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List of Egyptian mummies (officials, nobles, and commoners)

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For a list of mummies dealing with the dynastic royal family, see List of Egyptian mummies (royalty).

The following is a list of mummies that have been found in Egypt dating to the pharaonic dynasties. This list includes people who were considered to be court officials, nobles, or commoners by historians. Some of these mummies have been found to be remarkably intact, while others have been damaged from tomb robbers and environmental conditions.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Identified

[edit]
Name Role Year of Death Dynasty Gender Year discovered Image Description
Ankh-hap Untitled Late Period-1st century AD Male Un­known — The mummy and coffin of Ankh-hap are housed in the Houston Museum of Natural Science, on permanent loan from the Texas A&M University. His body is much fragmented and has been reinforced with wooden sticks.[1]
Antjau 0525 664-660 BC 26th Male Un­known Displayed in the Royal Ontario Museum.[2]
Asru Temple singer 0700 700 BC 25th Female 1825 1825 — The unwrapped body of Asru was donated to Manchester Museum in 1825 along with her two coffins. She was likely from Thebes (modern Luxor). She was 50–60 years old at death; testing has revealed she suffered from several types of internal parasites.[3]
Djedmaatesankh Temple singer Un­known 22nd Female Un­known Djedmaatesankh was 30–35 years old when she died, possibly from sepsis caused by a dental abscess. Her mummy is on display in the Royal Ontario Museum.[4][5]
Djedptahiufankh Second Prophet of Amun 0943 943 to 728 BC 22nd Male 0019 19th Century
Djehutynakht Nomarch Un­known 11th/12th Male 1915 1915
Hekashepes Un­known 6th Male 2023 2023 — In 2023 Hekashepes's intact burial was discovered at Saqqara. His stone sarcophagus was found at the bottom of a shaft at Gisr el-Mudir, near the Step Pyramid. His body appeared to be wearing clothes and jewellery including a collar and belt, and is decorated with gold.[6][7][8]
Henut Taui Priestess Un­known 21st Female Un­known —
Henut-wedjebu Priestess 1300 BC c. 1300 BC 18th Female 1896 1896 — Henut-wedjebu was a chantress of Amun who lived during the Eighteenth Dynasty c. 1300 BC. Her tomb intact tomb was discovered in 1896 at Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, Luxor. Her coffin and mummy were gifted to Washington University in St. Louis and are permanently displayed in the Saint Louis Art Museum. Henut-wedjebu's mummy has never been unwrapped but CT scans revealed her organs were not removed during mummification. She may have died of an infection as she has calcifications in her lymph nodes and scarring in her lungs.[9][10][11]
Hornedjitef Priest 0220 c.220 BC Ptolemaic Male Un­known Hornedjitef was a priest of the temple of Amun at Karnak during the reign of Ptolemy III. His coffins and cartonnage-covered mummy were discovered in Asasif in Thebes, modern Luxor. He was 55–65 years old at the time of his death.[12]
Imhotep Vizier Un­known 18th Male 1903 1903–1905 —
Irtyersenu 600 c.600BC 26th Female Before 1825 Before 1825 — Irtyersenu, also known as "Dr Granville's mummy" or "the Granville mummy" was an ancient Egyptian woman who died aged around 50 and was buried in Thebes. She was among the first mummies to be scientifically investigated, with an account of her examination by Augustus Granville published in 1825. He deduced her cause of death to be ovarian cancer (now thought to be a benign tumor). A reexamination published in 2009 suggests she died of tuberculosis, having found extensive evidence of the bacterium in lung tissue and bone samples.[13]
Isetemkheb D Un­known 21st Female Un­known
Iufaa Priest 0525 500 to 525 BC 26th Male 1996 1996 —
Katebet Priestess 13001280 1300-1280 BC 18th or 19th Female Before 1835 Before 1835 The mummy and coffin of Katebet are housed in the British Museum. She died as an elderly woman and was buried in a man's coffin altered for her use.[14]
Kha Overseer of works Un­known 18th Male 1906 1906 Kha was a foreman for the workers village of Deir el-Medina in the reigns of Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV and Amenhotep III. He was buried with his wife Merit in TT8, discovered in 1906. His body is now in the Museo Egizio in Turin, Italy. Kha died in his 50s-60s and was in reasonably good health, having arthritis in his lower back and knees. His mummy has never been unwrapped but X-rays and CT scans have revealed his body is equipped with funerary amulets and gold jewellery including earrings and a large necklace which were part of a royal reward for his service.[15]
Lady Rai Nursemaid 1530 1530 BC 17th Female 1881 1881
Maatkare Mutemhat Priestess Un­known 21st Female Un­known
