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List of fatal snake bites in the United States

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This is a list of people who received a fatal snake bite in the United States by decade in reverse chronological order.

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) kills the most people in the US, with the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) ranking second.[1] However, some authorities believe the Western is responsible for the most deaths.[2][3]

Snake species

The United States has about 20 species of venomous snakes which include 16 species of rattlesnakes, 2 species of coral snakes, one species of cottonmouth (or water moccasin), and one species of copperhead. At least one type of venomous snake is found in every state except Alaska and Hawaii.[4] It has been estimated that 7,000–8,000 people per year receive venomous bites in the United States, and about 5 of those people die.[5] Most fatal bites are attributed to the eastern and western diamondback rattlesnake. Copperheads account for more cases of venomous snake bite than any other North American species; however, their venom is the least toxic so their bite is seldom fatal.[6]

Venomous snakes are distributed unevenly throughout the United States — the vast majority of snake bites occur in warm weather states. States like Florida and Texas have a wide variety and large population of venomous snakes. Bites from venomous snakes are extremely rare in the states near the Canada–US border. Maine, for example, has only one species (Crotalus horridus), they are rarely seen, and then only in the southern part of the state, but the species is likely extinct Maine, with the last sighting in 1901.[7]

2010s

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
Wayne Grooms, 71, male June 12, 2016 Rattlesnake (likely Timber Rattlesnake) Grooms was in the Santee National Wildlife Refuge when a rattlesnake bit him on his lower left leg.[8] He collapsed and died within 15 minutes of the bite. He may have had an undisclosed condition which contributed to the severity of his reaction to the bite.[9] Timber rattlesnakes are the most common in this refuge, but Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnakes are adaptable and could potentially be found on this refuge and are more likely to cause serious bites than Timbers, due to disposition and venomous potential.[10]
Paula Halfacre, 39, female September 20, 2015 Green Mojave Rattlesnake Paula was with several friends near her camp in Azusa Canyon Mountains, Azusa, California, she returned to her campsite alone to retrieve a tool when she was bitten by a rattlesnake. Paula attempt to hike back down to her friends, but collapsed on the path, she managed to get close enough that someone heard her faint call for help. A friend of Paula's picked her up and carried her down to where her other friends could help her. Unable to speak, Paula was not able to let anyone know she had been bitten. An ambulance was called and as paramedics were loading her into the ambulance Paula was finally able to get out the words "Snake bite". Paula was taken to nearby Foothill Presbyterian Hospital in Glendora, CA where she died a short time later.[citation needed]
David Brock, 60, male July 28, 2015 unknown (almost certainly Timber Rattlesnake) Bitten during a religious service at a Pentecostal Church in Jenson, Kentucky. Refused treatment and died in his brother's home.[11]
Russell E. Davis, 39, male July 19, 2015 Timber Rattlesnake Davis was sitting around the fire at his family’s camp when he was bitten by a rattlesnake. He was taken to hospital and from there airlifted to a Pittsburgh-area hospital. While on route in the helicopter, Davis suffered a cardiac arrest and was subsequently pronounced dead upon arrival to the hospital. The cause of the death was due to an anaphylactic reaction from the snake's venom. There was no autopsy performed and the cause of death was ruled accidental.[12]
Grant Thompson, 18, male July 14, 2015 Monocled Cobra Thompson was found unresponsive in his car in a North Austin Lowes store parking lot. He was taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead. A Monocled Cobra that he was known to own was missing and was later found dead nearby having been run over by a car [13] An autopsy was performed and his death was ruled a suicide.[14]
Gilbert De Leon, 37, male May 23, 2015 Cottonmouth De Leon was bitten on each leg while wading in the James River near Nixa, Missouri. After the bite, he did not seek medical attention and died the next day.[15]
