the fact that the Ashram could only accommodate around 75.[152] Hay gave a welcoming speech in which he outlined his ideas regarding Subject-SUBJECT consciousness, calling on those assembled to "throw off the ugly green frogskin of hetero-imitation to find the shining Faerie prince beneath".[152] Rather than being referred to as "workshops", the events that took place were known as "Faerie circles",[152] and were on such varied subjects as massage, nutrition, local botany, healing energy, the politics of gay enspiritment, English country dancing, and auto-fellatio.[153] Those assembled took part in spontaneous rituals, providing invocations to spirits and performing blessings and chants,[152] with most participants discarding the majority of their clothes, instead wearing feathers, beads, and bells, and decorating themselves in rainbow makeup.[154] Many reported feeling a change of consciousness during the event, which one person there described as "a four day acid trip – without the acid!".[155] On the final night of the gathering, they put together a performance of the Symmetricon, an invention of Burnside's, while Hay gave a farewell speech.[156]

After Hay and the others returned to Los Angeles, they received messages of thanks from various participants, many of whom asked when the next Faerie gathering would be.[157] Hay decided to found a Faerie circle in Los Angeles that met at their house, which became known as "Faerie Central", devoting half their time to serious discussion and the other half to recreation, in particular English circle dancing. As more joined the circle, they began meeting in West Hollywood's First Presbyterian Church and then the olive grove atop the hill at Barnsdall Park; however they found it difficult to gain the same change of consciousness that had been present at the rural gathering.[158] The group began to discuss what the Faerie movement was developing into; Hay encouraged them to embark on political activism, using Marxism and his Subject-SUBJECT consciousness theory as a framework for bringing about societal change. Others however wanted the movement to focus on spirituality and exploring the psyche, lambasting politics as part of "the straight world".[159] Another issue of contention was over what constituted a "Faerie"; Hay had an idealized image of what someone with "gay consciousness" thought and acted like, and turned away some prospective members of the Circle because he disagreed with their views. One prospective member, the gay theater director John Callaghan, joined the circle in February 1980, but was soon ejected by Hay after he voiced concern about hostility toward heterosexuals among the group.[160]

The second Faerie gathering took place in August 1980 in Estes Park near Boulder, Colorado. Twice as long and almost twice as large as the first, it became known as Faerie Woodstock.[161] It also exhibited an increasing influence from the U.S. Pagan movement, as Faeries incorporated elements from Evans' Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture and Starhawk's The Spiral Dance into their practices.[162] At that gathering, Dennis Melba'son presented a shawl that he had created with a crocheted depiction of the Northwest European Iron Age deity Cernunnos on it; the shawl became an important symbol of the Faeries, and would be sent from gathering to gathering over subsequent decades.[163] There, Hay publicly revealed the founding trio's desire for the creation of a permanent residential Faery community, where they could grow their own crops and thus live self-sustainably. This project would involve setting up a non-profit corporation to purchase property under a community land trust with tax-exempt status. They were partly inspired by a pre-existing gay collective in rural Tennessee, Short Mountain.[164]

In 1980 Walker secretly formed the "Faerie Fascist Police" to combat "Faerie fascism" and "power-tripping" within the Faeries. He specifically targeted Hay: "I recruited people to spy on Harry and see when he was manipulating people, so we could undo his undermining of the scene."[165]

At a winter 1980 gathering in southern Oregon designed to discuss acquiring land for a Faerie sanctuary, a newcomer to the group, coached by Walker, confronted Harry about the power dynamics within the core circle. In the ensuing conflict, the core circle splintered. Plans for the land sanctuary stalled and a separate circle formed.[166] The core circle made an attempt to reconcile, but at a meeting that came to be known as "Bloody Sunday", Kilhefner quit, accusing Hay and Burnside of "power tripping", while Walker resigned.[167] Walker and Kilhefner formed a new Los Angeles-based gay spiritual group called Treeroots which promoted a form of rural gay consciousness associated with Jungian psychology and ceremonial magic.[168] However, despite the division among its founders, the Radical Faerie movement continued to grow, largely as a result of its egalitarian structure, with many participants being unaware of the squabbles.[169] Hay himself continued to be welcomed at gatherings, coming to be seen as an elder statesman in the movement.[170]

