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Nyonoksa radiation accident

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Nyonoksa radiation accident
Date8 August 2019; 5 years ago (2019-08-08)
LocationState Central Navy Testing Range near Nyonoksa, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Federation
TypeNuclear and radiation accident
CauseExplosive destruction of an "isotope power source" (officially). Allegedly a failed 9M730 Burevestnik nuclear-powered cruise missile test/recovery.
Deaths5
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Nyonoksa testing site, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Federation

The Nyonoksa radiation accident, Arkhangelsk explosion or Nyonoksa explosion (Russian: Инцидент в Нёноксе, romanized: Intsident v Nyonokse) occurred on 8 August 2019 near Nyonoksa, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Federation. Five military and civilian specialists were killed and three (or six, depending on the source) were injured.[1][2][3]

Background

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Between November 2017 and 26 February 2018, Russia conducted four tests of the 9M730 Burevestnik nuclear-powered cruise missile, launched from other test sites.[4][5] According to the United States intelligence community, only the flight test in November 2017 from Pankovo test site was moderately successful with all of the others ending in failure.[6][7] According to Russia, none of the tests ended in failure.[5] During recovery efforts later in 2018, Russia used three ships, one capable of handling radioactive material from the weapon nuclear core, to bring the missile tested in November 2017 from the seabed of Barents Sea back to the surface.[5][8][9] Based on satellite images, the Nyonoksa test site copies those at Kapustin Yar and Pankovo, where 9M730 Burevestnik was tested.[9][10][11]

Accident

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The accident occurred at the State Central Navy Testing Range (Russian: Государственный центральный морской полигон) which is the main rocket launching site of the Russian Navy and is also called Nyonoksa.[12] According to the version presented by Russian officials, it was a result of a failed test of an "isotope power source for a liquid-fuelled rocket engine".[13][14][15] Nonproliferation expert Jeffrey Lewis and Federation of American Scientists fellow Ankit Panda suspect the incident resulted from a Burevestnik cruise missile test.[16][17] However, other arms control experts disputed the assertions: Ian Williams of the Center for Strategic and International Studies and James Acton of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace expressed skepticism over Moscow's financial and technical capabilities to field the weapon,[18] while Michael Kofman of the Wilson Center concluded that the explosion was probably not related to Burevestnik but instead to the testing of another military platform.[19] According to CNBC, the Russians were trying to recover a missile from the seabed which was lost during a previously failed test.[20] No NOTAMs were filed prior to the explosion to warn pilots of a possible missile test.[9] In the past, the residents of Nyonoksa had been warned and evacuated prior to the missile tests.[9] Also, two Russian special purpose ships were at the Nyonoksa test range when the explosion occurred: the Serebryanka (Rosatom Flot vessel used for handling nuclear waste from nuclear reactors) and the Zvezdochka (used for underwater salvage operations and is equipped with two heavy lift sea cranes and two remotely operated vehicles).[9][10][17]

An event of explosive nature was registered on 8 August at 06:00 UTC (local time 09:00) at the infrasound station in Bardufoss (Troms, Norway). As the event was also registered on seismic data, it must have been coupled to the ground, meaning that it took place either at the ground or in contact with it; for example on water. The timing and location of the event coincides with the reported accident in Archangelsk.[21] Several fishermen stated on sanatatur.ru that they witnessed the accident: one saw a 100-meter column of water rise into the air after the explosion and another saw a large hole in the side of a ship which had been at the site of the explosion.[9]

Aftermath

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In the aftermath of the explosion, three of the victims were treated at the Semashko Medical Center in Arkhangelsk, which had radiation treatment expertise and employed the use of hazmat suits, while three others were taken to the Arkhangelsk Regional Clinical Hospital, arriving at 4:35 p.m. on 8 August, where the hospital staff were not warned of the radiation exposure.[22] Several Arkhangelsk Regional Hospital staff were later flown to Moscow for radiation testing. One doctor was found to test positive for Cesium-137, though the levels remain unknown, as the medical staff involved were forced to sign non-disclosure agreements.[23][24][25]

According to an unnamed medical worker, two injured by the explosion died of radiation sickness en route from Arkhangelsk Regional Clinical Hospital (AOKB) (Russian: Архангельская областная клиническая больница (АОКБ)) to treatment in Moscow.[25][26] Their bodies were sent to Moscow's Burnazyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Center (FMBC) (Russian: ГНЦ Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А. И. Бурназяна ФМБА России).[25][a] Six persons with severe injuries from the explosion and radiation exposure were delivered to Burnazyan by two medevac flights and ambulances with special plastic seals, with paramedics wearing chemical protective suits, and, because an operating room apron was highly contaminated after an operation, all Arkhangelsk Regional Hospital doctors, nurses, and staff who came into contact with the injured were sent to Burnazyan, too.[17][29][30][31] The rooms at the Arkangelsk hospital, where injured victims had been treated, were sealed after treatment but none of the hospital workers and staff had worn anti-contamination clothing.[29][30][31]