David Giles, 59, male May 20, 2015 unknown, but likely rattlesnake Giles was bitten while he was alone in Watkinsville, GA. He normally carried a snakebite kit, but did not have it with him this time. He drove to a nearby house to seek help and collapsed. A Timber Rattlesnake would have been the normal suspect, but since he was weakened by Lyme disease it could have been a pygmy or maybe a cottonmouth or copperhead.[16]
Timothy Levins, 52, male July 8, 2014 copperhead While camping at Sam A. Baker State Park, Levins walked outside, saw the snake and brought it to his son's attention. When he picked it up, the snake bit him. Levins walked back into the cabin, washed his hand off at the kitchen sink and sat down on the couch. When Levins became sick, someone from a neighboring cabin came over to help and applied CPR. Levins was later pronounced dead at an area hospital.[17]
Brayden Bullard, 4, male June 20, 2014 Timber Rattlesnake Bryceville, FL[18]
Billy Glide, 43, male May 26, 2014 rattlesnake (unknown sp.) Bitten by pet rattlesnake of friend he was helping move.[19]
Jamie Coots, 42, male Feb 15, 2014 rattlesnake Coots was bitten on the right hand during a service at his Full Gospel Tabernacle in Jesus Name church in Middlesboro, Kentucky. After the bite, Coots dropped the snakes, but then picked them back up and continued the ceremony. Later, he was driven to his home. When paramedics arrived, his relatives refused medical treatment for him, saying it was inconsistent with his religion. He died at home.
Daniel Frank Mitchell, 53, male Sept. 20, 2013 rattlesnake (probably Eastern Diamondback, but possibly Timber) Salem, AL[20]
Ernest Burch, 80, male July 2, 2013[21] Timber Rattlesnake Burch found the snake in his garage in Armuchee, GA. Not wanting to kill it, he tried moving it out with a broom but lost balance, fell on top of the snake, and was bitten on the left arm. He was rushed to the hospital and received 8 vials of antivenom, but died 30 hours later.[22]
Believed to be Jack Redmond, male, 70 October 2, 2012 unknown Likely killed by 1 of the 24 venomous snakes he kept in his home in Chesterfield, VA.[23]
Terry Brown, 50, male July 2012 Copperhead Brown died of a heart attack one day after he was bitten by a copperhead snake while camping on the Current River, Missouri. The coroner's office listed the cause of death as a heart attack, with the snake bite as a contributing factor. Witnesses told investigators that Brown had seen a snake in one of the tents and was trying to remove it when the snake bit him on the right thumb.[24]
Mark Randall Wolford, 44, male May 28, 2012 Timber Rattlesnake Wolford was bitten on the thigh while handling a timber rattlesnake as part of an outdoor religious service at Panther State Forest in McDowell County, West Virginia.[25][26] Wolford did not initially seek medical treatment for his injury, but was taken to Bluefield Regional Medical Center when his condition began to deteriorate some eight hours later.[25] Wolford was a pastor and often handled his pet snake during church services.[25] Wolford's father, Mack Wolford, died in 1983 under similar circumstances.[27]
Mark Shaw, 47, male April 5, 2011 rattlesnake (probably Western Diamondback, but possibly Timber) Bitten by rattlesnake he was trying to kill in Bastrop County, TX.[28]
Wade Westbrook, 26, male January 29, 2011 Copperhead Westbrook was bitten just above the right elbow while handling a copperhead; he had been attempting to determine the snake's sex.[29] According to witnesses, Westbrook "tried to extract the venom with a tool after he was bitten, then he began coughing and vomiting before he collapsed."[30] Westbrook was pronounced dead on arrival at Erlanger Hospital in Chattanooga, Tennessee.[30] The cause of death was determined to be "anaphylactic shock as a result of the snake bite."[30]
William Price, 67, male October 13, 2010 rattlesnake, probably a Southern Pacific Rattlesnake Price was bitten above the right ankle while wading across a stream near Cuyamaca Reservoir in Cuyamaca, California.[31] Price had been taking part in a study of steelhead trout that was funded by a state Department of Fish and Game grant.[31] According to witnesses, Price "stopped breathing within minutes" of being bitten. The bite marks on his foot were reportedly "an inch and a half across."[31] Price was airlifted to Palomar Medical Center, but later died.
Peyton Hood, 1, female Aug. 11, 2010 Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Possum Kingdom Lake, TX[32]
George Yancy, 35, male May 9, 2010 rattlesnake (probably Western Diamondback, but possibly Timber) Bitten while pulling up his pants in Smithville, TX[28]

