List of monarchs of Moldavia
This is a List of rulers of Moldavia, from the first mention of the medieval polity east of the Carpathians and until its disestablishment in 1862, when it united with Wallachia, the other Danubian Principality, to form the modern-day state of Romania.
Notes
Dynastic rule is hard to ascribe, given the loose traditional definition of the ruling family (on principle, princes were chosen from any branch, including a previous ruler's bastard sons – being defined as os de domn – "of Voivode marrow", or as having hereghie – "heredity" (from the Latin hereditas); the institutions charged with the election, dominated by the boyars, had fluctuating degrees of influence). The system itself was challenged by usurpers, and became obsolete with the Phanariote epoch, when rulers were appointed by the Ottoman Sultans. Between 1821 and 1862, various systems combining election and appointment were put in practice. Moldavian rulers, like Wallachian and other Eastern European rulers, bore the titles of Voivode or/and Hospodar.
Most rulers did not use the form of the name they are cited with, and several used more than one form of their own name; in some cases, the ruler was only mentioned in foreign sources. The full names are either modern versions or ones based on mentions in various chronicles.
The list is brought up to date for the first rulers, following the documented studies of Ştefan S. Gorovei[1] and Constantin Rezachevici.[2]
List
Princes of Moldavia
Non-dynastic
Portrait | Ruler | Began | Ended | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dragoş | c. 1347 | c. 1354 | Described as an early ruler of Moldavia, he was sent there as a representative of king Louis I of Hungary to establish a line of defense against the Golden Horde , where he ruled. | |
Sas | c. 1354 | c. 1363 | son of Dragoş |
House of Bogdan-Muşat
Portrait | Ruler | Began | Ended | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bogdan I | c. 1363 | 1367 | deposed Sas | |
Petru I | 1367 | July 1368 | Grandson of Bogdan I [3] | |
Laţcu | July 1368 | 1375 | son of Bogdan I, deposed Petru I [3] | |
Petru II Muşat | 1375 | December 1391 | possibly son of Costea | |
Roman I | December 1391 | March 1394 | possibly son of Costea | |
Ştefan I | March 1394 | 28 November 1399 | son of Roman I | |
Iuga (George I) | 28 November 1399 | 29 June 1400 | son of Roman I, deposed by intervention of Mircea I of Wallachia | |
Alexandru I the Good | 29 June 1400 | 1 January 1432 | son of Roman I, installed by Mircea | |
Iliaş I | 1 January 1432 | September 1433 | son of Alexandru cel Bun; 1st rule | |
Ştefan II | September 1433 | 4 August 1435 | son of Alexandru cel Bun; 1st rule | |
Iliaş I | 4 August 1435 | 1 August 1442 | 2nd rule, jointly with Ştefan II since 8 March 1436 | |
Ştefan II | 8 March 1436 | 13 July 1447 | 2nd rule, 8 March 1436-1 January 1442 jointly with Iliaş; 1444–1445 jointly with Petru III | |
Roman II | 13 July 1447 | 22 August 1447 | son of Iliaş; 1st rule | |
Petru III | 22 August 1447 | 23 December 1447 | 1st rule | |
