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Keiko (orca)

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Keiko.
Keiko on 1 December 1998, at the
Oregon Coast Aquarium
SpeciesOrca (Orcinus orca)
BreedIcelandic
SexMale
Bornc. 24 September 1976
Near Iceland
Died12 December 2003 (aged c. 27)
Arasvikfjord, Norway
Notable roleWilly in Free Willy
Weight6 tons (12,300 lb; 5440 kg)[citation needed]
www.keiko.com

Keiko (earlier Siggi and Kago; c. 24 September 1976 – 12 December 2003) was a male orca captured in the Atlantic Ocean near Iceland in 1979. He portrayed Willy in the 1993 film Free Willy. In 1996, Warner Bros. and the International Marine Mammal Project collaborated to return Keiko to the wild. After years of preparing Keiko for reintegration, Keiko was flown to Iceland in 1998 and in 2002, became the first captive orca to be fully released back into the ocean. On 12 December 2003, he died of pneumonia in a bay in Norway at the age of 27, making him the only recognized non-human member of the 27 Club.

Early life

Keiko was captured near Reyðarfjörður, Iceland in 1979 at the approximate age of two and sold to the Icelandic Aquarium in Hafnarfjörður. At the time, he was named Siggi, with the name Kago given at a later date.[1][2]

In 1982, he was sold to Marineland in Ontario, Canada. At this new facility, he first started performing for the public and developed skin lesions indicative of poor health and was also bullied by older orcas.[3][4] Keiko was then sold to Reino Aventura, an amusement park in Mexico City, Mexico, in 1985.

At Reino Aventura, he was given the name "Keiko", a feminine Japanese name that means "lucky one".[1][5] At the time, he was only 10 feet long and was housed in a tank intended for bottlenose dolphins.[6]

Free Willy

Keiko became the star of the film Free Willy in 1993. The publicity from his role led to an effort by Warner Bros. to find him a better home. The pool for the now 21-foot-long orca was only 22 feet deep, 65 feet wide and 114 feet long. He was housed with bottlenose dolphins, but no others of his own species.[4][7] Keiko was underweight for his size, and the water temperature was often too warm, which caused him various skin problems.[8]

Free Willy-Keiko Foundation

Outcry for Keiko's liberation arose from the film containing a phone number for whale preservations receiving countless recipients. Warner Brothers and Craig McCaw led to the establishment of the Free Willy-Keiko Foundation in February 1995. With donations from the foundation and millions of school children, the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport, Oregon, was given over $7 million to construct facilities to return him to health with the hope of eventually returning him to the wild. Reino Aventura donated Keiko to the Foundation.[9] UPS provided ground transportation to the nearby Newport Municipal Airport in a specialized container. Before he left the amusement park in Mexico, Keiko performed for the public for the last time. Weighing about 7,700 pounds (3493 kg), he was transported by air in a C-130 Hercules loaned by the U.S. Air Force. During the flight, he was held in a 30-foot-long transfer tank filled with sea water and cooled with ice cubes.[10][11]

On arrival in Oregon in 1996, Keiko was housed in a new (2,000,000 US gallons (7,600,000 L)) concrete enclosure containing seawater. His weight had increased significantly by June 1997, to 9,620 pounds (4364 kg).[12]

Re-introduction to the wild

The plan to return him to the wild was a topic of much controversy. Some felt his years of captivity made such a return impossible. Researchers in a scientific study later said attempts to return him to the wild were unsuccessful, but that monitoring him with radio and satellite tags was part of "a contingency plan for return to human care," which secured "the long-term well-being of the animal."[13] Others considered his release misguided.[14][15] The Norwegian pro-whaling politician Steinar Bastesen made international news for his statement that Keiko should instead be killed and the meat sent to Africa as foreign aid.[16]

Loading Keiko onto a C-17 transport on 9 September 1998, in Newport, Oregon for transport to the Westman Islands in Iceland

Nevertheless, the process of preparing Keiko for the wild began on 9 September 1998, when he was flown to Klettsvík, a bay on the island of Heimaey in Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland. Upon landing at Vestmannaeyjar Airport, the C-17 Globemaster aircraft suffered a landing gear failure causing over $1 million in damage, though Keiko was unharmed.[17][18]

His day-to-day care became the responsibility of the Free Willy-Keiko Foundation with management assistance from the Ocean Futures Society. He was initially housed in a pen in the Klettsvik Bay where he underwent training designed to prepare him for his eventual release, including supervised swims in the open ocean.