Later years: 1980–2002

Harry Hay in September 2000

During the 1980s, Hay involved himself in an array of activist causes, campaigning against South African apartheid, Nicaragua's Contras, and the death penalty, while also joining the nuclear disarmament and pro-choice movements, becoming a vocal critic of the administrations of Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush.[171] Hoping for a left-ward turn in U.S. politics, he was involved in the Lavender Caucus of Jesse Jackson's National Rainbow Coalition.[172] Although pleased with the popular protests in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe that took place in the late 1980s and early 1990s, he was unhappy that those nations abandoned the socialist cause altogether and retained his faith in Marxism.[173]

Hay came to be viewed as an elder statesman within the gay community, and was regularly invited to give speeches to LGBT activist and student groups. He was the featured speaker at the San Francisco Gay Pride Parade in 1982, and Grand Marshal of the Long Beach Gay Pride Parade in 1986. In 1989, West Hollywood city council awarded him an honor for his years of activism while that year he was invited to give a lecture at the Sorbonne in Paris, France, which he turned down.[174] He nevertheless remained highly critical of the mainstream gay rights movement. Hay joined several other early gay rights activists in protesting the exclusion of the North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA) from participation in LGBT social movements, most noticeably pride parades on the grounds that such exclusions pandered to heterosexual-dominated society.[102] When questioned on his support for NAMBLA in a 1983 New York University forum, he remarked "If the parents and friends of gays are truly friends of gays, they would know from their gay kids that the relationship with an older man is precisely what thirteen-, fourteen-, and fifteen-year-old kids need more than anything else in the world", highlighting his own relationship with an adult man when he was 14.[175] At the 1986 Los Angeles Gay Pride Parade he courted controversy by carrying a banner with "NAMBLA Walks With Me" written on it, after organizers banned the group from joining the march; the organisers complained to police and he narrowly avoided arrest.[176]

He was also critical of the HIV/AIDS queer activist group ACT UP, arguing that their confrontational tactics were rooted in the typical machismo of straight men and thus reflected an assimilationist approach. Hay believed that by adopting these tactics and attitudes, ACT UP was shrinking the space available for diversity of gender roles for gay men, with the gentle and the effeminate discarded in their favor. He went so far as to condemn the group while at a June 1989 rally in New York's Central Park where he shared the stage with Allen Ginsberg and Joan Nestle.[177][178] In 1994 Hay refused to participate in the official parade in New York City commemorating the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall riots because of its exclusionary policies. Instead he joined an alternate parade called "The Spirit of Stonewall".[102] As late as 2000 Hay continued to speak out against assimilation, saying, "The assimilationist movement is running us into the ground."[53]

Hay and Burnside returned to San Francisco in 1999 after concluding that Hay was not receiving proper care in Los Angeles for his serious health concerns, including pneumonia and lung cancer. He served as the grand marshal of the San Francisco gay pride parade that same year. While in hospice care Hay died of lung cancer on October 24, 2002 at age 90.[179]

Theory

As he had throughout his life of activism, Hay continued to oppose what he perceived as harmful assimilationist attitudes within the gay community. "We pulled ugly green frog skin of heterosexual conformity over us, and that's how we got through school with a full set of teeth," Hay once explained. "We know how to live through their eyes. We can always play their games, but are we denying ourselves by doing this? If you're going to carry the skin of conformity over you, you are going to suppress the beautiful prince or princess within you."[180] Having rooted his political philosophy from the founding of Mattachine in the belief that homosexuals constituted a cultural minority, Hay was wary of discarding the unique attributes of that minority in favor of adopting the cultural traits of the majority for the purpose of societal acceptance. Having witnessed the move of Mattachine away from its founding Marxist activist principles and having seen the gay community marginalize drag queens and the leather subculture through the first decade of the post-Stonewall gay movement, Hay opposed what he believed were efforts to move other groups to the margins as the gay rights movement progressed.[181]

