German–Soviet population transfers
 |
| Flight and expulsion of Germans during and after World War II |
|---|
| (demographic estimates) |
| Background |
| Wartime flight and evacuation |
| Post-war flight and expulsion |
| Later emigration |
| Other themes |
The Nazi–Soviet population transfers were population transfers between 1939 and 1941 of ethnic Germans (actual) and ethnic East Slavs (planned) in an agreement according to the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
Conception
One of Adolf Hitler's main goals during his rule was to unite all German-speaking people into one territory.[1] There were hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans living outside the borders of Germany, mostly in Central and Eastern Europe with the largest numbers being Germans from Russia. Most of these groups of German origin had lived outside Germany for hundreds of years, after emigrating eastwards between the 12th to 18th centuries.
Despite this, Hitler planned to move these people westwards into Nazi Germany. However, Hitler also believed that the 1937 borders and territories of Nazi Germany, i.e. before the "Anschluss" (annexation) of Austria and Sudetenland, were quite inadequate to accommodate this large increase in population. At this time, propaganda for more Lebensraum or "living space" greatly increased.
Legal basis
With the largest number of ethnic Germans living in Russia, Hitler knew that he could not resettle all these people without the full cooperation of Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union. In late August 1939 (a week before the invasion of Poland and the start of World War II in Europe), Hitler sent his foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop to Moscow to arrange a pact of non aggression with the Soviet Union. This became known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In reality Hitler's aim was to avoid Germany fighting on two fronts when the Second World War was about to begin a week later.
The real issues agreed upon in the pact was the partition of territories in Central and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence and the reciprocal transfer of ethnic German and Russian people's to each other's countries.[2]
Hitler's plan was to invade the western part of Poland (having assigned the eastern part to the Soviet Union in the pact) and then force all non German peoples (mostly Polish citizens) out of their homes and either use them for forced labour or move them to the General Government area. Once these territories were free of non Germans, the population transfers could begin with ethnic Germans settling in the homes of expropriated Poles.
Population transfers 1939–1944
The planned transfers were announced to the ethnic Germans, and general knowledge, only in October 1939.[3]
The Nazis set out to encourage the departure of "Germans from outside Germany", called by the Nazis Volksdeutsche, from the Baltic States by the use of propaganda. This included using scare tactics about the Soviet Union, and led to tens of thousands leaving.[4] Those who left were not referred to as "refugees", but were rather described as "answering the call of the Führer."[3] To encourage support of this program, German propaganda films such as The Red Terror[5] and Frisians in Peril[6] depicted the Baltic Germans as deeply persecuted in their native lands.
Families were transported by ship from the Baltic states and by train from other territories.[3] The German government arranged the transfer of their furniture and personal belongings. All immovable property was sold, with the money being collected by the German government and not given back to the families.[7] This was an intentional act designed to destroy all links with the areas these people had been living in. The value of the real estate left behind was to be compensated in cash and Polish property in occupied Poland.
They were kept in camps for racial evaluation, to prevent contamination of the native German population.[8] There they were divided into groups: A, Altreich, who were to be settled in Germany and allowed neither farms nor business (to allow for closer watch), S Sonderfall, who were used as forced labor, and O Ost-Fälle, the best classification, to be settled in the 'Eastern Wall' — the occupied regions to protect Germany from the East—and allowed independence.[9] This last group, after spending some time in refugee camps in Germany, were eventually resettled in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany and in Zamość County, as decided by Generalplan Ost. The deportation orders required that enough Poles be removed to provide for every settler—that, for instance, if twenty German "master bakers" were sent, twenty Polish bakeries had to have their owners removed.[10] The settlers were often given Polish homes where the families had been evicted so quickly that half-eaten meals were on tables and small children had clearly been taken from unmade beds.[11] Members of Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were assigned the task of overseeing such evictions to ensure that the Poles left behind most of their belongings for the use of the settlers.[12] Once they were settled, the process of Germanization was begun.[13]
Ethnic Germans were evacuated from territories occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, notably Bessarabia and the Baltic states of Estonia and Latvia, all of which traditionally had large ethnic German minorities. However the majority of the Baltic Germans had already been resettled in late 1939, prior to the occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the Soviet Union in June 1940. In most cases they were given farms taken from 110,000 Poles who were expelled from the area [1].
Ethnic Germans Resettled by Nazi Germany 1939-1944
| Ethnic Germans Resettled from | Resettled In | Resettled In | Resettled In | Resettled In | Resettled In | Resettled In | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany | General Government/Poland | Oder-Neisse region | Danzig | Austria | Czechoslovakia | Total | |
| Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union | 56,000 | 17,000 | 46,000 | - | 5,000 | - | 124,000 |
| Chełm & Narew in Poland | 29,000 | 11,000 | 2,000 | - | - | - | 42,000 |
| Baltic States | 87,000 | - | 40,000 | - | - | - | 127,000 |
| Soviet Union | 265,000 | 35,000 | 70,000 | - | - | - | 370,000 |
| Romania | 128,000 | 12,000 | 52,000 | - | 20,000 | - | 212,000 |
| Yugoslavia | 10,000 | - | 10,000 | - | 15,000 | - | 35,000 |
| Reichsdeutsche west of the Oder–Neisse Line | - | 290,000 | 225,000 | 15,000 | - | 30,000 | 560,000 |
| Reichsdeutsche east of the Oder–Neisse Line | - | 380,000 | - | - | - | 30,000 | 410,000 |
| Total | 575,000 | 745,000 | 445,000 | 15,000 | 40,000 | 60,000 | 1,880,000 |
Source: Dr. Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995, Pages 23–27
Reichling's figures do not include parts of the more than 200,000 ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia who fled in the Fall of 1944 and who were directed into the General Government. It is not known how many actually arrived there.[citation needed]
References
- ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 194 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
- ^ Nicholas, p. 204.
- ^ a b c Nicholas, p. 206.
- ^ Nicholas, pp. 207-9.
- ^ Erwin Leiser, Nazi Cinema pp. 44-5. ISBN 0-02-570230-0
- ^ Leiser, pp. 39-40.
- ^ Nicholas, p. 208.
- ^ Nicholas, p. 205.
- ^ Nicholas, p. 213.
- ^ Michael Sontheimer, "When We Finish, Nobody Is Left Alive" 05/27/2011 Spiegel
- ^ Nicholas, p. 213-4.
- ^ Walter S. Zapotoczny , "Rulers of the World: The Hitler Youth"
- ^ Pierre Aycoberry, The Social History of the Third Reich, 1933-1945, p 255, ISBN 1-56584-549-8
Sources
- European Population Transfers, 1939–1945 by Joseph B. Schechtman
- Eestist saksamaale ümberasunute nimestik : Verzeichnis der aus Estland nach Deutschland Umgesiedelten, Oskar Angelus, Tallinn 1939
- "Izceļojušo vācu tautības pilsoņu saraksts" : "The list of resettled citizens of German ethnicity". 1940
- Łossowski, Piotr; Bronius Makauskas (2005). Kraje bałtyckie w latach przełomu 1934–1944 (in Polish). Scientific Editor Andrzej Koryna. Warszawa: Instytut Historii PAN; Fundacja Pogranicze. ISBN 83-88909-42-8.