Five immediate deaths

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On Monday 12 August 2019, flags in Sarov were lowered to half-mast during the viewing of five coffins in Sarov's main square.[32] These were the bodies of five Rosatom (RFNC-VNIIEF)[b] workers[c] who were killed during and immediately following the 8 August 2019 explosion.[3][12] Later, on 12 August 2019, their bodies were buried in Sarov's main cemetery.[32] On 21 November 2019, they were posthumously awarded the Order of Courage.[35][36]

Radiation levels

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Yuri Peshkov from the Roshidromet, the Russian meteorology service, stated that background radiation levels peaked at 4–16 times normal levels at six of its eight stations in Severodvinsk, 47 kilometres (29 mi) to the east, reaching 1.78 microsieverts per hour shortly after the explosion, but returned to normal levels 2.5 hours after the explosion.[37][38][39] The administration in Severodvinsk reported elevated radiation levels for 40 minutes leading to a rush on medical iodine.[37][40][41] In the days following the event several monitoring stations in Russia stopped sending data to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), a data network for radiation monitoring made of 80 stations around the world.[42][43]

According to the information posted by Roshydromet on radiation situation in Severodvinsk in the hours following the accident, a number of short-lived isotopes were discovered: strontium-91, barium-139, barium-140 and lanthanum-140.[44][45] Norwegian nuclear safety expert Nils Bøhmer stated that such isotope composition proves a nuclear reactor was involved in the accident.[44]

External media
Images
image icon Two radioactive pontoons
Video
video icon Radiation measurements in Nyonoksa on YouTube

On 2 September, Belomorkanal news agency published a video showcasing two abandoned pontoons near the mouth of where the Nyonoksa River[d] empties into the Dvina Bay only 4 km from the center of Nyonoksa, with one of them carrying an array of heavily damaged testing equipment.[46][47] According to Nyonoksa residents, the first pontoon "PP PP Plant No. 2" (Russian: «ПП ПП зав №2») with two 6-metre (20 ft) blue containers washed ashore on 9 August and the heavily damaged second pontoon with a damaged crane, a 6-metre (20 ft) blue container and a yellow container similar to a Siempelkamp container for highly radioactive materials was towed by tugboats to a site near the first pontoon about five days after the explosion.[11][46][47] The video by Severodvinsk journalist Nikolai Karneyevich (Russian: Николай Карнеевич) demonstrates gamma radiation levels at 150 metres (490 ft) from the abandoned vessels on the White Sea shore close to Nyonoksa with the reading reaching 186 μR/hour - 15 times higher than natural.[10][48] Nyonoksa residents said that just days prior to the 31 August measurements, the gamma ray radiation levels were 750 μR/hour at the same location.[49] Alpha and beta radiation levels have not been measured. As of September 2019, the site has been neither enclosed nor guarded and no radiation warning signs have been observed.[47][49][50]

Over 500 miles (800 km) away, tiny amounts of radioactive iodine, which were collected from 9–12 August, were detected at an air filter station in Svanhovd by Norway's nuclear safety authority.[51][52][53] The agency could not determine if the detection was linked to the accident, and, according to Reuters, such iodine measurements were not unusual as monitoring stations in Norway detected radioactive iodine about six to eight times a year and also were usually unable to determine the source of the isotope.[51]

Evacuation of population

[edit]

According to the local press, it was announced that about 450 inhabitants of the Nyonoksa village had to be evacuated by train for two hours on 14 August then this evacuation would have been canceled. According to The Moscow Times quoting RIA Novosti, residents of Nyonoksa will be evacuated each month by special train for two hours (early Wednesday morning) for planned military activities in the city; evacuation that according to a villager already exists: it is expected, everyone is taken from the village about once a month, even if some remained behind. But now, after the last events, I think everyone will leave. The governor of the Arkhangelsk region (Igor Orlov) denied that the evacuation was an emergency, saying it was a routine measure, already "planned".[33][54]