Maiherpri Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King Un­known 18th Male 1901 1901 —
Masaharta High Priest of Amun 1045 1045 BC 21st Male Un­known
Mehit-em-Wesekht 300 c.300 BC Ptolemaic Female Un­known — The mummy and coffin of Mehit-em-Wesekht were donated to the former Colonial Museum (now Te Papa) in 1885. Her parents worked at the temple of Min in Akhmim, Upper Egypt, and it is likely that she was also a member of the temple staff before her early death.[16]
Meresamun Priestess 0800 c.800 BC 23rd Female 1920 1920
Merit Lady of the house Un­known 18th Female 1906 1906 Merit was the wife of Kha, a foreman at Deir el-Medina. She was buried with her husband in TT8, discovered intact in 1906, and is now in the Museo Egizio, Turin. She died between the ages of 25 and 35, and had lost several teeth. She was buried wearing many items of jewellery including two pairs of earrings, a large broad collar, and bracelets. She seems to have died unexpectedly as she was buried with a mummy mask and coffin intended for Kha.[15]
Minirdis Untitled Male Late 1800s Late 1800s Minirdis was the son of Inaros, a stolist-priest of Min. He died between the ages of 12 and 14 of an unknown cause approximately 2300 years ago. His coffined body was found at Akhmim in the late 1800s and transported to the Chicago Field Museum in the 1920s. The coffin was opened in 2014 and revealed that his body had slid around inside it, detaching his feet and damaging his legs and cartonnage mask. Restoration work was carried out with the aim of placing him on display in a touring exhibition.[17][18][19]
Nebiri Chief of stables Un­known 18th Male 1904 1904 Nebiri was an official during the reign of Thutmose III. He was buried in QV30 which was excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli in 1904. The robbed tomb preserved only Nebiri's mummified head and a single canopic jar containing his lungs. Studies have revealed he died between 45 and 60 years old of heart failure.[20][21]
Nedjemankh Priest c. 150 – 50 BC Ptolemaic Male Unknown Coffin only
Nefrina Commoner 0275 c.275 BC Ptolemaic Female 1930 1930 — Nefrina was from the town of Akhmim. Her cause of death may have been complications of a broken hip. Her father, Irethourrou, and mother, Irty-rou, were both involved in the cult of the god Min.[22] Her mummy has been on display in the Reading Public Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania since 1930.[23]
Nehmes Bastet Temple singer Un­known 22nd Female 2012 2012 — Nehmes Bastet was a "chantress of Amun" during the Twenty-second Dynasty. She was buried in tomb KV64 in the Valley of the Kings, which was discovered in 2012 by the University of Basel.[24]
Neskhons Noble Un­known 21st Female 1881 1881
Nesperennub Priest 0800 800 BC 22nd Male? 1890s — Nesperennub bore the titles of 'Opener of the Two Gates of Heaven at Karnak' and 'Libationer of the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak.' His mummy is enclosed in a painted cartonnage mummy case and a wooden outer coffin that was originally intended for a woman. He died at 30–40 years old.[25][26]
Nesyamun Priest 1100 c.1100 BC 20th Male 1823 1823 —
Nodjmet Noble 1064 1064 BC 20th/21st Female Un­known
Padihershef Stone mason 7th century BC 25th Male Before1823 Before 1823 — Padihershef originates from Thebes and died between 20 and 30 years old. One side of his body shows signs that decomposition started before mummification took place. He bore a title conventionally translated as "stone mason" but he was likely a "sepulchral prospector" who looked for areas to cut new tombs in the Theban necropolis. Padihershef was the first complete Egyptian mummy imported into the United States. He was presented by Jacob van Lennep to Massachusetts General Hospital in 1823 and was investigated by John Collins Warren the same year. He was X-rayed in the 1930s and 1970s and CT scanned in 2013. This revealed that his unwrapped head was reattached with the aid of a stick.[27][28]
Pinedjem II High Priest of Amun 0969 969 BC 21st Male 1881 1881
Qar Royal physician Un­known 0056th Male 2006 2006 —
Sattjeni Noble Un­known 12th Female 2016 2016 — The mummy of "Lady Sattjeni" was found in 2016. She was revealed to be the daughter of a governor, and a woman of high nobility.[29]
Sha-Amun-en-su Priestess Un­known 22nd Female 1876 1876 This mummy was one of the very few that remained undisturbed in its sarcophagus since first mentioned in 1876. Sha-Amun-en-su lived during the 22nd dynasty, and was a priestess as well as a temple singer. Her mummy was destroyed in 2018 from a large-scale fire in the National Museum of Brazil, where her mummy had been on display.
Shep-en-Isis 620 620-610 BC 26th Female 1819 1819
