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Iraqi Communist Party

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Iraqi Communist Party
LeaderHamid Majid Mousa
Founded1934
HeadquartersBaghdad, Iraq
Youth wingIraqi Democratic Youth Federation
IdeologyCommunism,
Marxism-Leninism
Political positionLeft-wing
International affiliationNone
ColorsRed
Website
http://www.iraqicp.com/

Since its foundation in 1934, the Iraqi Communist Party (in Arabic: الحزب الشيوعي العراقي Al-Ḥizb al-Shīūʿīy al-ʿIrāqīy, Kurdish: حزبی شیوعی عێراق‎) has dominated the left in Iraqi politics. It played a fundamental role in shaping the political history of Iraq between its foundation and the 1970s. The Party was involved in many of the most important national uprisings and demonstrations of the 1940s and 1950s. It suffered heavily under the repressive regimes of the Ba'ath party and Saddam Hussein, but remained an important element of the Iraqi opposition, and was a vocal opponent of the United Nations sanctions imposed on Iraq after the Kuwait War of 1991. It opposed the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003 but since then has participated in the new political institutions. It received little support in the Iraqi general elections of 2005.

Roots of the Party: 1924-1929

The history of Marxist ideology and organization in Iraq can be traced to a single individual, Husain Al-Rahhal, a student at the Baghdad School of Law, who in 1924 formed what is now seen as the first “Marxist” study circle in Iraq. This group of young intellectuals initially began meeting in Baghdad’s Haidarkhanah Mosque (a location also famous as a meeting place for revolutionaries in 1920) and discussing “new ideas” of the day. They eventually formed a small newspaper, Al-Sahifah (“The Journal”), which detailed a decidedly Marxist ideology. Membership in this circle included such influential Iraqis as Mustafa Ali, Minister of Justice under Abd al-Karim Qasim, and Mahmoud Ahmad Al-Sayyid, considered Iraq’s first novelist.[1] Al-Rahhal, an accomplished polyglot, was able to translate articles from various European Communist and Marxist newspapers, thus introducing many new ideals into Iraqi intellectual society.[2] While the paper lacked a definite agenda or program, the majority of the writing was centered on the need to break down the strong influence of tradition in Iraqi society. This included equal rights for women and the abolition of feudal practices.[3] After six issues and several government crackdowns, the paper published its final issue in 1927 and was permanently shut down. From this point on Al-Rahhal exerted his influence only from the background, most notably through the youth organization Nadi Al-Tadamun (“The Solidarity Club”). Through this organization he helped to inspire Iraq’s first student demonstrations on January 30, 1927 (over the firing of certain controversial teachers) and February 8, 1928 (over the visit of prominent British Zionist Alfred Mond to Iraq).[4]

The 1930s

In 1929, a sharp decline in international commodity prices caused a more than 40 percent drop in the value of Iraqi exports. This led to a national economic depression and massive wage reductions for many of Iraq’s workers.[5] It was at this time that Communist circles began growing among young men in Basra (led by Ghali Zuwayyid) and Nasiriyyah (led by Yusuf Salman Yusuf, "Comrade Fahd"). Several circles were also growing in Baghdad, led by such notables as Asim Flayyeh, Mahdi Hashim, and Zaki Khairi. These young men had first met during the student demonstrations of 1927 and 1928.[6] These groups were brought together through the boycott of the British-owned Baghdad Electric Light Company, lasting from December 5, 1933 until January 2, 1934.[7] Finally, on March 8, 1935, Jamiyyat Dudd Al-Istimar (“The Association Against Imperialism”) was founded. Three days later a manifesto was issued, calling for the unification of all workers and peasants and demanding cancellation of debts, redistribution of lands, and extensions of worker’s rights, including an eight-hour day.[8] The organization, with its founders acting as regional leaders, set about publishing Iraq’s first underground paper, Kifah Al-Shab (“The Struggle of the People”), and began attacking prime minister Yasin al-Hashimi, resulting in swift police crackdown and the arrests of almost all of the major leaders. By December 1935, the paper ceased to exist, having reached a circulation of about 500.[9]

After the coup of October 29, 1936, the Iraqi Communist leaders and organizers who had eluded imprisonment helped to lead the wave of peaceful demonstrations occurring across the country, such as Ghali Zuwayyid in Basra.[10] The party found supporters on the “Committee for National and Progressive Reform” (which organized popular support in Baghdad) and even secured two supporters in the newly elected parliament.[11] Bakr Sidqi, the leader of the coup and now the new power in the government, quickly issued attacks on the party, and was met with labor strikes across the nation. Sidqi responded with further crackdowns, and many of the Communist reformers fled the cause. Despite the assassination of Sidqi in 1937, the damage had been done, leaving the leadership of the party in the hands of Zaki Zkhairi, who sought new support for the party among the lower ranks of the military throughout the late 1930s.[12]