Reactions

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  •  Russia: Although initially denied, involvement of radioactive materials in the accident was later confirmed by Russian officials.[15] On 13 August, the authorities initiated evacuation of the village of Nyonoksa.[55] On 14 August the evacuation was cancelled.[56] On 26 August, Aleksei Karpov, Russia's envoy to international organizations in Vienna, stated that the accident was linked to the development of weapons which Russia had to begin creating as "one of the tit-for-tat measures in the wake of the United States’ withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty".[57] On 21 November, at the ceremony of presentation of posthumous awards to the dead men's families, Vladimir Putin stated that the scientists killed in the August 8th explosion had been testing an “unparalleled” weapon: “We are talking about the most advanced and unparalleled technical ideas and solutions about weapons design to ensure Russia’s sovereignty and security for decades to come". He also noted that the "weapon is to be perfected regardless of anything".[36][58][59] On 22 November 2019, Dmitry Peskov, Putin's Press Secretary, stated that the investigation into the explosion will not be made public.[60]
  •  U.S.: On 12 August a tweet from US president Donald Trump suggested that the accident was a failed Burevestnik test. In the tweet Burevestnik was referred to by its NATO reporting name "Skyfall".[citation needed] On 10 October, Thomas DiNanno, member of the United States delegation to the United Nations General Assembly First Committee, stated that the "August 8th 'Skyfall' incident [...] was the result of a nuclear reaction that occurred during the recovery of a Russian nuclear-powered cruise missile", which "remained on the bed of the White Sea since its failed test early last year".[61] On 14 October, three United States diplomats were removed from the Nyonoksa-Severodvinsk train; Russia accused the diplomats of attempting to enter the closed city of Severodvinsk without the official permission, stating the diplomats had told Russia they were visiting Arkhangelsk, which wasn't within a restricted zone, but then traveled to the closed area next to the test site.[62] The US Embassy in Russia and the State Department confirmed the incident, stating the diplomats were on official travel and had informed Russian authorities of their travel in advance.[62][63]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ On 27 December 2007, the Clinical Hospital No. 6 (Russian: Клиническая больница № 6) merged with the Institute of Biophysics of the FMBA of Russia (Russian: Институт биофизики ФМБА России) to become the SSC A. I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center (FMBC) which was named after Avetik Ignatevich Burnazyan (Russian: Аветик Игнатьевич Бурназян) and became the only Federal Medical Biophysical Center (FMBC) (Russian: ГНЦ Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А. И. Бурназяна ФМБА России) that specializes in contaminated persons exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation from radiological incidents such as at Mayak and Chernobyl.[27] Burnazyan is the flagship Russian medical center for biophysics, radiation and nuclear medicine and safety.[28]
  2. ^ As of August 2019, the Research Institute of Experimental Physics is a very large research complex with these institutes: theoretical and mathematical physics, gas dynamics and explosion physics, nuclear and radiation physics, laser physical research, and the Scientific and Technical Complex also known as the KB, which consists of KB-1 (nuclear charges), KB-2 (nuclear munitions), KB-3 (special security), and KB-12 (special topics).[31]
  3. ^ According to the head of Rosatom, Alexei Likhachev (Russian: Алексей Лихачев), the five Rosatom workers killed were Alexei Vyushin (Russian: Алексей Вьюшин), Evgeny Koratayev (Russian: Евгений Коротаев), Vyacheslav Lipshev (Russian: Вячеслав Липшев), Sergei Pichugin (Russian: Сергей Пичугин), and Vladislav Yanovsky (Russian: Владислав Яновский).[17][33][34] All of them were from the Scientific and Technical Complex (Russian: Научно-технический комплекс) design bureau 12 (KB-12) "special topics" (Russian: КБ-12 (специальная тематика)): Alexey Vyushin was a special hardware and software developer, Evgeny Koratayev was the lead engineer, Vyacheslav Lipshev led the research and development team, Sergey Pichugin was the test engineer, and Vladislav Yanovsky was the deputy head of the research and testing department.[31]
  4. ^ Verkhovka River (Russian: Река верховка) empties into Lake Nizhny (Russian: озеро Нижнее) which drains to the Nyonoksa River. The Nyonoksa River joins Lake Nizhny with the Dvina Bay of the White Sea.