Souser-iret-binet 0850 850-557 BC Female 1880s 1880s Souser-iret-binet[30] likely originates from Gaston Maspero's excavations in the mid-1880s at Akhmim, Upper Egypt. She was known as Ta-sedgemet but the partial name "Souser" appears on inscriptions on her coffin.[31] She was at 27–35 years old at death and unwell. She had non-Hodgkin lymphoma and enlarged sinuses suggesting a flu-like illness, in addition to poor dental health. She was obtained for the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch along with another mummy, Tash-pen-Khonsu, in 1888; in 1957 she was transferred to the Auckland War Memorial Museum in Auckland where her mummy is on display.[32][33]
Tabasety Priestess 1301 1301-1035 BC 20th-21st Dynasty Female Before1940s Before 1940s Tabasety was a Theban priestess who bore the titles "chantress of Amun" and "lady of the house". Based on the style of her coffin set, she lived during the Twentieth or Twenty-first Dynasties. She fractured her pelvis as a child. The injury never fully healed, which would have caused chronic, disabling pain. She died aged 40-60 years. Her organs were not removed during mummification and her body is largely skeletonised. In the 1940s, her body and coffin were purchased by Ivan Lystager and donated to Aarhus University in Aarhus, Denmark in 1950.[34]
Takabuti Lady of the house 25th Female Before 1835 Before 1835 The mummy and coffin of Takabuti have been housed in the Ulster Museum in Belfast, Northern Ireland since at least 1835, when she was unwrapped. She died in her late 20s, likely from a stab wound.[35]
Ta-Kr-Hb Priestess 760 760-525 BC 25-26th Female Before1896 Before 1896 —
Tash pen Khonsu Priestess 185 c.185 BC Ptolemaic Female Tash pen Khonsu's mummy was purchased in 1887 from Frederick George Hilton Price for the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. She came from Akhmim, Upper Egypt and was involved in the cult of Amun. She died aged about 25. She appears to have been placed in a recycled coffin, as textile from the coffin lining was dated to 485 BC – a discrepancy of 300 years.[36]
Tayesmutengebtiu Chantress of Amun 900 c.900 BC 22nd Dynasty Female 1850s-1880s 1850s-1880s — Tayesmutengebtiu, also known as Tamut, was a priestess of Amun. Based on the wear on her teeth she was at least 30 years old at the time of her death and has an estimated height of 157 centimetres (5.15 ft). CT-scanning has revealed her mummy has artificial eyes of stone or glass and is equipped with many amulets, including a heart scarab, two embalming plates, wax figures of the four sons of Horus, and sheet metal amulets placed over the throat, chest, pelvis, wrists, and feet; her finger and toes are covered with metal stalls. She was probably buried at Thebes and was discovered between the 1850s and the 1880s in excavations by either Raymond Sabatier, Auguste Mariette, or V. G. Maunier and was purchased by the British Museum in 1890.[37]
Tayuheret Singer of Amun Un­known 21st Female 1881 1881
Tchaenhotep 1069 1069-664 BC 3rd Intermediate Period Female 1903 1903 —
Thuya Noble Un­known 18th Female 1905 1905
Tjayasetimu Temple singer c.800 BC 22nd Female Before1887 Before 1887 — Tjayasetimu was a "singer of the interior" likely of the god Amun; such singers were often daughters of the elite. CT-scanning has revealed she died around the age of seven and has shoulder length hair arranged on the sides and back of her head. Her mummified body was placed in a decorated cartonnage coffin depicting her as an adult woman. Dark liquid was poured over the entire front of the coffin which obscured much of the decoration; cleaning carried out in 1975 allowed the inscription to be read. Her mummy was purchased by E. A. Wallis Budge in 1887 for the British Museum. He assumed she originated from Thebes, the home of the largest temple to Amun, Karnak, but John H. Taylor and Daniel Antoine suggest she may be from El Hiba in northern Egypt.[38]
Usermontu Noble 0400 400 BC 26th Male 1971 1971
Usai Official 664 664-525 BC 26th Male Unknown Unknown The mummy of Usai is exhibited at the Archaeological Civic Museum (MCA) of Bologna along with Usai's outer box-shaped coffin and inner anthropoid coffin. X-ray analysis revealed the presence of a further faience bead net under the wrapping, as well as an envelope between the legs containing the viscera removed during the mummification.[39]
Wah Estate manager 1975 c.1975 BC 12th Male 1920 1920 The mummy of Wah was discovered in a 1920 dig organized by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan. The mummy was displayed for years before X-ray analysis revealed a number of small objects of value within the wrapping.[40][41] The outer layer of the body's linen wrappings were dyed red and inscribed with protective words.[42][43]
Wendjebauendjed Noble Un­known 21st Male 1946 1946
Yuya Courtier 1374 1374 BC 18th Male 1905 1905

