Operation Alberich

Operation Alberich/Unternehmen Alberich
Part of World War I
New front line after Operation Alberich
Date 9 February – 20 March 1917 (withdrawal from 16–20 March) Location Picardy, France 49°30′N 02°50′E Result German victory
Belligerents
Britain Australia United Kingdom France	Germany
Commanders and leaders
Douglas Haig Hubert Gough Henry Rawlinson	Erich Ludendorff Crown Prince Rupprecht Fritz von Below

Operation Alberich (Unternehmen Alberich) was the codename of a German military operation in France during World War I. It was a planned withdrawal to new positions on the shorter, more easily defended Hindenburg Line, which took place between 9 February and 20 March 1917 and eliminated the two salients which had been formed in 1916, between Arras and Saint-Quentin and from Saint-Quentin to Noyon, during the Battle of the Somme. The British referred to it as the German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line but the operation was a strategic withdrawal rather than a retreat.

Prelude

Soon after taking over from Erich von Falkenhayn as Chief of the General Staff in at the end of August 1916, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, First [Generalquartiermeister] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ordered the building of a new defensive line, east of the Somme battlefront from Arras to Laon. Ludendorff was unsure as to whether retreating to the [Siegfriedstellung] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Hindenburg Line) was the best thing to do, since withdrawing might diminish the morale of German soldiers and civilians. An offensive was considered if enough reserves could be assembled in the new year. A study suggested that seventeen divisions might be made available but that this was far too few for a decisive effect in the west. Ludendorff accepted the plan after representations by Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, commander of Army Group Rupprecht (1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th armies, from the Somme front to the North Sea coast) over the objections of the 1st and 2nd Army commanders.

Other options, such as a shorter withdrawal were also canvassed but lack of manpower made the decision inevitable, since even with reinforcements from the Eastern Front, the German army in the west numbered only 154 divisions against 190 Allied, many of which were larger. A move back to the Hindenburg Line [(Siegfried Stellung)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) would shorten the front by 40–45 kilometres (25–28 mi) and require 13 fewer divisions. The order for the withdrawal to begin was issued on 16 March. Rupprecht was appalled by the scale and methods proposed for a scorched earth policy and contemplated resignation, then concluded that it might suggest a rift had developed between Bavaria and the rest of Germany.

Operation

The operation began on 9 February 1917 throughout the area to be abandoned. Railways and roads were dug up, trees were felled, water wells were polluted, towns and villages were destroyed and a large number of mines and other booby-traps were planted. About 125,000 able-bodied French civilians in the region, were transported to work elsewhere in occupied France, while children, mothers and the elderly were left behind with minimal rations. On 4 March, General Louis Franchet d'Espèrey, commander of [Groupe d'armées du Nord] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (GAN: northern army group), advocated an attack, while the Germans were preparing to retreat. Robert Nivelle, Commander-in-Chief of the French armies, approved only a limited attack, to capture the German front position and a possible opportunity significantly to upset the German withdrawal was lost. The withdrawal took place from 16–20 March, with a retirement of about 40 kilometres (25 mi), giving up more French territory than that gained by the Allies from September 1914, until the beginning of the operation.

Aftermath

Analysis

Orchard near Etreillers cut down during the withdrawal. The British exploited such propaganda opportunities

By evacuating the Noyon and Bapaume salients, the German front was shortened by 25 miles (40 km), 14 fewer German divisions were needed for line holding and Allied plans for the spring were seriously disrupted. The operation is considered to have been a propaganda disaster for Germany, due to the scorched earth policy but also one of the shrewdest defensive actions of the war. During periods of fine weather in October 1916, British reconnaissance flights had reported new defences being built far behind the Somme front; on 9 November a formation of eight photographic reconnaissance aircraft and eight escorts reported a new line of defences, from Bourlon Wood north to Quéant, Bullecourt, the Sensée river, Héninel and the German third line near Arras. Two other lines closer to the front were observed as they were dug ([R. I Stellung] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) and [R. II Stellung] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) from Ablainzevelle to west of Bapaume and Roquigny, with a branch from Achiet-le-Grand to Beugny and Ytres.

Some authorities hold that British aerial reconnaissance failed to detect the construction of the Hindenburg line or the German preparations for the troop withdrawal but in 2004, Beach concluded that evidence of German intentions had been collected but that German deception caused unremarkable information to be gleaned from intermittent air reconnaissance. Frequent bad flying weather over the winter and that the Germans had dug new defences behind existing fortifications several times during the Somme battle, led to British intelligence misinterpreting the information. In late December 1916, reports from witnesses, led to British and French air reconnaissance sorties further to the south and in mid-January 1917, British intelligence concluded that a new line was being built from Arras to Laon. By February the line was known to be near completion and by 25 February, local withdrawals on the British Fifth Army front in the Ancre valley and prisoner interrogation, led the British to anticipate a gradual German withdrawal to the new line.

Mine crater in the road through Athies, Pas-de-Calais intended to impede the British

The first intimation that the British received that a withdrawal had begun, was when British patrols probing German outposts found them unoccupied. They then began a slow follow-up but unreadiness, the destruction of all transport routes and the Germans advantage of falling back on prepared lines, behind rearguards of machine-gunners, meant that the Germans completed an orderly withdrawal. The British eventually found themselves facing a far more formidable German defensive position than they had after the Somme battles, as the Germans once again occupied all the higher and more strategically important positions, overlooking lower ground on which the Allies had to dig in and attack from during the Nivelle Offensive in April.

References

Books

• Beach, J. M. (2004). British Intelligence and the German Army 1914–1918 (PhD). London: London University. OCLC 500051492. Retrieved 4 December 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Jones, H. A. (2002) [1928]. The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force (PDF). Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. ISBN 1-84342-413-4. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
• Simkins, P.; Jukes, G.; Hickey, M. (2003). The First World War: The War to End All Wars. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-738-7.
• Sheldon, J. (2009). The German Army at Cambrai. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-944-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Websites

• Rickard, J. (2001). "Robert Georges Nivelle (1856–1924), French General". History of War. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Further reading

Books

• Die Kriegsführung im Frühjahr 1917 [Warfare in the Spring of 1917]. Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918 Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande [The World War 1914–1918 Military Operations on Land]. Vol. XII (Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich ed.). Berlin: Mittler. 2012 [1939]. OCLC 719270698. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
• Foley, R. T. (2007). "The Other Side of the Wire: The German Army in 1917". In Dennis, P.; Grey, G. (eds.). 1917: Tactics, Training and Technology. Loftus, NSW: Australian History Military Publications. pp. 155–178. ISBN 978-0-9803-7967-9.
• Haig, D. (2009) [1907]. Cavalry Studies: Strategical and Tactical (General Books ed.). London: Hugh Rees. ISBN 0-21796-199-1. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
• Sheldon, J. (2015). The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-78346-345-9.
• Smith, L.; Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane; Becker, A. (2003). France and the Great War, 1914–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66631-7.

Encyclopaedias

• Tucker, S. C.; Roberts, P. M., eds. (2005). The Encyclopaedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-420-2.
• The Times History of the War (PDF). Vol. XII. London: The Times. 1914–1921. OCLC 475617679. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

External links

• The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line