References

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  1. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (10 August 2019). "Russia Confirms Radioactive Materials Were Involved in Deadly Blast". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  2. ^ Eckel, Mike (10 August 2019). "What Exactly Happened at Russian Missile Test Site?". VOA. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Russia explosion: Five confirmed dead in rocket blast". BBC News. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  4. ^ Panda, Ankit (6 February 2019). "Russia Conducts Test of Nuclear-Powered Cruise Missile: The test is the thirteenth to date to involve the experimental Burevestnik". Diplomat. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Macias, Amanda (21 August 2018). "Russia is preparing to search for a nuclear-powered missile that was lost at sea months ago after a failed test". CNBC. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  6. ^ "Putin's much-hyped nuclear-powered cruise missile still isn't working right as Russia restarts testing". Business Insider. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  7. ^ Panda, Ankit (23 August 2018). "Russia Readies Recovery Effort for Nuclear-Powered Cruise Missile, Lost at Sea in 2017: Russia is preparing to retrieve the wreckage of a nuclear-powered cruise missile from the Barents Sea". Diplomat. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  8. ^ Pickrell, Ryan (22 August 2018). "Putin lost his supposedly 'invulnerable' nuclear-powered missile at sea — now he has to go find it". Business Insider. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Kurtov, Mark; Dobrynin, Sergey; Eckel, Mike (30 August 2019). "Did A Botched Bid To Recover A Sunken Missile Cause The Russian Radiation Blast?". Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  10. ^ a b c Soukup, Ondřej (6 September 2019). "Nová teorie jaderné havárie: Radiaci uvolnila podvodní exploze, naznačují satelity" [New nuclear accident theory: Underwater explosions released radiation, satellites suggest]. Aktuálně.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  11. ^ a b Dobrynin, Sergey; Krutov, Mark (3 September 2019). ""Была настоящая паника". Нёнокса: продолжение расследования" ["There was real panic." Nyonoksa: continued investigation]. Svoboda (in Russian). Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  12. ^ a b Isachenkov, Vladimir (14 August 2019). "Mysterious missile explosion, radiation spike in Russia raises questions". Star-Advertiser. Honolulu. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  13. ^ Roth, Andrew (10 August 2019). "Russian nuclear agency confirms role in rocket test explosion". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  14. ^ Johnson, Reuben (15 August 2019). "How Russia Is Tempting Fate—And the Next Chernobyl". The Bulwark. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
  15. ^ a b Kramer, Andrew E. (10 August 2019). "Russia Confirms Radioactive Materials Were Involved in Deadly Blast". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  16. ^ Landay, Jonathan (10 August 2019). "U.S.-based experts suspect Russia blast involved nuclear-powered missile". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
  17. ^ a b c d Leviev, Ruslan (12 August 2019). В гибели сотрудников «Росатома» может быть виноват «Буревестник»: доказательства версии [The death of Rosatom employees may be to blame for the Petrel: evidence of the version]. citeam.org (in Russian). Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  18. ^ "Is Russia's Doomsday Missile Fake News?". Foreign Policy. 22 August 2019.
  19. ^ Michael Kofman (15 August 2019). "Mystery explosion at Nenoksa test site: it's probably not Burevestnik".
  20. ^ Macias, Amanda (21 August 2019). "US intel report says mysterious Russian explosion was triggered by recovery mission of nuclear-powered missile, not a test". CNBC. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  21. ^ "New data sheds further light on description of incidents reported in North-Russia". NORSAR. 23 August 2019. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019.
  22. ^ Ackeret, Markus (22 August 2019). "Was inzwischen zum Nuklearunfall am Weissen Meer bekannt ist – und warum es ein schlechtes Licht auf die Behörden wirft". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  23. ^ Gershkovich, Evan (16 August 2019). "Russian Doctors Say They Weren't Warned Patients Were Nuclear Accident Victims". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  24. ^ ""I ate Fukushima crabs": they explained to the doctor who treated the injured at Nenoxa the infection with a radioactive isotope". Novaya Gazeta. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  25. ^ a b c Englund, Will. "Two victims of mysterious Russian missile blast died of radiation sickness, report says". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  26. ^ Fedschun, Travis (18 August 2019). "Russia nuclear missile explosion caused 2 workers to die of radiation sickness, report say". Fox News. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  27. ^ "History of the Federal Medical Biophysical Center (FMBC)" (in Russian). Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  28. ^ "Пострадавшие в Северодвинске доставлены в Москву. Ими занимаются специалисты по ядерной медицине" [The victims in Severodvinsk delivered to Moscow. They were sent to specialists in nuclear medicine.]. Fontaka.ru (in Russian). 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  29. ^ a b "ИА "Северные новости": Врачам больницы, куда привезли раненых после взрыва в Белом море, не сказали о радиации" [Northern News News Agency: The doctors of the hospital where the injured after the explosion in the White Sea were brought were not told about radiation]. Fontaka.ru (in Russian). Severdnoi Novosti. 