Ocean Futures left the Keiko project in late 2001. The Free Willy-Keiko Foundation and The Humane Society of the United States re-established management of the project at that time until Keiko's death in 2003.[19] Keiko was fully free by the summer of 2002 and departed Icelandic waters in early August following some orcas but not integrated with the pod. His journey was tracked via the signal from a VHF tag attached to the dorsal fin.[20] About a month later, he arrived in Norway's Skålvik Fjord, apparently seeking contact with human beings and allowing children to ride on his back.[21] His caretakers relocated to Norway and continued to conduct boat-follows with Keiko for the next 15 months.[13] On the basis of girth measurements and blood tests, it was assumed that Keiko had fed during his 900-mile (1500 km) journey from Iceland to Norway.[22] Keiko occasionally approached groups of wild orcas, but remained on the periphery, at distances of 100–300 meters (109 to 328 yards), with his head pointing toward the closest orca.[23]

Death

Keiko died in Taknes Bay, Skålvikfjord, Norway, while swimming in the fjords on 12 December 2003, at the age of 27. Pneumonia was determined as his probable cause of death.[24][25][26]

Evaluation of the re-introduction process

Most sources conclude that the project to free Keiko was a failure because the orca failed to adapt to life in the wild.[27] In Norway, Keiko had little contact with other orcas and was not fishing; for months before his death, the whale was being fed daily.[28][29][30] A report in The Guardian describes the freed orca's life in Taknes Bay as follows:

"... until his death Keiko was, rather than frolicking freely in his fjord, being taken for 'walks' by caretakers in a small boat at least three times a week. ... It took more than 60 failed attempts to reunite Keiko with free orcas before he followed a group where, spotting a fishing vessel off the Norwegian coast, he followed it into the fjords that would prove his final resting place."[31]

According to an article in New Scientist, "He was seen diving among the wild orcas only once, on 30 July 2002. And after physical contact at the surface, Keiko swam away, seeking out human company on the tracking boat".[32] A scientific study published in the journal Marine Mammal Science (July 2009) confirms that he was seen on the periphery of some wild groups but was never seen to be socially integrated with such whales.[20] In summary, "He never integrated into a wild pod ... and could not break his need for human contact."[33] His return to humans for food and for company confirms the failure of the project according to the same scientific study.[20]

Reasons cited for Keiko's failure to adapt include his early age at capture, the long history of captivity, prolonged lack of contact with conspecifics and strong bonds with humans.[34]

In spite of those comments, David Phillips, executive director of the Free Willy-Keiko Foundation, praised the release project: "We took the hardest candidate and took him from near death in Mexico to swimming with wild whales in Norway".[31] "Keiko had five years with the sights and sounds of natural seawater. I think it was a great success in terms of Keiko, his well-being, and the whole world that wanted to do the right thing."[35] Others also claim that the release was a success, and The Huffington Post called it a "phenomenal success ... giving him years of health and freedom".[36][37]

The total cost of freeing Keiko was about US$20 million. The lead author of the study published by Marine Mammal Science said:

"You can't just let these animals out into the wild. You have to take the responsibility, and that might cost a lot of money. The fortune spent on Keiko might have been better invested in conservation programs to protect whales and their habitat ... But that's not as appealing as the adventures of a single whale".[38]

An alternative to freeing orcas after long-term captivity, is the use of a "sanctuary" or "oceanic enclosure" (sea pen), according to Lori Marino of the Whale Sanctuary Project.[39][40] "They can’t be released, but their quality of life can be improved by orders of magnitude", Marino said in a 2016 interview where she agreed that the cost would be high ($15 to $20 million). "It’s a solemn responsibility, and it’s the best we can do for animals that are in captivity."[35]

