List of fossil primates of South America

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List of fossil primates of South America is located in South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
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Locations of primate fossil finds in South America and the Caribbean
Divisaderan
Deseadan
Early Miocene & Colhuehuapian
Santacrucian-Friasian
Laventan
Huayquerian
Pleistocene
Holocene

Various fossil primates have been found in South America and adjacent regions such as Panama and the Caribbean.[1] Presently, 78 species of New World monkeys have been registered in South America.[2] Around the middle of the Cenozoic, approximately 34 million years ago,[3] two types of mammals appeared for the first time in South America: rodents and primates. Both of these groups had already been inhabiting other continents for millions of years and they simply arrived in South America rather than originated there. Analyses of evolutionary relationships have shown that their closest relatives were living in Africa at the time. Therefore, the most likely explanation is that they somehow crossed the Atlantic Ocean, which was less wide than today, landed in South America, and founded new populations of rodents and primates.[4]

The first South American primates gave rise to an impressive evolutionary radiation: more than 120 species in five families. These primates are known as platyrrhine (flat-nosed) primates and are closely related to Old World apes and monkeys (catarrhine primates). Platyrrhines include some of the most popular and acrobatic monkeys such as spider monkeys (Ateles) and capuchins (Cebus), both of which have grasping (prehensile) tails that can be used as a fifth limb. Platyrrhines also include a wide variety of colorful tamarins and marmosets (family Callitrichidae). The platyrrhine primate fossil record is relatively sparse, quite unlike that of caviomorph rodents.[4]

The presently oldest New World monkey is Perupithecus ucayaliensis from Amazonian Peru, described in 2015.[5] A 2017 study of the fossils estimated the body mass for the various fossil primate species.[6]

List of fossil primates of South America

Note: some authors, among others Fossilworks, consider Killikaike synonymous with Homunculus and Szalatavus with Branisella, while other researchers consider the genera as different.
The Panamanian and Caribbean fossil primates have been included for completeness.

Age
(SALMA) 		Formation Country Family Subfamily Genus Species
bold is type 		Estimated
body mass 		Notes
Divisaderan Yahuarango Fm.  Peru incertae sedis incertae sedis Perupithecus P. ucayaliensis 400 g (0.88 lb)
[6][7]
Deseadan Chambira Fm. Canaanimico C. amazonensis 2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][8]
Salla Fm.  Bolivia Branisella B. boliviana 1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][9]
Szalatavus S. attricuspis 550 g (1.21 lb)
[6][9]
Early Miocene Lagunitas Fm.  Cuba Pitheciidae Callicebinae Paralouatta P. marianae
[10]
Colhuehuapian Culebra Fm.  Panama Cebidae Cebinae Panamacebus P. transitus 2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][11]
Sarmiento Fm.  Argentina Dolichocebus D. gaimanensis 2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][12]
Pitheciidae Aotinae Tremacebus T. harringtoni 1,800 g (4.0 lb)
[6][13]
Pitheciinae Mazzonicebus M. almendrae 1,602 g (3.532 lb)
[6][14]
Abanico Fm.  Chile incertae sedis incertae sedis Chilecebus C. carrascoensis 1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][15]
Santacrucian Santa Cruz Fm.  Argentina Cebidae Cebinae Killikaike K. blakei 2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][16]
Pitheciidae Homunculinae Homunculus H. patagonicus 2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][16]
Pinturas Fm. Carlocebus C. carmenensis 3,500 g (7.7 lb)
[6][17]
C. intermedius
[18]
Pitheciinae Soriacebus S. adrianae
[19]
S. ameghinorum 1,483 g (3.269 lb)
[6][20]
Friasian Collón Cura Fm. Proteropithecia P. neuquenensis 1,600 g (3.5 lb)
[6]
Laventan Honda Gp.  Colombia Atelidae Alouattinae Stirtonia S. tatacoensis 5,513 g (12.154 lb)
[6][21]
S. victoriae 10,000 g (22 lb)
[6][22]
Cebidae Cebinae Saimiri S. annectens 605 g (1.334 lb)
[6][23]
S. fieldsi 768 g (1.693 lb)
[6][24]
Patasola P. magdalenae 480 g (1.06 lb)
[6][25]
Callitrichinae Lagonimico L. conclucatus 595 g (1.312 lb)
[6][26]
Micodon M. kyotensis 400 g (0.88 lb)
[6][27]
Pitheciidae Aotinae Aotus A. dindensis 1,054 g (2.324 lb)
[6][28]
Homunculinae Miocallicebus M. villaviejai 1,500 g (3.3 lb)
[6][29]
Pitheciinae Cebupithecia C. sarmientoi 1,602 g (3.532 lb)
[6][30]
Nuciruptor N. rubricae 2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][31]
incertae sedis incertae sedis Mohanamico M. hershkovitzi 1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][32]
Huayquerian Solimões Fm.  Brazil Atelidae Alouattinae Solimoea S. acrensis 8,000 g (18 lb)
[6][33]
 Brazil
 Bolivia		 Cebidae Cebinae Acrecebus A. fraileyi 12,000 g (26 lb)
[6][34]
Pleistocene  Cuba Pitheciidae Callicebinae Paralouatta P. varonai 8,444 g (18.616 lb)
[6]
 Brazil Atelidae Alouattinae Cartelles C. coimbrafilhoi 23,500 g (51.8 lb)
[6]
Caipora C. bambuiorum 24,000 g (53 lb)
[6][35]
[36]
Protopithecus P. bonaeriensis 22,600 g (49.8 lb)
[37]
P. brasiliensis
[35][38]
[39]
Alouatta A. mauroi
[40][41]
Holocene  Dominican Republic Pitheciidae Callicebinae Antillothrix A. bernensis 1,500 g (3.3 lb)
[6]
 Jamaica Xenothrix X. mcgregori 5,720 g (12.61 lb)
[6][42]
 Haiti Aotidae Aotini (tribe) Insulacebus I. toussentiana 4,805 g (10.593 lb)
[6][43]

