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Malacology

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Malacology, is the study of Mollusca, such as this Bigfin reef squid.

Malacology[1] is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species[2] after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, octopus and squid, and numerous other kinds, many (but by no means all) of which have shells. One division of malacology, conchology, is devoted to the study of mollusk shells. Malacology derives from Greek μαλακός, malakos, "soft"; and -λογία, -logia.

Fields within malacological research include taxonomy, ecology and evolution. Applied malacology studies medical, veterinary, and agricultural applications, for example mollusks as vectors of disease, as in schistosomiasis.

Archaeology employs malacology to understand the evolution of the climate, the biota of the area, and the usage of the site.

In 1681, Filippo Bonanni wrote the first book ever published that was solely about seashells, the shells of marine mollusks.[3] The book was entitled: Ricreatione dell' occhio e dela mente nell oservation' delle Chiociolle, proposta a' curiosi delle opere della natura, &c.[4] In 1868, the German Malacological Society was founded.

Zoological methods are used in malacological research. Malacological field methods and laboratory methods (such as collecting, documenting and archiving, and molecular techniques) were summarized by Sturm et al. (2006).[5]

Malacologists

Main article: List of malacologists

Those who study malacology are known as malacologists. Those who study primarily or exclusively the shells of mollusks are known as conchologists.

Societies

Journals

More than 150 journals within the field of malacology are being published from more than 30 countries, producing an overwhelming amount of scientific articles.[8] They include:

Museums

Malacological Museum in Makarska, Croatia (entrance)

Museums that have either exceptional malacological research collections (behind the scenes) and/or exceptional public exhibits of mollusks:

See also

References

  1. ^ From French malacologie, contraction of malacozoologie, from New Latin Malacozoa "zoological group including soft-bodied animals" from Greek μαλακός - malakos "soft" + ζῷον "animal.
  2. ^ "Home - Division of Invertebrate Zoology". Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Buonanni's Chiocciole (1681)". ansp.org. Archived from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Template:It icon Bonanni F. 1681. Ricreatione dell' occhio e dela mente nell oservation' delle Chiociolle, proposta a' curiosi delle opere della natura, &c. 1681. Varese, Rome, xiv, 384 pp., 109 plates. figure 101.
  5. ^ Charles F. Sturm; Timothy A. Pearce; Ángel Valdés (July 2006). The mollusks. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-930-4.
  6. ^ "Sociedad de Malacolología de México A.C." Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Sociedade Brasileira de Malacologia". Archived from the original on 2015-04-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Bieler & Kabat, Malacological Journals and Newsletters, 1773-1990 ; The Nautilus 105(2):39-61, 1991 Archived 2018-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Tryon, George Washington, 1838-1888. "Details - American journal of conchology. - Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "American Malacological Society". Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "Archiv für Molluskenkunde (ISSN 1869-0963)". Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Archiv für Molluskenkunde: International Journal of Malacology".
  13. ^ Basteria Archived 2015-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ The Bulletin of the Russian Far East Malacological Society Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Elsevier. "Fish and Shellfish Immunology". Archived from the original on 2010-01-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ GuppY. "Cernuelle - Folia Conchyliologica" (in French). Archived from the original on 2011-01-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Editorial SMP". Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Folia Malacologica Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-07-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ "Details - Journal de conchyliologie. - Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-10-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Journal de conchyliologie - 77 années disponibles - Gallica". Archived from the original on 2016-02-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "Journal of Conchology - The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland".
  23. ^ "Journal of Medical and Applied Malacology". Archived from the original on 2010-07-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Malacologica Bohemoslovaca" (in English and Czech). Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Malacological Review". Archived from the original on 2012-07-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ http://runners.ritsumei.ac.jp/cgi-bin/swets/volume-query-e?mode=1&key=&issn=00763004&tr=Malacological+Review[permanent dead link]
  27. ^ Menke, Karl Theodor, 1791-1861. "Details - Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie. - Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-07-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Clessin, Steph., 1833-. "Details - Malakozoologische Blätter. - Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-07-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ "Mollusca Journal - 2007 to 2009 - The Last Issue - Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden". Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Molluscan Research - online contents".
  31. ^ General Information. accessed 6 December 2010].
  32. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ^ "Occasional Molluscan Papers" Archived 2015-08-22 at the Wayback Machine. last change 2 December 2014, accessed 23 August 2016.
  34. ^ Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology. "Details - Occasional papers on mollusks. - Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-07-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2011-04-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. ^ "Strombus online". www.conchasbrasil.org.br. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "TENTACLE". Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Details - The Conchologist. - Biodiversity Heritage Library". www.biodiversitylibrary.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "Details - The Journal of malacology. - Biodiversity Heritage Library". www.biodiversitylibrary.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Official site of The Festivus Archived 2009-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "THE NAUTILUS. A Quarterly Devoted to Malacology". shellmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "THE VELIGER". THE VELIGER. Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "Journal Impact Factor 2003". sciencegateway.org. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  44. ^ "CiNii Articles - 貝類学雑誌Venus : the Japanese journal of malacology" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2009-12-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ "Vita marina. Stichting Biologia Maritima (Netherlands). 'S Gravenhage". Archived from the original on 2017-01-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

Further reading

  • Cox L. R. & Peake J. F. (eds.). Proceedings of the First European Malacological Congress. September 17–21, 1962. Text in English with black-and-white photographic reproductions, also maps and diagrams. Published by the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland and the Malacological Society of London in 1965 with no ISBN.
  • Heppel D. (1995). "The long dawn of Malacology: a brief history of malacology from prehistory to the year 1800." Archives of Natural History 22(3): 301-319.

Media related to Malacology at Wikimedia Commons

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