Roman II | 23 December 1447 | between 23 February and 5 April 1448 | 2nd rule | |
Petru III | 5 April 1448 | 10 October 1448 | 2nd rule | |
Csupor de Monoszló | 10 October 1448 | December 1448 | Non-dynastic. Born in Croatia, he was a Hungarian nobleman, commander of troops of John Hunyadi. He was sent in support of Petru III to depose his brother Roman, but Petru died suddenly two months later. Csupor ascended at the throne. His name, literally Tub Voivode was mentioned by Grigore Ureche. | |
Alexandru II | December 1448 | 12 January 1449 | son of Iliaş I; 1st rule | |
Bogdan II | 12 January 1449 | 15 October 1451 | nephew of Alexandru the Good. | |
Petru IV Aron | 15 October 1451 | 24 February 1452 | illegitimate son of Alexandru the Good; 1st rule | |
Alexandru II | 24 February 1452 | 22 August 1454 | 2nd rule | |
Petru IV Aron | 22 August 1454 | between 8 December 1454 and 8 February 1455 | 2nd rule | |
Alexandru II | 8 February 1455 | 25 March 1455 | 3rd rule | |
Petru IV Aron | 25 March 1455 | 12 April 1457 | 3rd rule | |
Ştefan III the Great | 12 April 1457 | 2 July 1504 | son of Bogdan II. In his reign Moldavia reaches its zenith. | |
Bogdan III The One-Eyed | 2 July 1504 | 22 April 1517 | son of Ştefan III the Great; | |
Ştefan IV the Younger | 22 April 1517 | 14 January 1527 | son of Bogdan III; also called Ştefăniţă until 1523 under the regency of Luca Arbore, Gatekeeper of Suceava | |
Petru V Rareş | 14 January 1527 | 14 September 1538 | illegitimate son of Stephen the Great, 1st rule | |
Ştefan V Lăcustă (Stephen V Locust) |
21 September 1538 | 20 December 1540 | grandson of Stephen the Great | |
Alexandru III Cornea | 21 December 1540 | 9 or 16 February 1541 | son of Bogdan III | |
Petru V Rareş | 9 or 16 February 1541 | 2 or 3 September 1546 | 2nd rule | |
Ilie II Rareş | 2 or 3 September 1546 | 30 May 1551 | 1st son of Petru Rareş | |
Ştefan VI Rareş | 30 May 1551 | 1 September 1552 | 2nd son of Petru Rareş | |
Ioan I Joldea | between 4 and 12 September 1552 | between 4 and 12 September 1552 | Non-dynastic. Ruled 2 or 3 days in 1552. | |
Alexandru IV Lăpuşneanu | between 4 and 12 September 1552 | 30 November 1561 | son of Bogdan III, brother of Stefan IV; 1st rule | |
Ioan II Iacob Heraclid (Jacob Heraclides) |
18 November 1561 | 9 November 1563 | the Despot Vodă, non-dynastic. | |
Ştefan VII Tomşa | 9 August 1563 | between 20 February and 10 March 1564 | Non-dynastic. | |
Alexandru IV Lăpuşneanu | between 20 February and 10 March 1564 | 9 March 1568 | 2nd rule | |
Bogdan IV | 9 March 1568 | 15 February 1572 | son of Alexandru Lăpuşneanu | |
Ioan III the Terrible | 15 February 1572 | 11 June 1574 | son of Ştefan IV; also called cel Viteaz) (the Brave) |
Various dynasties
Portrait | Ruler | Began | Ended | Family | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Petru VI the Lame | 1574 | 1577 | Drăculeşti | 1st rule | |
Ioan IV Potcoavă | November 1577 | December 1577 | Hetman, also called Ivan Pidkova, Nicoară Potcoavă or Ivan Sarpega | ||