Legacy

In 1990, Stuart Timmons published a biography, The Trouble with Harry Hay, on the basis of three years of research.[182] Timmons described Hay as "the father of gay liberation".[183]

Hay was the subject of Eric Slade's documentary film Hope Along the Wind: The Life of Harry Hay (2002). He also appeared in other documentaries, such as Word Is Out (1978), in which he appeared with his partner Burnside. In 1967, Hay and Burnside had appeared as a couple on Joe Pyne's syndicated television show.[184]

Hay, along with Gernreich, is one of the main characters of the play The Temperamentals by Jon Marans with Thomas Jay Ryan playing Hay and Michael Urie as Gernreich; after workshop performances in 2009 the play opened off-Broadway in 2010.[185]

On June 1, 2011, the Silver Lake, Los Angeles Neighborhood Council voted unanimously to rename the Cove Avenue Stairway in Silver Lake in honor of Hay.[186]

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Hay's family had a bloody connection to Wovoka and the Ghost Dance movement. In 1890, a misinterpretation of the Ghost Dance ritual as a war dance by Indian agents led to the Wounded Knee Massacre. Hay's great-uncle, Francis Hardie, carried the Third Cavalry flag at Wounded Knee. (Timmons, p. 7)
  2. ^ Joseph Stalin stated in Marxism and the National Question that a nation is "a historically-evolved, stable community of language, territory, economic life and psychological make-up manifested in a community of culture" (Stalin, quoted in Hay/Roscoe, p. 41). Hay asserted that homosexuals manifested two of the four criteria, language and a shared psychological make-up, and thus qualified as a cultural minority (Hay/Roscoe, p. 43).
  3. ^ Hay and others switched to the older spelling, "faeries", after 1979.
    Harry Hay (1996) Radically Gay: Gay Liberation in the Words of its Founder, edited by Will Roscoe.