13 August 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  30. ^ a b "В Архангельске, в связи со взрывом, засекретили хирургическое отделение АОКБ" [In Arkhangelsk, in connection with the explosion, the surgical department of AOKB was classified] (in Russian). Severdnoi Novosti. 13 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  31. ^ a b c d Popova, Nadezhda (14 August 2019). ""Кое-какеры" из Росатома" ["Something-doers" from Rosatom]. Moscow Post (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  32. ^ a b "Russian nuclear engineers buried after 'Skyfall nuclear' blast: Experts link the explosion to the Burevestnik nuclear-powered cruise missile touted by President Putin in March 2018". Al Jazeera. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  33. ^ a b "What We Know About Russia's Mysterious Rocket Explosion So Far". The Moscow Times. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  34. ^ ""Росатом" показал фотографии погибших при испытании ракеты сотрудников" [Rosatom showed photographs of employees killed in a rocket test]. RBC (in Russian). 12 August 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  35. ^ "Meeting with families of employees killed during tests near Severodvinsk: The President posthumously awarded Orders of Courage to the widows of the employees who died during the tests of a missile engine near Severodvinsk". The Kremlin. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  36. ^ a b "Путин рассказал о погибших в Северодвинске, создававших уникальное оружие". RIA Novosti (in Russian). 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  37. ^ a b Foy, Henry (16 August 2019). "Mystery surrounds explosion at Russia military site". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  38. ^ "Russian village evacuation as rocket blast sparks radiation fears: Nyonoksa residents asked to leave within a day after last week's explosion that spiked radiation levels up to 16 times". Al Jazeera. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  39. ^ "Превышение было: Росгидромет опубликовал данные по излучению в Северодвинске в день взрыва в Нёноксе: Доза гамма-излучения была превышена в 4–16 раз" [The excess was: Roshydromet published data on radiation in Severodvinsk on the day of the explosion in Nyonoksa: The dose of gamma radiation was exceeded 4-16 times]. 29.RU (in Russian). 12 August 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  40. ^ "Russians buy up iodine in Arctic rocket radiation scare". BBC News. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  41. ^ "The excess was: Roshydromet published data on radiation in Severodvinsk on the day of the explosion in Nenoksa". 29.ru. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  42. ^ Kuznets, Dmitry. "Russian officials have openly acknowledged the country's August 8 nuclear blast. Why did they turn off four nuclear monitoring stations anyway?". Meduza. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  43. ^ Zerbo, Lassina. "Lassina Zerbo". Twitter. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  44. ^ a b Nilsen, Thomas (26 August 2019). "Isotopes composition proves a reactor was involved in Nenoksa accident, expert says: Analyses of the radionuclides in the fallout over Severodvinsk show several isotopes that would not have been present if was a simple Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) in the explosion". The Barents Observer. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  45. ^ Пешков, Ю.В., Об аварийном, экстремально высоком и высоком загрязнении окружающей среды и выявленных случаях изменения радиационной обстановки на территории Российской Федерации в период с 10 по 23 августа 2019 года [About accidental, extremely high and high environmental pollution and detected cases of changes in the radiation situation in the Russian Federation in the period from August 10 to 23, 2019], «РосГидроМет» (Roshydromet), retrieved 26 August 2019
  46. ^ a b "Взрыв в Нёноксе: факты и версии" [Nyonoksa explosion: facts and versions]. Belomorkanal (Russian: «Беломорканал») TV29.RU (The White Sea Channel) (in Russian). Severodvinsk. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  47. ^ a b c "Эхо взрыва 8 августа. В Нёноксе до сих пор неспокойно" [The echo of the explosion on August 8th. In Nyonoksa is still restless]. Belomorkanal (Russian: «Беломорканал») TV29.RU (The White Sea Channel) (in Russian). Severodvinsk. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  48. ^ "Замер радиации в Нёноксе" [Measurement of radiation in Nyonoksa]. Belomorkanal (Russian: «Беломорканал») TV29.RU (The White Sea Channel) (in Russian). Severodvinsk. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  49. ^ a b Брицкая, Татьяна (Britskaya, Tatyana) (2 September 2019). "СМИ: у Неноксы после взрыва брошены радиоактивные понтоны, излучение в 10 раз выше нормы" [Media: At Nyonoksa after the explosion threw radioactive pontoons, radiation 10 times higher than normal] (in Russian). Новая газета. Retrieved 3 September 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ "Radiation levels still surging at pontoons damaged in Russia's mysterious missile-test explosion". Meduza. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  51. ^ a b "Norway detects radioactive iodine by Russian border days after blast". Reuters. 15 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
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  63. ^ "US diplomats held near Russian rocket test site". BBC. BBC. 16 October 2019.
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