Petru VI the Lame | 1578 | 1579 | Drăculeşti | 2nd rule | |
Ioan V the Saxon | 1579 | 1582 | Bogdan-Muşat | illegitimate son of Petru Rareş | |
Petru VI the Lame | 1582 | 1591 | Drăculeşti | 3rd rule | |
Aaron I the Tyrant | 1591 | 1592 | Bogdan-Muşat | son of Alexandru Lăpuşneanu; 1st rule | |
Alexandru V the Wrongdoer | 1592 | 1592 | Bogdan-Muşat | son of Bogdan IV; also ruled Wallachia (1592–1593) | |
Petru VII the Cossack | 1592 | 1592 | Bogdan-Muşat | son of Alexandru Lăpuşneanu | |
Aaron I the Tyrant | 1592 | 1595 | Bogdan-Muşat | 2nd rule | |
Ştefan VIII Răzvan | 1595 | 1595 | |||
Ieremia Movilă | 1595 | 1600 | Movileşti | grandson of Petru Rareş; 1st rule | |
Mihail I Viteazul (Michael I the Brave) |
1600 | 1600 | Drăculeşti | also ruled Wallachia (1593–1600) and Transylvania (1599–1600) | |
Ieremia Movilă | 1600 | 1606 | Movileşti | 2nd rule | |
Simion Movilă | 1606 | 1607 | Movileşti | brother of Iremia Movilă | |
Mihail II Movilă | 1607 | 1607 | Movileşti | son of Ieremia Movilă; 1st rule | |
Constantin Movilă | 1607 | 1607 | Movileşti | son of Ieremia Movilă; under the regency of his mother Elzbieta Csomortany de Losoncz; 1st rule | |
Mihail II Movilă | 1607 | 1607 | Movileşti | 2nd rule | |
Constantin Movilă | 1607 | 1611 | Movileşti | under the regency of his mother; 2nd rule | |
Ştefan IX Tomşa | 1611 | 1615 | 2nd rule | ||
Alexandru VI Movilă | 1615 | 1616 | Movileşti | ||
Radu Mihnea | 1616 | 1619 | Drăculeşti | 1st rule | |
Gaspar Graziani | 1619 | 1620 | |||
Alexandru VII Iliaş | 1620 | 1621 | Bogdan-Muşat | nephew of Petru VI, Aron Tiranul and Bogdan IV; 1st rule | |
Ştefan IX Tomşa | 1621 | 1623 | 2nd rule | ||
Radu Mihnea | 1623 | 1626 | Drăculeşti | 2nd rule | |
Miron Barnovschi-Movilă | 1626 | 1629 | Movileşti | 1st rule | |
Alexandru VIII Coconul (Alexander the Child-Prince) |
1626 | 1629 | Drăculeşti | 1st rule | |
Moise Movilă | 1630 | 1631 | Movileşti | 1st rule | |
Alexandru VII Iliaş | 1631 | 1633 | Bogdan-Muşat | 2nd rule | |
Miron Barnovschi-Movilă | 1633 | 1633 | Movileşti | 2nd rule | |
Moise Movilă | 1633 | 1634 | Movileşti | 2nd rule | |
Vasile Lupu | 1634 | 1653 | 1st rule | ||
Gheorghe II Ştefan | 1653 | 1653 | 1st rule | ||
Vasile Lupu | 1653 | 1653 | 2nd rule | ||
Gheorghe II Ştefan | 1653 | 1658 | 2nd rule | ||
Gheorghe III Ghica | 1658 | 1659 | Ghica | ||
Constantin Şerban | 1659 | 1659 | 1st rule | ||
Ştefan X Lupu | 1659 | 1661 | also called Papură-Vodă (Bullrush Voivode); 1st rule | ||
Constantin Şerban | 1661 | 1661 | 2nd rule | ||
Ştefan X Lupu | 1659 | 1661 | 2nd rule | ||
Eustratie Dabija | 1661 | 1665 | |||
Gheorghe IV Duca | 1665 | 1666 | 1st rule | ||
Iliaş III Alexandru | 1666 | 1668 | Bogdan-Muşat | The last member of the House of Bogdan-Muşat reigning in Moldavia; son of Alexandru VII | |
Gheorghe IV Duca | 1668 | 1672 | 2nd rule | ||
Ştefan XI Petriceicu | 1672 | 1673 | 1st rule | ||
Dumitraşcu Cantacuzino | 1673 | 1673 | Cantacuzene | 1st rule | |
Ştefan XI Petriceicu | 1673 | 1674 | 2nd rule | ||
Dumitraşcu Cantacuzino | 1674 | 1675 | Cantacuzene | 2nd rule | |