The 1940s

World War II posed a difficult predicament for the ICP, who looked to the Soviet Union for guidance but also vehemently opposed supporting the British Imperialist occupiers, whose occupation of Iraq in 1941 was partially premised on keeping supply lines open to the USSR. After Hitler’s invasion of the USSR in 1941, the ICP hesitated to officially lend their support to either side. While their ideological allies were the Soviet Union, the Soviets were allied with the British Imperialists, and the Germans also had significant influence in Iraq during the time of the Ottoman Empire. The party eventually ceded to supporting the Allies in May 1942, which essentially aligned them with the monarchy and the oppressive landowners for the time being.[13]

In 1941 Yusuf Salman Yusuf became general secretary of the party, and set about revamping the organization and expanding membership among the working classes. He successfully laid the basis for the mass party of later years, and under his leadership the party became a considerable force among the Iraqi working class and a major focus for protest against British involvement in Iraqi affairs. In 1942 some of his decisions fell under criticism, and eventually split the party into several factions, each with their own newspaper.[14] In 1944 the party launched a clandestine campaign to organize the nation’s industrial workers, spearheaded by lower middle class intellectuals. This led to a party conference in March 1944 and eventually to the party’s first congress in 1945, at which the dissidents of 1942 were reinstated into the party ranks.[15]

Anti-British sentiment came back into the forefront of party concerns in April 1945, as the cost of living in the country grew higher and higher. The party attacked the government with criticisms and outright condemnations after the killing of protestors in June and July 1946, and as a result Comrade Fahd was arrested and sentenced to death, later reduced to life in prison.[16] Between 1944 and 1946, major percentages (30-60%) of oil and railway workers, along with port workers in Basra, were unionized, all with ICP members as union leaders. As a result, massive strikes were organized between 1945 and 1947, demanding wage increases and the legalization of union organizations. The government initially granted wage increases, but soon dismantled the unions and arrested their leaders, contributing to Al-Wathbah, a period of urban unrest in Baghdad, beginning in January 1948. Another major issue for the party at this time was the Palestinian Question. Despite earlier support of Palestinian rights of self-determination, in July 1948 the party fell in line with Moscow's position of supporting a Zionist state.[17] The party lost many supporters among the public because of this, and many members also resigned and left the party ranks in anger.[18]

While this period brought many organizational victories for the party, it also brought devastating response from the government, due to the party's role in the al-Wathbah uprisings. Fahd and two comrades were publicly hanged in 1949, after being accused of organizing agitation from prison. The party was nearly decimated, and a period of reconstruction was to follow.[19]

1950-1958

After the devastations of the late 40s, the composition of the party went through some serious changes. The severely weakened organization was carried through the early 50s by growing Kurdish support, and for a period from 1949-1950 the party was actually led from Kurdistan instead of Baghdad. Nearly the entirety of the old, largely Baghdadi leadership had been imprisoned, creating a void the Kurdish members quickly filled. This period also saw a drastic drop in Jewish membership, undoubtedly connected to the massive exodus of approximately 120,000 Jews from Iraq at this time.[20] Between 1952 and 1954 a series of uprisings led to the establishment of martial law, the outlawing of all political parties, cultural circles, unions, and independent media, and the arrests of their leaders. This policy was instituted during one of Nuri as-Said’s many periods of control over the government. The ICP, which had always been an illegal organization, adopted a new national charter in 1953 which differed from the 1944 charter in that it accepted possible secession of the Kurdish people. At this time, according to one source, the party numbered about 500.[21] Riots over prison conditions broke out in June and September 1953, first in Baghdad and then in Kut, resulting in the deaths of many Communist political prisoners at the hands of the police. This caused a national outcry and won many sympathizers to the side of the Communist cause.[22] At the second party Congress in 1956, the party officially adopted a pan-Arabist stance. This was inspired not only by the arms agreement between Egypt and the USSR in July 1955, but also by Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal the following year, resulting in an Anglo-French-Israeli attack on Egypt.[23] This pro-Nasserist stance would eventually become a point of conflict after the 1958 revolution. In 1958, the party supported the revolution and the new government of Abd al-Karim Qasim, who relied to a considerable degree on its support.

The party under Qasim, 1958-1963

The relationship between the party and Qasim was not an easy one. By the summer of 1959 the party had perhaps between 20,000 and 25,000 members. This, added to their ability to mobilise the masses and their penetration of the workforces in strategic industries, made Qasim fear the party's growing power. In July 1959, he ordered a minor crackdown on the party. It was unsure how to react. Some elements, around first secretary Husain al-Radi (also known as Salam 'Adil), suggested launching a coup, but the more conservative elements opposed this. In fact the party would continue to support Qasim, more or less critically, up until his overthrow in February 1963. In the last two years of his rule, Qasim greatly weakened the party by suppressing largely or completely most of its flanking organisations, including the Democratic Youth Federation and workers' and students' unions. By the time of the 1963 coup the increasing unpopularity of Qasim, with whom the Communists were still linked in the public mind, coupled with the repressive measures he had adopted against them, had contributed to reducing the party's membership to under 10,000.

