Nagpuria people
Total population | |
---|---|
c. 4 – c. 5 million [1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha | |
Languages | |
Nagpuri, Hindi, Odia | |
Religion | |
Predominantly: Minorities: | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Indo-Aryan peoples |
Nagpuri/Nagpuria or Sadān are an Indo-Aryan-speaking ethno-linguistic group who speak Nagpuri or Sadani language and reside in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region of Indian state Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha.[2]
Etymology
"Sadan" (sadān), refers to the non-tribal, Indo-Aryan speaking ethnic groups of Jharkhand. Probably the term "Sadan" derive from nisaada, referring to an ethnic group of Northeast India. [2]
Communities
Various communities speak the Nagpuri language, including the Rautia,[3] Chero,[4] and Chik Baraik.[5]
History
Prehistoric era
Stone tools, Microliths have discovered from Chota Nagpur plateau region which are from Mesolithic and Neolithic period.[6] In Bhimbetka rock shelters, 9000 year old Mesolithic Painting of group dance is similar to the Nagpuri folk dance and musical instrument is similar to Mandar. There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, Hazaribagh district which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000-5,000 BC).[7] There is a group of megaliths found close to Barkagaon that is about 25 km from Hazaribagh at Punkri Barwadih, which has been proven to date back to beyond 3000 BCE.[8] During Neolithic Period, agriculture started in South Asia. Several neolithic settlements found in sites such as Jhusi, Lahuradewa, Bhirrana, Mehergarh and Chirand.
Iron age(c. 1800 – c. 200 BCE)
Several Iron slags, microlith, Potsherds have discovered from Singhbhum district which are from 1400 BCE according to Carbon dating.[9]
In mauryan period, this region ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the Maurya empire during Ashoka's reign (c. 232 BCE).
Early modern period(c.1526 - c.1858)
The Chero King Medini Ray (1662–1674), ruled from Medininagar in Palamau region.[10] His rule extended to areas in South Gaya and Hazaribagh. He attacked Navratangarh and defeated the Maharaja of Chhotanagpur.[11]
Following the death of Medini Ray there was rivalry within the royal family of the Chero dynasty which ultimately lead to its downfall; this was engineered by the ministers and advisers in the court.[12] In 1765, the region came under the control of the British East India Company. Chitrajeet Rai's nephew Gopal Rai betrayed him and facilitated the Patna Council of the British East India Company to attack the fort. When the new fort was attacked by Captain Camac on 28 January 1771, the Chero soldiers fought valiantly but had to retreat to the old fort on account of water shortage. This facilitated the British army to occupy the new fort located on a hill without any struggle. This location was strategic and enabled the British to mount canon supply and the old fort was besieged by the British on 19 March 1771.[13] The fort was finally occupied by the British in 1772.
British rule
The Princly states in Chota Nagpur Plateau, came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire, but they became tributary States of East India Company as a result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States[14]. The Chero and Kharwar again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack repulsed.[13]
Post-independence
After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states all chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later became part of Madhya Pradesh state, but Gangpur and Bonai part of Orissa state, and Kharsawan and Saraikela part of Bihar state.[15]
In November 2000, the new states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand separated from Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, respectively.
Culture
The Nagpuri people have their own styles of dance.[16] Some Nagpuri folk dance are Jhumar, Mardana Jhumar, Janani Jhumar, Domkach, Lahasuya, Jhumta etc. The musical instruments used in folk music and dance are Dhol, Mandar, Bansi, Nagara, Dhak, Shehnai, Khartal, Narsinga etc. [17]
Notable people
- The King Medini Ray (1662–1674)
- Mukund Nayak, Folk Singer & dancer
References
- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
- ^ a b "Sadani / Sadri". Southasiabibliography.de. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part Two edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 945 to 947 Seagull Books
- ^ People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part One edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 229 to 231 Seagull Books
- ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=chik+baraik&source=bl&ots=2PKH9mBgyB&sig=nwhhHN6ylW0R9Lq5VXXUnG1MSI8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwil-6q6t-XdAhVbVH0KHerACU84MhDoATADegQIChAB#v=onepage&q=chik%20baraik&f=false
- ^ periods, India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic (4 November 2016). "India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods". Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. Retrieved 8 September 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Cave paintings lie in neglect". The Telegraph. 13 March 2008.
- ^ https://indroyc.com/2017/12/04/punkri-barwadih-megaliths/
- ^ Singh, Upinder (8 September 2018). "A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century". Pearson Education India. Retrieved 8 September 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Lahiry 2014, p. 24.
- ^ http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html
- ^ Lahiry 2014, p. 29.
- ^ a b Lahiry 2014, p. 30.
- ^ http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191
- ^ Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States, 1936
- ^ Sharan, Arya (1 June 2017). "Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop". The Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ http://democraticworld.in/component/k2/item/603-out-of-the-dark