Antonie Ruset | 1675 | 1678 | Rosetti | ||
Gheorghe IV Duca | 1678 | 1683 | 3rd rule | ||
Ştefan XI Petriceicu | 1683 | 1684 | 3rd rule | ||
Dumitraşcu Cantacuzino | 1684 | 1685 | Cantacuzene | 3rd rule | |
Constantin Cantemir | 1685 | 1693 | Cantemireşti | ||
File:Dimitrie Cantemir color.jpg | Dimitrie Cantemir | 1693 | 1693 | Cantemireşti | 1st rule; deposed by Ottomans |
Constantin Duca | 1693 | 1695 | 1st rule | ||
Antioh Cantemir | 1695 | 1700 | Cantemireşti | 1st rule | |
Constantin Duca | 1700 | 1703 | 2nd rule | ||
Chancellor Ioan Buhuş |
1703 | 1703 | 1st term | ||
Mihail III Racoviţă | 1703 | 1705 | Racoviţă | 1st rule | |
Antioh Cantemir | 1705 | 1707 | Cantemireşti | 2nd rule | |
Mihail III Racoviţă | 1707 | 1709 | Racoviţă | 2nd rule | |
Chancellor Ioan Buhuş |
1709 | 1710 | 2nd term | ||
Nicolae Mavrocordat | 1709 | 1710 | Mavrocordato | 1st rule | |
File:Dimitrie Cantemir color.jpg | Dimitrie Cantemir | 1710 | 1711 | Cantemireşti | 2nd rule |
Phanariotes (1711–1821)
Portrait | Ruler | Began | Ended | Family | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caimacam Lupu Costachi |
1711 | 1711 | |||
Ioan Mavrocordat | 1711 | 1711 | Mavrocordato | ||
Nicolae Mavrocordat | 1711 | 1715 | Mavrocordato | 2nd rule | |
Mihai Racoviţă | 1715 | 1726 | Racoviţă | 3rd rule | |
Grigore II Ghica | 1726 | 1733 | Ghica | 1st rule | |
Constantin Mavrocordat | 1733 | 1735 | Mavrocordato | 1st rule | |
Grigore II Ghica | 1735 | 1739 | Ghica | 2nd rule | |
Russian occupation | 1739 | 1739 | Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1735–1739) | ||
Grigore II Ghica | 1739 | 1741 | Ghica | 3rd rule | |
Constantin Mavrocordat | 1741 | 1743 | Mavrocordato | 2nd rule | |
Ioan Mavrocordat | 1743 | 1747 | Mavrocordato | 2nd rule | |
Grigore II Ghica | 1747 | 1748 | Ghica | 4th rule | |
Constantin Mavrocordat | 1748 | 1749 | Mavrocordato | 3rd rule | |
Iordache Stavrachi | 1749 | 1749 | |||
Constantin Racoviţă | 1749 | 1753 | Racoviţă | 1st rule | |
Matei Ghica | 1753 | 1756 | Ghica | ||
Constantin Racoviţă | 1756 | 1757 | Racoviţă | 2nd rule | |
Scarlat Ghica | 1757 | 1758 | Ghica | ||
Ioan Teodor Callimachi | 1758 | 1761 | Callimachi | ||
Grigore Callimachi | 1761 | 1764 | Callimachi | 1st rule | |
Grigore III Ghica | 1764 | 1767 | Ghica | 1st rule | |
Grigore Callimachi | 1767 | 1769 | Callimachi | 2nd rule | |
Constantin Mavrocordat | 1769 | 1769 | Mavrocordato | 4th rule | |
Russian occupation | 1769 | 1774 | Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) | ||
Grigore III Ghica | 1774 | 1777 | Ghica | 2nd rule | |
Constantin Moruzi | 1777 | 1782 | Mourousi | 4th rule | |
Alexandru Mavrocordat Delibey | 1782 | 1785 | Mavrocordato | ||
Alexandru Mavrocordat Firaris | 1785 | 1786 | Mavrocordato | ||
Alexandru Ipsilanti | 1786 | 1788 | Ypsilanti | ||
Austrian occupation | 1787 | 1791 | military commander: Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg | ||
Emanuel Giani Ruset | 1788 | 1789 | Rosetti | also called Manole or Manolache | |
Russian occupation | 1788 | 1791 | Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) | ||
