Janus kinase inhibitor
Janus kinase inhibitors, also known as JAK inhibitors or jakinibs,[1] are a type of medication that functions by inhibiting the activity of one or more of the Janus kinase family of enzymes (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2), thereby interfering with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. These inhibitors have therapeutic application in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases[1][2] such as rheumatoid arthritis.[3]
Mechanism of action
Cytokines play key roles in controlling cell growth and the immune response. Many cytokines function by binding to and activating type I and type II cytokine receptors. These receptors in turn rely on the Janus kinase (JAK) family of enzymes for signal transduction. Hence drugs that inhibit the activity of these Janus kinases block cytokine signalling.[1]
More specifically, Janus kinases phosphorylate activated cytokine receptors. These phosphorylated receptors in turn recruit STAT transcription factors which modulate gene transcription.
The first JAK inhibitor to reach clinical trials was tofacitinib. Tofacitinib is a specific inhibitor of JAK3 (IC50 = 2 nM) thereby blocking the activity of IL-2, IL-4, IL-15 and IL-21. Hence Th2 cell differentiation is blocked and therefore tofacitinib is effective in treating allergic diseases. Tofacitinib to a lesser extent also inhibits JAK1 (IC50 = 100 nM) and JAK2 (IC50 = 20 nM) which in turn blocks IFN-γ and IL-6 signalling and consequently Th1 cell differentiation.[1]
Molecule design
Some JAK1 inhibitors are based on a benzimidazole core.[4]
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Examples
Approved
- Ruxolitinib against JAK1/JAK2 for psoriasis, myelofibrosis,[5][6][7] and rheumatoid arthritis.[8] Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2011 for myelofibrosis, intermediate- or high-risk and polycythemia vera, in patients with an inadequate response or intolerance to hydroxyurea.[9]
- Tofacitinib (tasocitinib; CP-690550) against JAK3 for psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.[10] US FDA approved in November 2012 for rheumatoid arthritis (moderate to severe), in patients who had an inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate.[11]
In clinical trials
- Upadacitinib, (ABT494) (C17H19F3N6O[12] )against JAK1 starting phase III for rheumatoid arthritis[13]
- Baricitinib (LY3009104, INCB28050) against JAK1/JAK2 starting phase IIb for rheumatoid arthritis[14]
- CYT387 against JAK2 for myeloproliferative disorders[15][16]
- Filgotinib (GLPG0634) against JAK1 for RA and Crohn's disease[17]
- Lestaurtinib against JAK2, for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)[18]
- Pacritinib (SB1518) against JAK2 for relapsed lymphoma and advanced myeloid malignancies,[19] chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (CIMF)[20]
Experimental
- JSI-124[21]
- CHZ868 (for use against myeloproliferative disorders and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia[22]
- Tofacitinib against JAK3 for alopecia universalis [23]
- Topical Tofacitinib and Ruxolitinib for alopecia [24]
References
- ^ a b c d Kontzias A, Kotlyar A, Laurence A, Changelian P, O'Shea JJ (Aug 2012). "Jakinibs: a new class of kinase inhibitors in cancer and autoimmune disease". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 12 (4): 464–70. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2012.06.008. PMC 3419278. PMID 22819198.
- ^ Pesu M, Laurence A, Kishore N, Zwillich SH, Chan G, O'Shea JJ (Jun 2008). "Therapeutic targeting of Janus kinases". Immunological Reviews. 223: 132–42. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00644.x. PMC 2634846. PMID 18613833.
- ^ Selective JAK inhibitors in development for rheumatoid arthritis. Norman 2014
- ^ Benzimidazole Derivatives as Potent JAK1-Selective Inhibitors. Kim et al. 2015
- ^ Vaddi K, Sarlis NJ, Gupta V (Nov 2012). "Ruxolitinib, an oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, in myelofibrosis". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 13 (16): 2397–407. doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.732998. PMID 23051187.
- ^ "Ruxolitinib (Jakafi) for myelofibrosis". The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. 54 (1387): 27–8. Apr 2012. PMID 22469651.
- ^ Ostojic A, Vrhovac R, Verstovsek S (Nov 2011). "Ruxolitinib for the treatment of myelofibrosis". Drugs of Today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998). 47 (11): 817–27. doi:10.1358/dot.2011.47.11.1708829. PMID 22146225.
- ^ Mesa RA, Yasothan U, Kirkpatrick P (Feb 2012). "Ruxolitinib". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 11 (2): 103–4. doi:10.1038/nrd3652. PMID 22293561.
- ^ Product Information: JAKAFI(R) oral tablets, ruxolitinib oral tablets. Incyte Corporation (per manufacturer), Wilmington, DE, 2014
- ^ Zerbini CA, Lomonte AB (May 2012). "Tofacitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 8 (4): 319–31. doi:10.1586/eci.12.19. PMID 22607178.
- ^ Product Information: XELJANZ(R) oral tablets, tofacitinib oral tablets. Pfizer Labs (per FDA), New York, NY, 2014.
- ^ ABT494 shows structure
- ^ "AbbVie Launches Phase 3 Trial for Rheumatoid Arthritis". Rheumatoid Arthritis News. 2016-01-29.
- ^ "Incyte Earns $19M Milestone from Lilly on Start of Phase IIb Trial with RA Candidate". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 2010-10-20.
- ^ "Safety and Efficacy Study of CYT387 in Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF) or Post-polycythemia Vera (PV) or Post-essential Thrombocythemia (ET)". ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institutes of Health. 2012-03-09.
- ^ Pardanani A, Lasho T, Smith G, Burns CJ, Fantino E, Tefferi A (Aug 2009). "CYT387, a selective JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor: in vitro assessment of kinase selectivity and preclinical studies using cell lines and primary cells from polycythemia vera patients". Leukemia. 23 (8): 1441–5. doi:10.1038/leu.2009.50. PMID 19295546.
- ^ GLPG0634 at clinicaltrials.gov
- ^ Shabbir M, Stuart R (Mar 2010). "Lestaurtinib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor: from bench to bedside". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 19 (3): 427–36. doi:10.1517/13543781003598862. PMID 20141349.
- ^ Hart S, Goh KC, Novotny-Diermayr V, Hu CY, Hentze H, Tan YC, Madan B, Amalini C, Loh YK, Ong LC, William AD, Lee A, Poulsen A, Jayaraman R, Ong KH, Ethirajulu K, Dymock BW, Wood JW (Nov 2011). "SB1518, a novel macrocyclic pyrimidine-based JAK2 inhibitor for the treatment of myeloid and lymphoid malignancies". Leukemia. 25 (11): 1751–9. doi:10.1038/leu.2011.148. PMID 21691275.
- ^ "A Phase 1/2 Study of Oral SB1518 in Subjects With Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis". ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institutes of Health. 2012-04-19.
- ^ Blaskovich MA, Sun J, Cantor A, Turkson J, Jove R, Sebti SM (2003). "Discovery of JSI-124 (cucurbitacin I), a selective Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway inhibitor with potent antitumor activity against human and murine cancer cells in mice". Cancer Res. 63 (6): 1270–9. PMID 12649187.
- ^ https://www.mskcc.org/blog/discovery-could-boost-new-therapies-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-01
- ^ http://news.yale.edu/2014/06/19/hairless-man-arthritis-drug-spurs-hair-growth-lots-it
- ^ http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/9/e1500973.full