Software widget

A software widget is a relatively simple and easy-to-use software application or component made for one or more different software platforms.

A desk accessory or applet is an example of a simple, stand-alone user interface, in contrast with a more complex application such as a spreadsheet or word processor. These widgets are typical examples of transient and auxiliary applications that don't monopolize the user's attention.

On the other hand, graphical control elements (GUI "widgets") are examples of reusable modular components that are used together to build a more complex application, allowing programmers to build user interfaces by combining simple, smaller components.

Classification

Because the term, and the coding practice, has been extant since at least the 1980s, it has been applied in a number of contexts.^[1]

GUI widgets

A graphical control element (GUI widget) is part of a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows a computer user to control a software application. In this context a widget may refer to a generic GUI element such as a check box, to an instance of that element, or to a customized collection of such elements used for a specific function or application (such as a dialog box for users to customize their computer screen appearances). A widget toolkit is a set of programming tools that help developers reuse GUI widgets to build a user interface.

Graphical user interface builders, such as e.g. Glade Interface Designer, facilitate the authoring of GUIs.

Types of GUI widgets

Disclosure widgets are specific types of GUI widgets that may be hidden or expanded by computer users.
A metawidget is a GUI widget for controlling the operation of other widgets within a GUI.^[2]

Desktop widgets

The Wikipedia Widget, in Dashboard running under Mac OS X v10.4^[3]

Desktop widgets (commonly just called widgets) are interactive virtual tools for a desktop environment that provide single-purpose services such as showing the user the latest news, the current weather, the time, a calendar, a dictionary, a map program, a calculator, desktop notes, photo viewers, or even a language translator, among other things. Widgets can provide or augment the graphical shell. Examples of widget engines include:

Dashboard widgets of Apple Macintosh
Microsoft gadgets in Windows Vista, Windows 7, and in the Windows Live system - No longer supported, use now discouraged by Microsoft.
Various implementations for Linux, including Plasma widgets (available for KDE since version 4) and the widget engine used by GNOME Shell (available for GNOME since version 3). Both are active and under development.
Google Desktop running Google Gadgets - No longer supported, discontinued, some security issues re: data sharing.
Yahoo! Widgets for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10, macOS - No longer supported by Yahoo. Still functioning on Windows; since OS X 10.11 El Capitan the Yahoo widget dock is non-functioning but the majority of widgets still operate as expected and are accessible instead from the menu.
XWidgets - for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 and Android - Last updated in: 2 March 2015 (Windows).
Kludgets - for Windows - Allows Mac dashboard widgets to operate on Windows. Open Source, not actively developed.
Opera Widgets on all platforms (desktop, mobile TVs, gaming consoles) using the Opera browser's rendering engine. Opera Widgets were discontinued since the version 12 of the browser.^[4]
Screenlets for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems - This engine runs on X11 and is under sporadic development
Homescreen widgets in Maemo
Homescreen widgets in Android

Originally, desk accessories were developed to provide a small degree of multitasking in operating systems that could only held one main application at a time, but when real multitasking OSes became available, these were replaced by normal applications.

Mobile widgets

Most mobile widgets are like desktop widgets, but for a mobile phone. Mobile widgets can maximize screen space use and may be especially useful in placing live data-rich applications on the device idle-screen/home-screen Java ME-based mobile widget engines exist, but the lack of standards-based APIs for Java to control the mobile device home-screen makes it harder for these engines to expose widgets on the phone-top.

Several AJAX-based native widget platforms are also available for mobile devices.

The growing pervasiveness of mobile widgets is easily understood. While widgets are a convenience in the online world, they can be looked at as near-essential in the mobile world. The reason: the mobile device is small and the interface is often challenging. Wading through large amounts of information in a mobile environment is not just a nuisance; it is a near impossibility.

Android has supported mobile widgets natively since Android 1.5 Cupcake, released on April 27, 2009. Some of the most popular widgets on the Android operating system include DashClock, Google Keep and HD Widgets.^[3]

The iOS operating system also supports mobile widgets. Alongside, HarmonyOS that supports widgets in what it's called 'Service Cards', that also includes installation-free apps and widgets.

Web widgets

A web widget is a portable application installed and executed, typically by non-expert webmasters on HTML-based web pages, to offer site visitors shopping, advertisements, videos, or other simple functionality from third party widget publishers.

Web browsers can also be used as widget engine infrastructures. The web is an environment well suited to distribution of widgets, as it doesn't require explicit interaction from the user to install new code snippets.

Web widgets have unleashed some commercial interest, due their perceived potential as a marketing channel, mainly because they provide interactivity and viral distribution through social networks. The first known web widget, Trivia Blitz, was introduced in 1997.^{[citation needed]} It was a game applet offered by Uproar.com (the leading online game company from 2000 - 2001) that appeared on over 35,000 websites ranging from GeoCities personal pages to CNN and Tower Records. When Uproar.com was acquired by Vivendi Universal in 2001, the widget was discontinued.