2000s

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
Richard Rupert, 68, male October 10, 2009 Timber rattlesnake Hunting with grandson in Oglethorpe County, Georgia.[33]
Pfc. Norman M. Murburg, 29, male June 9, 2008 Cottonmouth Bitten during special forces selection at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.[34]
Jackie Ledwell, 63, female October, 2007 Mojave Rattlesnake Bitten while taking a walk in Paulden, Arizona.[35]
Inocenio Hernandez-Hernandez, 29, male June 10, 2006 Eastern Coral Snake Hernandez-Hernandez became the first person to die in the United States from a fatal coral snake bite since 1967. He and Jesus Moreida, both of Bonita Springs, Florida, were bitten by a coral snake they tried to kill.[36]
Former police officer from Madison County, Texas 2006 Copperhead [37]
Joe Guidry, 54, male October 2005 Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Guidry, the Putnam County, Florida fire marshal, went to help a neighbor who had spotted a rattlesnake while mowing grass. He shot at the snake; it went under a shed and Guidry was bitten when he reached for it.[38]
Margaret Wilson White, 54, female July 2005 rattlesnake Hays County, Texas near Wimberley along Ranch Road 12, about a quarter mile west of County Road 213.[39][40][41]
Trent Leprette, 31, male June 2004 Copperhead Bitten on each hand while swimming in Saugahatchee Creek near Lochapoka, Alabama. Leprette was admitted to East Alabama Medical Center in Opelika; he developed complications and died after several days of treatment.[42]
Professor Chavez, 34, male May 2003 rattlesnake Killed in Riverside County, California
Ross Cooke, 50, male May 2003 Southern Pacific rattlesnake Killed in Lyle Creek, San Bernardino County, California. Stepped on a snake he mistook for a log.
Pat Hughes, 45, male August 2002 rattlesnake Bitten on finger by a small snake in his own garage, admitted to Sierra Vista Regional Health Center in Sierra Vista, Arizona and treated with antivenom but died of "complications associated with the bite".[43]
Derek Lema, 2, male September 16, 2000 Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Bitten in the thigh by rattlesnake while helping his dad Victor Lema in their Lakewood, Florida backyard.[44]

1990s

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
Anita Finch, 33, female Reported December 17, 1999 Gaboon Viper or Hog-nosed Sand Viper Bitten by either of these snakes she kept as pets in her Van Nuys, California home.[45]

1980s

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
Adult male 1980s rattlesnake A single fatal rattlesnake bite was reported in Utah during this decade.
Curtis Davison, 22, male August 19, 1989 Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Davison was bitten on the top of his right hand as he transferred a six-foot Rattlesnake from one cage to another at Silver Springs Nature Park near Ocala, Florida.[46]
Mack Ray Wolford, 39, male August 28, 1983 Timber Rattlesnake Wolford was bitten on the arm by a timber rattlesnake during religious services at the Lord Jesus Temple in Mile Branch, near Iaeger, West Virginia.[27] Wolford did not initially seek medical treatment.[47] An ambulance was summoned eight hours after Wolford had been bitten, but he died during transport to Stevens Clinic in Welch, West Virginia.[27] Wolford's son, Mark Wolford, died in 2012 under similar circumstances.[25]
John Holbrook, 38, male August 1982 rattlesnake Reverend Holbrook was bitten while handling a rattlesnake during religious services in Oceana, West Virginia.[27][48] Holbrook reportedly refused medical assistance because his religion did not permit it.[27][48]

1970s

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
Gordon D. Ball, 34, male August 5, 1973 rattlesnake Ball was presumably bitten by a snake, possibly a Massasauga, while traveling alone through Bergen-Byron Swamp on a "picture-taking expedition".[49] A five-day police search recovered Ball's body from a small clearing "near Warboys Road, on the swamp's northern perimeter."[49] An autopsy report listed snakebite as the presumptive cause of death.[49][50]

1950s

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
George Went Hensley, 74, male July 25, 1955 unknown Died from a bite sustained while handling snakes during a religious service in Virginia.

1940s

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
Jerry Frier, 7, male June 22, 1943 rattlesnake Died from rattlesnake bite in Lafayette County, Florida.[51]
Mrs. Floyd Butterbaugh, 22, Female July 18, 1947 timber rattler Was bitten by a timber rattler at her home on Piney Creek, 12 miles east of Chillicothe, Ohio near the Tar Hollow State Forest. Mrs. Butterbaugh was picking beans in her garden when she was bitten. She died the next day. This is the last known fatality from a wild snake bite in the State of Ohio.[52]

1920s

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
Maggie Collins, 33, female May 29, 1929 rattlesnake Died from a rattlesnake bite while picking blackberries in Grady County, Georgia.
Rebecca Nimmons, 19, female July 1928 rattlesnake Killed by a rattlesnake in Pickens County, South Carolina.
Jane Lancaster, 66, female August 21, 1921 probably a Timber Rattlesnake Ross County, Ohio The bite occurred in Franklin Township at Snake Hollow, near the present day Scioto Trails State Forest, southeast of Chillicothe, Ohio. The article in the Chillicothe Gazette explains that it could not be confirmed if the bite Mrs. Lancaster suffered was from a copperhead or rattlesnake. Given the severity of the wounds, it was likely a timber rattlesnake that bit her.[53]

1910s

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
Helen Moomey, 4, female September 23, 1915 rattlesnake Died from a rattlesnake bite she received while playing with friends near her house in Billings County, North Dakota.[54] The Prairie Rattlesnake is the only venomous snake in North Dakota.
Two Wilson children June 1913 Prairie Rattlesnake Bitten and died while family was sleeping on the North Dakota prairie.

