Julida

Julida
	Tachypodoiulus niger (Julidae)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Myriapoda
Class:	Diplopoda
Subclass:	Chilognatha
Infraclass:	Helminthomorpha
Superorder:	Juliformia
Order:	Julida; Brandt, 1833
Superfamilies
	Blaniuloidea; Juloidea; Nemasomatoidea; Paeromopodoidea; Parajuloidea;
Synonyms
	Zygocheta Cook, 1895; Symphyognatha Verhoeff, 1910

Julida is an order of millipedes. Members are long and cylindrical, typically ranging from 10–120 millimetres (0.39–4.72 in) in length.^[1] Eyes may be present or absent, and in mature males of many species, the first pair of legs is modified into hook-like structures.^[2] Additionally, both pairs of legs on the 7th body segment of males are modified into gonopods.^[3]

Distribution

Julida contains predominantly temperate species ranging from North America to Panama, Europe, Asia north of the Himalayas, and Southeast Asia.^[4]

Classification

The order Julida contains approximately 750 species, divided into the following superfamilies and families:^[5]

Blaniuloidea C. L. Koch, 1847

Blaniulidae C. L. Koch, 1847
Galliobatidae Brolemann, 1921
Okeanobatidae Verhoeff, 1942
Zosteractinidae Loomis, 1943

Juloidea Leach, 1814

Julidae Leach, 18147
Rhopaloiulidae Attems, 1926
Trichoblaniulidae Verhoeff, 1911
Trichonemasomatidae Enghoff, 1991

Nemasomatoidea Bollman, 1893

Chelojulidae Enghoff, 1991
Nemasomatidae Bollman, 1893
Pseudonemasomatidae Enghoff, 1991
Telsonemasomatidae Enghoff, 1991

Paeromopodoidea Cook, 1895

Aprosphylosomatidae Hoffman, 1961
Paeromopodidae Cook, 1895

Parajuloidea Bollman, 1893

Mongoliulidae Pocock, 1903
Parajulidae Bollman, 1893

References

^ "Diagnostic features of Millipede Orders" (PDF). Milli-PEET Identification Tables. The Field Museum, Chicago. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
^ J. Gordon Blower (1985). Millipedes: Keys and Notes for the Identification of the Species. Synopses of the British Fauna. Linnean Society of London. ISBN 90-04-07698-0.
^ Shelley, Rowland M. (1999). "Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna". The Kansas School Naturalist. 45 (3): 1–16.
^ "Geographic distribution of Millipede Families" (PDF). Milli-PEET Identification Tables. The Field Museum, Chicago. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
^ William Shear. "Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844" (PDF). In Z.-Q. Zhang (ed.). Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Vol. 159–164. p. 3148. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)