Citations

  1. ^ a b NORMAN MARKOWITZ (6 August 2013). "The Communist movement and gay rights: The hidden history". politicalaffairs.net. PA Political Affairs. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  2. ^ Kathleen Kennedy; Sharon Rena Ullman (2003). Sexual Borderlands: Constructing an American Sexual Past. Ohio State University Press. pp. 289–90. ISBN 978-0-8142-0927-1.
  3. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 10.
  4. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 6–8.
  5. ^ a b c d e Loughery, p. 224
  6. ^ Shively, from Bronski, p. 171
  7. ^ a b Timmons 1990, p. 9.
  8. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 11.
  9. ^ a b c Hay/Roscoe, p. 355
  10. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 14–15.
  11. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 15.
  12. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 15–16.
  13. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 18.
  14. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 19.
  15. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 8, 19–20.
  16. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 23.
  17. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 19, 21–22.
  18. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 22.
  19. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 24.
  20. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 25.
  21. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 27–28.
  22. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 30–31.
  23. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 36–37.
  24. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 38–40.
  25. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 31–32.
  26. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 33.
  27. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 33–35.
  28. ^ Shively, from Bronski, p. 173
  29. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 35–36.
  30. ^ Hogan, et al., p. 275
  31. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 83.
  32. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 40–41.
  33. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 41–43.
  34. ^ a b Loughery, p. 225
  35. ^ Gay Almanac, p. 131
  36. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 43–45.
  37. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 45–46.
  38. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 52.
  39. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 46.
  40. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 47–48, 50–52.
  41. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 49–50.
  42. ^ a b c Cusac, Anne-Marie (September 1999). "Harry Hay Interview". The Progressive. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  43. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 53.
  44. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 63.
  45. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 56–59.
  46. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 60–61.
  47. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 61.
  48. ^ a b Hay/Roscoe, p. 356
  49. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 70.
  50. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 71–72.
  51. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 75–76.
  52. ^ a b Timmons 1990, pp. 64–65.
  53. ^ a b Levy, Dan (2000-06-23). "Ever the Warrior: Gay rights icon Harry Hay has no patience for assimilation". San Francisco Chronicle. p. DD–8. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  54. ^ John Gallagher, "Harry Hay's Legacy" (obituary) The Advocate, 26 November 2002; pp. 15; No. 877; ISSN 0001-8996
  55. ^ a b Timmons 1990, p. 78.
  56. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 68–69.
  57. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 67, 72–74.
  58. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 67, 69.
  59. ^ D'Emilio, p. 59
  60. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 92–93.
  61. ^ Timmons, pp. 120—21
  62. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 86–87.
  63. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 87–89.
  64. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 97–98.
  65. ^ a b Timmons 1990, p. 96.
  66. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 98–101.
  67. ^ Hogan, et al., p. 273
  68. ^ a b Timmons 1990, p. 104.
  69. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 104–105.
  70. ^ a b Timmons 1990, p. 105.
  71. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 106–107.
  72. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 107, 113.
  73. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 111–112.
  74. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 111.
  75. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 115.
  76. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 116, 118.
  77. ^ a b Timmons 1990, p. 131.
  78. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 119–121.
  79. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 127–129.
  80. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 118.
  81. ^ Hay/Roscoe, p. 357
  82. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 123.
  83. ^ Hay/Roscoe, p. 358
  84. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 123–124.
  85. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 122.
  86. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 127.
  87. ^ Hay/Roscoe, p. 359
  88. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 135.
  89. ^ Timmons 1990, p. =132–134.
  90. ^ Miller, p. 333
  91. ^ Hay/Roscoe, p. 61
  92. ^ Hay, quoted in Hay/Roscoe, p. 63
  93. ^ a b Timmons 1990, p. 136.
  94. ^ Hay, quoted in Hay/Roscoe, p. 65
  95. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 139–142.
  96. ^ Ehrenstein, p. 47
  97. ^ D'Emilio, p. 62
  98. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 143–145.
  99. ^ Hogan, et al., pp. 382–3
  100. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 150.
  101. ^ Johansson and Percy, p. 92
  102. ^ a b c Bronski, Michael (2002-11-07). "The real Harry Hay". The Phoenix. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  103. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 157–158.
  104. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 161.
  105. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 159.
  106. ^ Feinberg, Leslie (June 28, 2005). "Harry Hay: Painful partings". Workers World. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
  107. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 169–170, 181–183.
  108. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 151–152.
  109. ^ D'Emilio, p. 64
  110. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 164–167.
  111. ^ D'Emilio, pp. 69–70
  112. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 170–171.
  113. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 174.
  114. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 175–178.
  115. ^ Loughery, pp. 228–29
  116. ^ Hogan, et al., p. 383
  117. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 180.
  118. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 181, 191.
  119. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 193–197.
  120. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 197.
  121. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 196.
  122. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 183–190.
  123. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 203–207.
  124. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 208.
  125. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 208, 224.
  126. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 214.
  127. ^ Shively, from Bronski, p. 175
  128. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 223.
  129. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 220–221.
  130. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 222–223.
  131. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 225–227.
  132. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 228–229.
  133. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 230.
  134. ^ Hay/Roscoe, p. 361
  135. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 230–235.
  136. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 237–238.
  137. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 235.
  138. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 239–244.
  139. ^ a b Hogan, et al., pp. 273–74
  140. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 243.
  141. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 245.
  142. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 238–239.
  143. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 247.
  144. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 261.
  145. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 261, 264.
  146. ^ a b Timmons 1990, p. 262.
  147. ^ Adler 2006, p. 357.
  148. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 250; Timmons 2011, p. 33.
  149. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 250; Timmons 2011, p. 32.
  150. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 264.
  151. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 264–265.
  152. ^ a b c d Timmons 1990, p. 265.
  153. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 267.
  154. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 266.
  155. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 266–267.
  156. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 268.
  157. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 268–269.
  158. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 269.
  159. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 269–270.
  160. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 270–271.
  161. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 272–273.
  162. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 272.
  163. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 273.
  164. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 273–275.
  165. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 275.
  166. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 277–78.
  167. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 282–83.
  168. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 284.
  169. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 285.
  170. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 288.
  171. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 291.
  172. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 290.
  173. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 294–295.
  174. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 293.
  175. ^ Lord, Jeffrey (2006-10-05). "When Nancy Met Harry". The American Spectator. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
  176. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 295.
  177. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 293–294.
  178. ^ Loughery, p. 441
  179. ^ Heredia, Christopher (2002-10-25). "Henry 'Harry' Hay -- gay rights pioneer; He started Mattachine Society". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A–21. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  180. ^ "Gay pioneer Harry Hay dies". The Advocate. 2002-10-25. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  181. ^ Roger Chapman (2010). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-7656-2250-1.
  182. ^ Timmons 1990, p. xv.
  183. ^ Timmons 1990, p. xiii.
  184. ^ Highleyman, Liz (2008-09-18). "John Burnside dies at 91". The Bay Area Reporter Online. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  185. ^ Brantley, Ben (2010-03-01). "The Churning Insides of a Quiet Revolution". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  186. ^ "Silver Lake stairway may be renamed in honor of gay activist". Theeastsiderla.com. Retrieved 2014-06-29.