See also

References

  1. ^ Tejedor et al., 2013, p.22
  2. ^ Rosenberger & Hartwig, 2001, p.2
  3. ^ Lynch Alfaro et al., 2015, p.519
  4. ^ a b South American Fossil Mammals
  5. ^ Bond et al., 2015, p.538
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Silvestro et al., 2017, p.14
  7. ^ Perupithecus at Fossilworks.org
  8. ^ Canaanimico at Fossilworks.org
  9. ^ a b Branisella boliviana at Fossilworks.org
  10. ^ Paralouatta marianae at Fossilworks.org
  11. ^ Panamacebus at Fossilworks.org
  12. ^ Dolichocebus at Fossilworks.org
  13. ^ Tremacebus at Fossilworks.org
  14. ^ Mazzonicebus at Fossilworks.org
  15. ^ Chilecebus at Fossilworks.org
  16. ^ a b Homunculus at Fossilworks.org
  17. ^ Carlocebus carmenensis at Fossilworks.org
  18. ^ Carlocebus intermedius at Fossilworks.org
  19. ^ Soriacebus adrianae at Fossilworks.org
  20. ^ Soriacebus ameghinorum at Fossilworks.org
  21. ^ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
  22. ^ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
  23. ^ Saimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
  24. ^ Saimiri fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
  25. ^ Patasola magdalenae in the Paleobiology Database
  26. ^ Lagonimico conclucatus at Fossilworks.org
  27. ^ Micodon kiotensis at Fossilworks.org
  28. ^ Aotus dindensis at Fossilworks.org
  29. ^ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
  30. ^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
  31. ^ Nuciruptor rubricae in the Paleobiology Database
  32. ^ Luchterhand et al., 1986, p.1753
  33. ^ Solimoea at Fossilworks.org
  34. ^ Acrecebus at Fossilworks.org
  35. ^ a b Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996
  36. ^ Caipora bambuiorum at Fossilworks.org
  37. ^ Protopithecus bonaeriensis at Fossilworks.org
  38. ^ Halenar & Rosenberger, 2013
  39. ^ Protopithecus brasiliensis at Fossilworks.org
  40. ^ Tejedor et al., 2008
  41. ^ Alouatta mauroi at Fossilworks.org
  42. ^ Xenothrix at Fossilworks.org
  43. ^ Insulacebus at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography

General

Specific

Further reading

  • Croft, Darin A. 2016. Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, 1–320. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253020949. Accessed 2017-10-21.
  • Fleagle, John G., and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 2013. The Platyrrhine Fossil Record, 1–256. Elsevier ISBN 9781483267074. Accessed 2017-10-21.
  • Hartwig, W.C., and D.J. Meldrum. 2002. The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics, 175–188. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2. Accessed 2017-09-24.
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