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María de las Mercedes Barbudo

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María de las Mercedes Barbudo
File:Maria de las Mercedes Barbudo, Independence Leader from Ponce, Puerto Rico, circa 1815 .jpg
The first Puerto Rican woman Independentista
(Freedom Fighter)
Born1773
San Juan, Puerto Rico
DiedFebruary 17, 1849(1849-02-17) (aged 76)[1] [approx.]
Caracas, Venezuela
NationalityPuerto Rican
MovementPuerto Rican independence movement

María de las Mercedes Barbudo (1773 – February 17, 1849) was a Puerto Rican political activist, the first woman Independentista in the island, and a "Freedom Fighter".[2][3] At the time, the Puerto Rican independence movement had ties with the Venezuelan rebels led by Simón Bolívar.[4]

Early years

Barbudo (birth name: María de las Mercedes Barbudo y Coronado [note 1]) was one of four siblings born in San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico, to a Spanish father, Domingo Barbudo and Puerto Rican mother, Belén Coronado. As her father was an officer in the Spanish Army, she benefitted by being educated and learning to read. At the time, the only people who had access to the libraries and who could afford books were either appointed Spanish government officials or wealthy land owners. The poor depended on oral story-telling, in what are traditionally known in Puerto Rico as Coplas and Decimas. Well educated, Barbudo became interested in politics and social activism.[5]

Political activist

As a young woman, Barbudo founded a sewing goods store in San Juan, specialising in the sale of buttons, threads and cloth. She eventually became a successful as a personal loan provider. She dealt commercially with Joaquín Power y Morgan, an immigrant who came to Puerto Rico as a representative of the Compañía de Asiento de Negros, which regulated the slave trade on the island.[2][6]

Barbudo moved in prominent circles, including such people as Captain Ramón Power y Giralt (Joaquín's son), Bishop Juan Alejo de Arizmendi and the artist José Campeche. She had a liberal mind and as such would often hold salons with intellectuals in her house. They discussed the political, social and economic situation of Puerto Rico and the Spanish Empire in general, and proposed solutions to improve the well being of the people.[5]

Simón Bolívar and Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabé, known as "The Liberator from Puerto Rico",[7] dreamed of creating a unified Latin America, including Puerto Rico and Cuba. Barbudo was inspired by Bolivar; she supported the idea of independence for the island, and learned that Bolivar hoped to catalyze an American-style federation among all the newly independent republics of Latin America. He also wanted to promote individual rights.[5] She befriended and wrote to many Venezuelan revolutionists, among them José María Rojas, with whom she regularly corresponded. She also received magazines and newspapers from Venezuela which upheld the ideals of Bolivar.

Held without bail or trial

The Spanish authorities in Puerto Rico under Governor Miguel de la Torre, were suspicious of the correspondence between Barbudo and Venezuelan rebel factions. Secret agents of the Spanish Government intercepted some of her mail, delivering it to Governor de la Torre. He ordered an investigation and had her mail confiscated. The Government believed that the correspondence served as propaganda of the Bolivian ideals and that it would also serve to motivate Puerto Ricans to seek their independence.[5]

Governor Miguel de la Torre ordered her arrest on the charge that she planned to overthrow the Spanish Government in Puerto Rico. As the island had no women's prison, she was held without bail at the Castillo (Fort) de San Cristóbal. Among the evidence which the Spanish authorities presented against her was a letter dated October 1, 1824, from Rojas in which he told her that the Venezuelan rebels had lost their principal contact with the Puerto Rican Independence movement in the Danish island of Saint Thomas and therefore the secret communication which existed between the Venezuelan rebels and the leaders of the Puerto Rican independence movements was in danger of being discovered.[8]

On October 22, 1824, Barbudo appeared in a hearing before a magistrate. The Government presented as evidence against her various letters which included five letters from Rojas, two issues of the newspaper El Observador Caraqueño; two copies of the newspaper El Cometa, and one copy each of the newspapers El Constitucional Caraqueño and El Colombiano, which were sympathetic to Bolivar’s ideals. When asked if she recognized the correspondence, she answered in the affirmative and refused to answer any more questions.[2] The government also presented as evidence various anti-monarchy propaganda pamphlets to be distributed throughout the island. Barbudo was found guilty.[5][8]