1900s

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
Mary Bull, 12, female July 9, 1907 rattlesnake Died from a rattlesnake bite in Shenandoah County, Virginia. The Timber Rattlesnake is the only species of rattlesnake in this region.
Frank Benham, 2, male September 25, 1903 prairie rattlesnake Died from rattlesnake bite in Adams County, Colorado, 17 miles north of Deer Trail.
Edward Comstock, 39, male September 25, 1900 rattlesnake Died as result of a bite from a rattlesnake during a snake handling exhibition on Water Street in Chillicothe, Ohio. Newspaper article: Edward Comstock, manager of a snake show, was bitten by a rattlesnake at Chilll- cothe, O., last week and died, in terrible agony. His hand and arm swelled to an enormous size. Every known antidote was tried without avail. He was changing the snakes and put his hand into a box, when the rattler bit him. He had handled snakes for years.[55]

Before 1900

Name, age, gender Date Species Location, comments
Rebecca O. Andrews, approximately 28, female c. 1890 rattlesnake Died from rattlesnake bite in Kansas.
James Ananias Brannon, 2, male July 1882 rattlesnake Died from a rattlesnake bite received while lying on a blanket in Texas.
George Sides, 6, male May 30, 1873 rattlesnake Died in Texas of a rattlesnake bite.
Frederick Louis Niemann, male 1873 rattlesnake Died in Saline County, Kansas, from a rattlesnake bite.
William A. Perrin, male 1859 rattlesnake Killed by a rattlesnake at Stribling Springs in Augusta County, Virginia. The Timber Rattlesnake is the only rattlesnake in Virginia
Maggie Lee, female October 24, 1854 rattlesnake She was the first child to die of a snakebite in Parker County, Texas.
H. M. Pettigrew, 31, male August 15, 1841 rattlesnake He died from a rattlesnake bite while clearing land in Fannin County, Texas.[56]
unknown 1791 Timber rattlesnake last fatal snakebite in the state of Massachusetts[57]
Child, 5 or 6 August 28, 1790 rattlesnake A child was bitten by a rattlesnake, and died the next day, in Hardwick, Massachusetts.[58]

See also

Species:

Footnotes
  1. ^ Norris R. 2004. Venom Poisoning in North American Reptiles. In Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.[page needed]
  2. ^ Conant, Roger and Joseph T. Collins (1998). Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern/Central North America. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 412. ISBN 0-395-90452-8.
  3. ^ Foster, Steven, and Roger Caras (1994). A Field Guide to Venomous Animals and Poisonous Plants: North America North of Mexico. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. plate 2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ http://www.venombyte.com/venom/snakes/venomous_snakes_by_state.asp
  5. ^ "Venomous Snakes". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Copperhead snake page". Snakesandfrogs.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2000. Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Timber Rattlesnakes".
  8. ^ "SC conservationist dies after rattlesnake bite at nature preserve". Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  9. ^ "Autopsy confirms snake bite killed SC conservationist, coroner says". 14 June 2016.
  10. ^ Foster, Steven, and Roger Caras (1994). A Field Guide to Venomous Animals and Poisonous Plants: North America North of Mexico. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 14, 18. ISBN 0-395-51594-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Kentucky man dies from snake bite at church service".
  12. ^ "Man Killed by Elk County Rattlesnake".
  13. ^ "Temple man killed by Cobra in Austin". Statesman Online. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  14. ^ "Autopsy: Teen used cobra to commit suicide".
  15. ^ "Missouri woman wakes to find boyfriend dead after he was bitten by water snake". Mail Online. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  16. ^ "Snakebite claims life of Watkinsville man".
  17. ^ Dean, Dana; Aja J., Williams; Zigman, Leisa (13 July 2014). "Snakebite kills Missouri man". USAToday. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  18. ^ "Two weeks after rattlesnake bite, Nassau County boy, 4, dies". jacksonville.com. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  19. ^ "Billy Glide Dies: Porn Star Killed By Rattlesnake Bite After Refusing Medical Attention". The Inquisitr News. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  20. ^ "Cherokee County man dies from rattlesnake bite, a rare occurrence in Alabama". AL.com. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  21. ^ "Armuchee man dies from rattlesnake bite".
  22. ^ "Family remembers man bitten by timber rattlesnake".
  23. ^ "Venomous snakes removed from home, man's death under investigation".
  24. ^ Tim O'Neil (4 July 2012). "Camper dies after Copperhead bite along Current River". stltoday.com. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  25. ^ a b c d "Snake-handling W.Va. preacher dies after suffering bite during outdoor service". The Washington Post. The Associated Press. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.[dead link‍]
  26. ^ "Snake-handling pastor dies after bite". The Boston Globe. 1 June 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2014 – via HighBeam Research.
  27. ^ a b c d e "Web Extra: 1983 Daily Telegraph story detailing the death of Wolford's father, also from a snake bite". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. 30 August 1983. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  28. ^ a b "Paige man dies from rattlesnake bite".
  29. ^ Ghianni, Tim (31 January 2011). "Tennessee man dies from poisonous copperhead snake bite". Reuters. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  30. ^ a b c Nicholson, Ken (31 January 2011). "Updated: Official cause of death determined in snake bite case". Chattanooga, Tennessee: WRCB. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  31. ^ a b c Repard, Pauline (15 October 2010). "La Jolla man dies from rattlesnake bite". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  32. ^ "Snake Bite Season". www.newschannel6now.com. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  33. ^ Christian Boone (13 October 2009). "Boy couldn't save snakebit grandpa". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ajc.com. Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ "Special Forces soldier killed by snake bites". WRAL.com. 17 September 2008.
  35. ^ "Snakebite Deaths Still Rare but are Mounting". tucsoncitizen.com. Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Southeastern Outdoors – Fatal Coral Snake Bites". Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "The copperhead snake". Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)[not specific enough to verify]
  38. ^ Lise Fisher (11 October 2005). "Snake bite is deadly for Putnam fire official". The Gainesville Sun. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  39. ^ "July 29, 2005 - Search for missing woman in Hays County".
  40. ^ Anita Miller (27 July 2005). "Wimberley Woman Missing". SAN MARCOS DAILY RECORD. Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "Missing woman found dead, bitten by snake". myplainview.com. 1 August 2005.
  42. ^ "Fatal Snake Bite". WTVY.com. 23 June 2004. Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "Snake bite kills Sierra Vista man". Tucson Citizen. 20 August 2002. Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ Zucco, Tom (13 November 2004). "Trial calls Animal Planet host". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  45. ^ "Zoo volunteer killed by deadly snake bite". Sacramento Bee. 17 December 1999. Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ Vicki Vaughan (28 August 1989). "22-year-old snake handler has died in the first..." The Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  47. ^ "Snake Bite Proves Fatal". Daily Sitka Sentinel. Sitka, Alaska. 31 August 1983. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. ^ a b Mathews, Garret (3 April 1983). "'Praise-the-Lord-and-pass-the-snake' service is a trip, if you can handle it". The Chicago Tribune. p. J3. Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ a b c Graczyk, Mark (5 February 2012). "Hidden History: Snake bite kills man in Bergen swamp, 1973". The Daily News Online. Batavia, New York. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  50. ^ "Coroner Says Snake Bite Fatal". The Times Record. Troy, New York. 13 August 1973. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  51. ^ http://burval.net/p739.htm
  52. ^ "Dies Of Snake Bite". The Evening Review. East Liverpool, Ohio: Newspapers.com. 19 July 1947. p. 6. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  53. ^ "First Death from Snake Bite in Ross County Since Records Of Mortality Has Been Kept in This County". Retrieved 23 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ "Little Girl is Mortally Bitten by a Rattlesnake". The Marmarth Mail. Vol. VIII, no. 42. 24 September 1915. Retrieved 20 August 2014 – via USGENWEB ARCHIVES.
  55. ^ "Seeking Relatives". The Billboard. Vol. 12, 13. Mocavo.com. July–December 1900. p. 97. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  56. ^ "Fannin Co. TX Pettigrew Cemetery N. of Windom". USGENWEB ARCHIVES. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  57. ^ "Timber Rattlesnake: Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program" (PDF).
  58. ^ "We Hear from Hardwick". Gazette of the United-States. New York, New York. 25 September 1790.
General references
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