Types of web widgets

A "widget application" is a third party web widget developed for a social networking service, with the user interface or the entire application hosted by the network service. Social networking services such as Facebook and Myspace host these applications and provide them underlying platform services (such as display and storage of user-provided photos and other content, profile information about end users and communications features with other users) through special-purpose application programming interfaces.^[5]^[6]^[7] The term is used fairly loosely, in that many such applications are more complex internally and in operation than the simple applets that are called "widgets" in other contexts. The relationship between platform and developer is mutually beneficial, with the social network offering hardware and software infrastructure, and access to the social network's end user base, and with application publishers ranging from amateur developers to organized companies such as RockYou! and Slide.com providing content and features that make the social network services more useful for their members. At present, there is no fee or payment between developers and social network platforms, and attempts to realize revenue from widgets (primarily advertising by the widget applications and sale of electronic commerce goods and services within the widgets) have been relatively unsuccessful.

Widget draft standard

On 9 November 2006, the Web Application Formats Working Group in W3C released the first public working draft of Widgets 1.0.^[8] The intention is to standardise some aspects of widgets. The Opera browser is the first client side widget engine to adopt this draft W3C standard.^[9] Apache Wookie (Incubating) is the first server side widget engine to adopt this W3C standard. Wookie is a server that manages widget instances and allows them to be embedded in web applications in addition to being provided for client devices such as Opera.

TV set widgets

Widgets are also available for TVs.Yahoo! Widget Engine is announced as a component of the next generation TV sets.

Widget engine

A widget engine is the software platform on which desktop or web widgets run. The widget model in widget engines is attractive because of ease of development. Most of these widgets can be created with a few images and about 10 to several hundred lines of XML/JavaScript/VBScript source code. A single host software system, such as a web browser, runs all the loaded widgets. This allows several desktop widgets to be built sharing resources and code.

Widget engines are not to be confused with widget toolkits. Toolkits are used by GUI programmers, who combine several widgets (reusable components) to form a single application. A widget in a toolkit provides a single, low level interaction, and is prepared to communicate with other widgets in the toolkit. On the other hand, widget engines such as desktop widgets and web widgets are intended for end users. Desktop and web widgets are stand-alone, task-oriented applications which can be composed of several related interactions on its own.

References

^ Ralph R. Swick, Mark S. Ackerman (1988). "The X Toolkit: More Bricks for Building User-Interfaces, or, Widgets for Hire". USENIX Winter. pp. 221–228. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
^ Blattner, Glinert, Jorge and Ormsby, 'Metawidgets: towards a theory of multimodal interface design'. Appears in Computer Software and Applications Conference, 1992. COMPSAC '92. Proceedings, Sixteenth Annual International ISBN 0-8186-3000-0.
^ ^a ^b Top 10 Best Android Widgets Ever Retrieved March 22, 2015.
^ Teigene, Arnstein (24 April 2012). "Increased focus on Opera extensions and ending support for Unite applications and Widgets". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
^ Rampell, Catherine (2007-11-03). "Widgets Become Coins of the Social Realm". The Washington Post. p. D01. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
^ Ustinova, Anastasia (2008-07-23). "Developers compete at Facebook conference". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
^ "Facebook Expands Power of Platform Across the Web and Around the World". Facebook. 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
^ "Widgets 1.0". World Wide Web Consortium.
^ "Web Specifications Supported in Opera 9". Opera ASA.

[1] Ralph R. Swick, Mark S. Ackerman (1988). "The X Toolkit: More Bricks for Building User-Interfaces, or, Widgets for Hire". USENIX Winter. pp. 221–228. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-01-03.

[2] Blattner, Glinert, Jorge and Ormsby, 'Metawidgets: towards a theory of multimodal interface design'. Appears in Computer Software and Applications Conference, 1992. COMPSAC '92. Proceedings, Sixteenth Annual International ISBN 0-8186-3000-0.

[:0-3] Top 10 Best Android Widgets Ever Retrieved March 22, 2015.

[4] Teigene, Arnstein (24 April 2012). "Increased focus on Opera extensions and ending support for Unite applications and Widgets". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2014.

[5] Rampell, Catherine (2007-11-03). "Widgets Become Coins of the Social Realm". The Washington Post. p. D01. Retrieved 2008-05-07.

[6] Ustinova, Anastasia (2008-07-23). "Developers compete at Facebook conference". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-08-14.

[7] "Facebook Expands Power of Platform Across the Web and Around the World". Facebook. 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2008-08-14.

[8] "Widgets 1.0". World Wide Web Consortium.

[9] "Web Specifications Supported in Opera 9". Opera ASA.

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