Filmography

In 2010 the film Keiko: The Untold Story was released. In 2013 a New York Times video, The Whale Who Would Not Be Freed, included interviews about Keiko's return to the ocean.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kirby, David (17 July 2012). Death at SeaWorld: Shamu and the Dark Side of Killer Whales in Captivity. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-00831-2 – via Internet Archive. Kago.
  2. ^ Neiwert, David (16 June 2015). Of Orcas and Men: What Killer Whales Can Teach Us. The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-4683-1229-4 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ "Where's Willy?". The New Yorker.
  4. ^ a b Townsend, Mark (7 September 2002). "Keiko's love of children puts his life in danger" – via The Guardian.
  5. ^ "Keiko the 'Free Willy' Whale Dies". BBC News. 13 December 2003.
  6. ^ Kurth, Linda Moore (18 August 2017). Keiko's Story: A Killer Whale Goes Home. Millbrook Press. ISBN 978-0-7613-1500-1 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Vivian Kuo (26 October 2013). "Orca trainer saw best of Keiko, worst of Tilikum". CNN.
  8. ^ Schrader, Esther (23 August 1993). "ILL 'WILLY' PRESENTS WHALE OF A PROBLEM". washingtonpost.com.
  9. ^ Kurth, Linda Moore (18 August 2017). Keiko's Story: A Killer Whale Goes Home. Millbrook Press. ISBN 978-0-7613-1500-1 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Booth, William (10 September 1998). "'FREE WILLY': THE TRUE SEQUEL" – via washingtonpost.com.
  11. ^ "Willy Is Freed! Well, Moved, Anyway". The New York Times. 8 January 1996.
  12. ^ Kurth, Linda Moore (18 August 2017). Keiko's Story: A Killer Whale Goes Home. Millbrook Press. ISBN 978-0-7613-1500-1 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ a b M. Simon; M. B. Hanson; L. Murrey; J. Tougaard; F. Ugarte (2009). "An attempt to release Keiko the killer whale". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 693–705. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00287.x.
  14. ^ Catherine Brahic (28 April 2009). "Why freeing Willy was the wrong thing to do". New Scientist. Keiko was indeed a poor candidate for release, due to the early age of his capture, long history of captivity, prolonged lack of contact with conspecifics, and strong bonds with humans.
  15. ^ Simon, M. (July 2009). "From Captivity to the Wild and Back: An Attempt to Release Keiko the Killer Whale". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 703. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00287.x.
  16. ^ McCarthy, Michael (15 September 1998). "Turn Keiko into meatballs". The Independent.
  17. ^ "C-17A S/N 96-0006".
  18. ^ "C-17 Accident During Whale Lift Due To Design Flaw". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29.
  19. ^ Free Willy-Keiko Foundation
  20. ^ a b c Simon, M. (2009). "From captivity to the wild and back: An attempt to release Keiko the killer whale". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 693–705. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00287.x.
  21. ^ "Keiko not so 'Wild' in Norway". Komonews.com. 2 September 2002 [updated 31 August 2006]. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  22. ^ M. Simon; M. B. Hanson; L. Murrey; J. Tougaard; F. Ugarte (2009). "An attempt to release Keiko the killer whale". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 693–705. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00287.x.
  23. ^ Simon, M. (July 2009). "From Captivity to the Wild and Back: An Attempt to Release Keiko the Killer Whale". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 696. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00287.x.
  24. ^ "Keiko deserves a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame". keikotheuntoldstory.com. 2013-03-16. Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  25. ^ "Keiko the killer whale dies". msnbc.com. 2003-12-13. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
  26. ^ "Keiko the killer whale dies". NBC News. 13 December 2003.
  27. ^ Society, National Geographic (14 November 2014). "Death of Keiko".
  28. ^ "'Free Willy' Whale Dies". CBS News.
  29. ^ Lusher, Adam. "Whale star of 'Free Willy' dies after return to wild".
  30. ^ Brahic, Catherine (April 28, 2009). "Why freeing Willy was the wrong thing to do". 46 DAILY NEWS. New Scientist. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
  31. ^ a b Townsend, Mark (13 December 2003). "Free at last? New row as Keiko dies" – via The Guardian.
  32. ^ "Why freeing Willy was the wrong thing to do".
  33. ^ "BBC – Earth News – Killer whales: What to do with captive orcas?". news.bbc.co.uk. 25 February 2010.
  34. ^ http://www.orcanetwork.org/nathist/simon2009keiko.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  35. ^ a b "Watch What Happens When You Free a Killer Whale".
  36. ^ Whiting, Candace Calloway (17 September 2013). "Keiko (Free Willy): 20 Years Later, History Proves His Release to Have Been the Right Decision". HuffPost.
  37. ^ "Hope for Lolita in Keiko's successful return to the wild – HeraldNet.com". 25 March 2016.
  38. ^ "Travel & Outdoors – The $20M lessons of "freeing" Keiko the whale – Seattle Times Newspaper". o.seattletimes.nwsource.com.
  39. ^ "RENOWNED MARINE CONSERVATIONIST DR. CARL SAFINA JOINS BOARD OF WHALE SANCTUARY PROJECT | The Whale Sanctuary Project". www.whalesanctuaryproject.org. Archived from the original on 2017-08-16.
  40. ^ "The Whale Sanctuary Project: Saying No Thanks to Tanks". Psychology Today.
  41. ^ Winerip, Michael (16 September 2013). "Retro Report: The Whale Who Would Not Be Freed" (video, 11:43). New York Times. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
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