Disputed

[edit]
Alias Assumed name(s) Dynasty Sex Year discovered Image Description
Unknown Man C Senenmut 18th Male 1881 1881 This is another mummy that was found in DB320, and dubbed "Unknown Man C". Despite initial reporting, no conclusive link has been found that links the remains to Senenmut.

Unknown

[edit]

The following entries are mummies that have no conclusive identity. In the interim they have been given either nicknames or assumed names by historians until further research can be done.

Nickname Dynasty Sex Year discovered Image Description
1770 (mummy) Un­known Female Un­known — "1770 mummy" was approximately 13 or 14 years old at the time of her death. It is possible that an unsuccessful treatment of dracunculiasis was the cause as she died a few weeks after her surgery.[44][45][46]
Gebelein predynastic mummies 001Predynastic Both 1895 1895–1896 From 1895 to 1896, six unidentified mummies were found well preserved near Gebelein (modern name Naga el-Gherira) in the Egyptian desert. These mummies were the first complete predynastic bodies to be discovered.[47][48]
Kampp 150 mummy 18th Un­known 2017 2017 — The remains of a mummy were discovered in tomb "Kampp 150" sometime in December, 2017. The identification of the mummy remains unknown.[49]
Mer-Neith-it-es Un­known Female 2018 2018 — In March 2018, a mummy was found in a sarcophagus that was first discovered in 1860 and labeled as "empty". Research is ongoing to determine who this mummy was and when she lived.[50][51] The mummy and coffin are on display at the Chau Chak Wing Museum in Sydney, Australia.[52]
Otago Museum mummy Ptolemaic Female 1893 — The mummy held by Otago Museum is the body of an elderly woman.[53] She was donated to the museum in 1894 by the local businessman Bendix Hallenstein, who purchased her mummy from a German consular agent in Luxor, Egypt.[54]
Our Lady of the Nile 21st Female Un­known "Our Lady of the Nile" is an unidentified mummy that was toured by a carnival operator in the 1920s after it had been acquired from Egypt at an unknown date. Eventually the mummy was donated to the St Petersburg Museum of History where it remains today.[55]

See also

[edit]

References

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  2. ^ "Mummy of Antjau". collections.rom.on.ca. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
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  4. ^ "A mummy of a tale". Canada.com. 2013-04-10. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  5. ^ Mukherjee, Kiron. "Ancient Egypt Weekend! OR How a mummy, NOT a dinosaur, got me into teaching". Royal Ontario Museum. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  6. ^ Jarus, Owen (1 February 2023). "Egyptian Mummies Covered in Gold are Rare, And We May Have Just Found the Oldest". livescience.com. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  7. ^ Nowakowski, Teresa (2 February 2023). "Archaeologists Unearth Oldest Known Gold-Covered Mummy in Egypt". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  8. ^ Alberti, Amarachi Orie,Mia (27 January 2023). "Archaeologists may have found Egypt's oldest mummy". CNN. Retrieved 17 March 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  15. ^ a b Bianucci, Raffaella; Habicht, Michael E.; Buckley, Stephen; Fletcher, Joann; Seiler, Roger; Öhrström, Lena M.; Vassilika, Eleni; Böni, Thomas; Rühli, Frank J. (22 July 2015). "Shedding New Light on the 18th Dynasty Mummies of the Royal Architect Kha and His Spouse Merit". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0131916. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1031916B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131916. PMC 4511739. PMID 26200778.
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  20. ^ Barberis, Elettra; Manfredi, Marcello; Ferraris, Enrico; Bianucci, Raffaella; Marengo, Emilio (January 2022). "Non-Invasive Paleo-Metabolomics and Paleo-Proteomics Analyses Reveal the Complex Funerary Treatment of the Early 18th Dynasty Dignitary NEBIRI (QV30)". Molecules. 27 (21): 7208. doi:10.3390/molecules27217208. PMC 9653799. PMID 36364034.
  21. ^ Bianucci, R; Loynes, RD; Sutherland, ML; Lallo, R; Kay, GL; Froesch, P; Pallen, MJ; Charlier, P; Nerlich, AG (September 2016). "Forensic Analysis Reveals Acute Decompensation of Chronic Heart Failure in a 3500-Year-Old Egyptian Dignitary" (PDF). Journal of Forensic Sciences. 61 (5): 1378–81. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13138. PMID 27362779. S2CID 206917756.
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  25. ^ British Museum
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  29. ^ Stephanie Pappas (June 2, 2016). "Who Was Sattjeni? Tomb Reveals Secrets About Ancient Egyptian Elite". Life Science. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  30. ^ "Souser-iret-binet". Auckland Museum Collections Online. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
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  39. ^ Mummia di Usai
  40. ^ WINLOCK, H. E. (1941). "Wah—Late of Thebes, Egypt". Scientific American. 164 (3): 150–152. Bibcode:1941SciAm.164..150W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0341-150. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24966863.
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  54. ^ "Valentine's Day mummy". Otago Museum. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  55. ^ Waveney Ann Moore (July 29, 2014). "TV show filming mummy exhibit at St. Pete History Museum". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
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