The party under Baathist rule

The Ba'athist coup of 8 February 1963 was accompanied by street fighting as Communist activists and supporters resisted the coup attempt. Fighting in Baghdad continued for three days, concentrated in the party's strongholds in the poorer, mainly Shia, districts. When the Baath consolidated its power the ICP suffered an unprecedented campaign of mass physical liquidation. Leading figures and cadres of the Party were tortured to death, including Husain al-Radi. The total number of communists killed is unknown, but was certainly in the thousands.

In the mid 1960s the U.S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 15000 (0.47% of the working age population of the country).[24]

In 1967 Aziz al-Hajj split from the ICP, establishing the Iraqi Communist Party - Central Command, and initiated an armed struggle, which the ICP at the time opposed.

In 1973 ICP secretary Aziz Muhammad signed a National Action Pact with President Hasan al-Bakr, forming a National Front together with the Ba'ath Party. The ICP was permitted to operate legally, publish and revive its flanking organisations. However, this was coupled with elements of repression, and by the autumn of 1974 the party tried to increase its security through a more clandestine mode of operation. In 1978 Saddam Hussein unleashed a renewed campaign of repression against the party, including the execution of large numbers of party members. In 1979 the party officially broke with the regime.

In 1993 the Kurdish branch of the party was transformed into a semi-autonomous party, the Kurdistan Communist Party.

After the occupation of Iraq

The Iraqi Communist Party opposed the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 but decided to work with the new political institutions established after the occupation. Its secretary, Hamid Majid Mousa, accepted a position on the Interim Iraq Governing Council. The party was the principal component of the People's Union (Iraq) list for the general election on January 30, 2005 (see Iraqi legislative election, January 2005) but filed separate lists in some governorate council elections (see for instance Ninawa governorate council election, 2005). For the Iraqi legislative election, December 2005, the party has joined the Iraqi National List of Iyad Allawi, along with other socialist, secular, moderate Sunni and moderate Shiite parties.

Party institution, symbols and leadership

The party newspaper is Tariq ash-Shaab (Path of the People). It also publishes the magazine Al-Thakafa Al-Jedida (The New Culture [1]).

The youth wing of the party is the Iraqi Democratic Youth Federation.

The motto of the party is a free homeland and a happy people (Arabic: watanun hurrun wa sha'bun sa'id).

The following is a list of persons who served as Secretary or First Secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party, the party's primary leadership position. Given the occasional suppression of the party and resultant lapses in its activity, the position was at times vacant.

No. Name Assumed Position Left Position
1Amin Flayyeh May 1935 December 1935
2Abdullah Mas'ud 1941 October 1941
3Yusuf Salman Yusuf (Comrade Fahd) October 1941 February 1949
4Baha' al-Din Nuri September 1949 (effectively, officially appointed only in August 1951) April 1953
5Abd al-Karim Ahmad al-Daud April 1953 June 1954
6Hamid Uthman June 1954 June 1955
7Husain al-Radi (Salam 'Adil) June 1955 February 1963
7Aziz Muhammad August 1964 1993
8Hamid Majid Mousa 1993 current

Further reading

  • Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and New Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. London. al-Saqi Books. 1978, republished, 2004. ISBN 0-86356-520-4
  • Ismael, Tareq. The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq. Cambridge University Press (2008).
  • Salucci, Ilario. A People's History of Iraq: The Iraqi Communist Party, Workers' Movements and the Left 1923-2004. Haymarket Books (2005) ISBN 1-931859-14-0

See also

References

  1. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. page 393.
  2. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. page 341.
  3. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 396.
  4. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. page 399.
  5. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 411.
  6. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 399.
  7. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 431.
  8. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 433.
  9. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 438.
  10. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 439.
  11. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 442.
  12. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 445.
  13. ^ Salucci, Ilario. A people's history of Iraq: the Iraqi Communist Party, Workers' movements and the Left, 1924-2004. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005. Page 23.
  14. ^ Salucci, Ilario. A people's history of Iraq: the Iraqi Communist Party, Workers' movements and the Left, 1924-2004. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005. Page 24.
  15. ^ Salucci, Ilario. A people's history of Iraq: the Iraqi Communist Party, Workers' movements and the Left, 1924-2004. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005. Page 24.
  16. ^ Salucci, Ilario. A people's history of Iraq: the Iraqi Communist Party, Workers' movements and the Left, 1924-2004. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005. Page 26.
  17. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 599.
  18. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 603.
  19. ^ Salucci, Ilario. A people's history of Iraq: the Iraqi Communist Party, Workers' movements and the Left, 1924-2004. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005. Page 29.
  20. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 701.
  21. ^ Salucci, Ilario. A people's history of Iraq: the Iraqi Communist Party, Workers' movements and the Left, 1924-2004. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005. Page 30.
  22. ^ Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Page 693.
  23. ^ Salucci, Ilario. A people's history of Iraq: the Iraqi Communist Party, Workers' movements and the Left, 1924-2004. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005. Page 31.
  24. ^ Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H.. Communism and Economic Development, in The American Political Science Review, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Mar., 1968), pp. 122.
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