Exile and escape to Venezuela

Governor de la Torre consulted with the prosecutor Francisco Marcos Santaella as to what should be done with Barbudo. Santaella suggested that she be exiled from Puerto Rico and sent to Cuba. On October 23, 1824, de la Torre ordered that Barbudo be held under house arrest at the Castillo de San Cristóbal under the custody of Captain Pedro de Loyzaga.[2] The following day, Barbudo wrote to the governor, asking to be able to arrange her financial and her personal obligations before being exiled to Cuba. The Governor denied her request and, on October 28, she was placed aboard the ship El Marinero.[8]

In Cuba, she was held in an institution in which women accused of various crimes were housed. With the help of revolutionary factions, Barbudo escaped and went to Saint Thomas Island. She eventually arrived at La Guaira in Venezuela, where her friend José María Rojas met her.[8] They went to Caracas, where she met Bolívar. Barbudo established a close relationship with the members of Bolívar's cabinet, who included José María Vargas. He later was elected as the fourth president of Venezuela. She worked closely with the cabinet.[5][8]

Barbudo never married nor had any children, and did not return to Puerto Rico. She died on February 17, 1849.[1]

Legacy and honors

  • She was buried in the Cathedral of Caracas next to Simon Bolivar, an honor usually reserved only for the church hierarchy and the very rich.[2][5]
  • In 1996, a documentary was made about her titled Camino sin retorno, el destierro de María de las Mercedes Barbudo (Road of no return, the exile of María de las Mercedes Barbudo). It was produced and directed by Sonia Fritz.[9]

Further reading

  • "Maria de las Mercedes Barbudo: Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico, 1773–1849"; by: Raquel Rosario Rivera; Publisher: R. Rosario Rivera; 1. ed edition (1997); ISBN 978-0-9650036-2-9.
  • "Mercedes"; by: Jaime L. Marzán Ramos; Publisher:Isla Negra Editores; ISBN 978-9945-455-54-0.
  • "From Eve to Dawn, A History of Women in the World, Volume IV: Revolutions and Struggles for Justice in the 20th Century"; by Marilyn French; Publisher: The Feminist Press at CUNY; ISBN 978-1-55861-584-7
  • "Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: Restoring Women to History (Restoring Women to History)"; by Marysa Navarro; Publisher: Indiana University Press; ISBN 978-0-253-21307-5

Notes

  1. ^ Template:Spanish name

See also

19th Century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement

Female members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party

Articles related to the Puerto Rican Independence Movement

References

  1. ^ a b Introito a Mercedes. Jaime L. Marzán Ramos. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e Natalia de Cuba, "Puerto Rico's first female Freedom Fighter" (PDF), San Juan Star, 20 October 1997; page 30, Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
  3. ^ Meaning of "Independentista", Dictionary Reverson, Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
  4. ^ "Mercedes – La primera Independentista Puertorriquena" (in Spanish). 80grados.net. Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Mercedes, siglo y medio después" (Spanish). Elnuevodia.com (2011-05-29). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
  6. ^ Chinea, Jorge L. "Irish Indentured Servants, Papists and Colonists in Spanish Colonial Puerto Rico, ca. 1650–1800", in Irish Migration Studies in Latin America, 5:3 (November 2007), pp. 171–182. Accessed 29 November 2008.
  7. ^ Antonio Valero de Bernabé: El Puertorriqueño Libertador de América. Angelfire.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
  8. ^ a b c d e María de las Mercedes Barbudo; Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico; CLARIDAD; December 1994; page 19 (Spanish). (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
  9. ^ "Camino sin retorno, el destierro de María de las Mercedes Barbudo". Arteycultura], Sagrado University, Retrieved on 2011-06-20.

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