Bibliography

  • Adler, Margot (2006). Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshipers and Other Pagans in America (Revised ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-303819-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • D'Emilio, John (1983). Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14265-5.
  • Ehrenstein, David (1998). Open Secret (Gay Hollywood 1928–1998). New York, William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-15317-8.
  • Hay, Harry, with Will Roscoe (ed.) (1996). Radically Gay: Gay Liberation in the Words of its Founder. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-7080-7.
  • Hogan, Steve and Lee Hudson (1998). Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia. New York, Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-3629-6.
  • Johansson, Warren, and William A. Percy (1994). Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. Psychology Press. ISBN 1-56024-419-4.
  • Loughery, John (1998). The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History. New York, Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-3896-5.
  • Miller, Neil (1995). Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. New York, Vintage Books. ISBN 0-09-957691-0.
  • The National Museum & Archive of Lesbian and Gay History (1996). The Gay Almanac. New York, Berkeley Books. ISBN 0-425-15300-2.
  • Shively, Charley. "Harry Hay". Collected in Bronski, Michael (consulting editor) (1997). Outstanding Lives: Profiles of Lesbians and Gay Men. New York, Visible Ink Press. ISBN 1-57859-008-6.
  • Stryker, Susan and Jim Van Buskirk (1996). Gay by the Bay: A History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area. San Francisco, Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-1187-5.
  • Thompson, Mark. "Harry Hay: A Voice from the Past, a Vision for the Future" [interview], in Gay Spirit. Myth and Meaning ed. Mark Thompson, St. Martin's Press, 1987, ISBN 0312006004, rept. White Crane Books, 2005, ISBN 1590210247. Reproduced at http://tangentgroup.org/mediawiki/index.php/VoiceFromPast, retrieved 2014-09-01.
  • Timmons, Stuart (2011), "The Making of a Tribe", in Mark Thompson (ed.), The Fire in the Moonlight: Stories from the Radical Faeries, 1975-2010, White Crane Books, ISBN 978-1590213384 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Timmons, Stuart (1990). The Trouble with Harry Hay: Founder of the Modern Gay Movement. Boston: Alyson Publications. ISBN 978-1555831752. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Further reading

  • Katz, Jonathan. "The Founding of the Mattachine Society: An Interview with Henry Hay," Radical America, vol. 11, no. 4 (July–August 1977), pp. 27–40.


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