Alexandru Moruzi | 1792 | 1792 | Mourousi | 1st rule | |
Mihai Suţu | 1793 | 1795 | Soutzos | also called Draco | |
Alexandru Callimachi | 1795 | 1799 | Callimachi | ||
Constantin Ipsilanti | 1799 | 1801 | Ypsilanti | ||
Alexandru Suţu | 1801 | 1802 | Soutzos | ||
Chancellor Iordache Conta |
1802 | 1802 | |||
Alexandru Moruzi | 1802 | 1802 | Mourousi | 2nd rule | |
Scarlat Callimachi | 1806 | 1806 | Callimachi | 1st rule | |
Alexandru Moruzi | 1806 | 1807 | Mourousi | 3rd rule | |
Russian occupation | 1806 | 1812 | Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) | ||
Bessarabia is placed under Imperial Russian rule in 1812. (See also President of Moldova, for the rulers of Moldova, a part of this territory which became independent in the 20th century.) | |||||
Alexandru Hangerli | 1807 | 1807 | |||
Scarlat Callimachi | 1807 | 1807 | Callimachi | deposed by Russians | |
Caimacam Iordache Ruset-Roznovanu |
1807 | 1807 | Rosetti | ||
Caimacam Metropolitan Veniamin Costache |
1807 | 1812 | 1st term | ||
Scarlat Callimachi | 1812 | 1819 | Callimachi | ||
Mihail Suţu | 1819 | 1821 | Soutzos | ||
Stolnici Manu and Rizos-Nerulos |
1819 | 1819 | |||
Caimacam Metropolitan Veniamin Costache |
1821 | 1821 | 2nd term | ||
Filiki Eteria occupation | 1821 | 1821 | military commander: Alexander Ypsilantis | ||
Caimacam Stefan Bogoridi (Ştefan Vogoride) |
1821 | 1822 | |||
Ioan Sturdza | 1822 | 1828 | |||
Russian occupation | 1828 | 1834 | military commanders: Fyodor Pahlen, Pyotr Zheltukhin, and Pavel Kiseleff | ||
Organic Statute government (1832–1856) | |||||
Mihail Sturdza | 1834 | 1849 | |||
Grigore Alexandru Ghica | 1849 | 1853 | Ghica | 1st rule | |
Russian occupation | 1853 | 1854 | Crimean War | ||
Grigore Alexandru Ghica | 1854 | 1856 | Ghica | 2nd rule | |
Protectorate established by the Treaty of Paris (1856–1859) | |||||
Extraordinary Administrative Council | 1856 | 1856 | |||
Caimacam Teodor Balş |
1856 | 1857 | |||
Caimacam Nicolae Vogoride |
1857 | 1858 | |||
Caimacams | 1858 | 1859 | Ştefan Catargiu, Vasile Sturdza and Anastasie Panu (Catargiu resigns in 1858 and is replaced by Ioan A. Cantacuzino) | ||
Alexander John Cuza | 1859 | 1862 | also ruled Wallachia in personal union | ||
Formal union of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1862. For later rulers, see Domnitor and King of Romania. |
References
- Constantin Rezachevici - Cronologia critică a domnilor din Țara Românească și Moldova a. 1324 - 1881, Volumul I, Editura Enciclopedică, 2001,
- ^ Gorovei, Ştefan S., Întemeierea Moldovei. Probleme controversate, Editura Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iaşi, 1997, ISBN 973-9149-74-X
- ^ Rezachevici, Constantin, Cronologia critică a domnilor din Ţara Românească şi Moldova, a. 1324 - 1881, vol. I, Editura Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 2001, ISBN 973-45-0387-1
- ^ a b Constantin Rezachevici - Cronologia critică a domnilor din Țara Românească și Moldova a. 1324 - 1881, Volumul I, Editura Enciclopedică, 2001