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Operation Aspides

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Operation Aspides
Part of Red Sea crisis, Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
Date19 February 2024 – present
(9 months and 4 days)
Location
Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Yemen
Result Ongoing
Belligerents

 European Union

 Yemen (SPC)

Commanders and leaders

Unified Command
Josep Borrell
OCdr Vasileios Gryparis[1]
FCdr Commodore Massimo Bonu

National leaders
Alexander De Croo
Emmanuel Macron
Olaf Scholz
Kyriakos Mitsotakis

Giorgia Meloni

Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
Mohamed al-Atifi
Mahdi al-Mashat

Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour
Strength

1 Destroyer
1 Joint support ship
2 Frigates

Various aerial assets		 Yemen Unclear (see Houthi armed strength)
Casualties and losses

12 UAVs
1 USV

(As of 19 May 2024) [2]

Operation Aspides, also known as EUNAVFOR Aspides, is an EU military operation in response to Houthi engagements with international shipping in the Red Sea.[3] Named after the Greek word for shields, Operation Aspides—unlike the US-led Operation Prosperity Guardian—is a "purely defensive" mission to increase maritime surveillance in the region, provide escort to merchant vessels, and defend against strikes.[4]

Background

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See also: List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Yemen

Since the start of the Israel–Gaza war, the Houthi movement has engaged with and boarded certain ships passing through the Red Sea, as a response to the Israeli attacks in Gaza and the rest of Palestine since October.[5]

Since the beginning of the conflict up to February 2024, at least four EU country-flagged ships have been struck by the Houthis.[6][7][8][9]

Mission

[edit]

On 8 February 2024, EU member states took a decision in the Council of the European Union to start Operation Aspides, which was to begin on 19 February and last one year, with its base of operations being in Greece and with a Hellenic Navy officer being in charge of operations.[10][11]

According to the European External Action Service, the purpose of the operation is to protect merchant vessels against strikes, to accompany them and to reinforce maritime situational awareness in the region.[12] It thus has a "purely defensive" mandate, something which has also been underlined by EU officials, in contrast to the US-led Operation Prosperity Guardian.[13] The mission is instructed to coordinate closely with Operation Atalanta, another EU-led naval mission in the wider region.[1]

The EUNAVFOR ASPIDES Area of Operations – AOO, according with its mandate, comprise the Baab al-Mandab Straits and the Strait of Hormuz, as well as international waters in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf.[14]

Force structure

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Operation Headquarter

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EUNAVFOR Aspides is led by the Operation Commander, Rear Admiral Vasileios Gryparis HN. He was appointed as Operation Commander on 8 February 2024 and promoted to Rear Admiral on 2 March 2024.[14]

The operational headquarters of EUNAVFOR ASPIDES is the Hellenic European Union Operational Headquarters (EL EU OHQ) in Larissa, Greece.[15][1] The European External Action Service has indicated that 130 staff officers will be based in the operational headquarters.[12]

On 22 February, the Government of Sweden announced that Sweden would be sending some military personnel to participate in Operation Aspides. Sweden will initially send four staff officers with the possibility to increase the number to ten.[16][17] On 8 March, Finland made a decision to participate in the operation by sending a maximum of five soldiers with staff duties, in addition to dispatching up to two soldiers with similar responsibilities to Operation Prosperity Guardian.[18] On 28 March, the government of Estonia announced that one member of the Estonian Defence Forces will participate in the operation.[19] Similarly, the Latvian National Armed Forces have also been greenlighted to participate in the operation.[20]

Force Command

[edit]

The Force Commander (FCdr) exercises command and control of all military forces in the area of operation. He and his staff are operating from a flagship in the Red Sea. Since 8 August 2024, the Force Commander is Italian Commodore Massimo Bonu serving aboard Italian destroyer Andrea Doria.[21] The post was first held by Italian Rear Admiral Stefano Costantino, based on the Italian destroyer Caio Duilio, and from 29 April on the Italian frigate Virginio Fasan.[22][1][23] From 15 June 2024, Netherlands Commodore George Pastoor took over the role, serving from on board the Netherlands joint support ship Karel Doorman till 8 August 2024.[24]

Ships currently participating in Operation Aspides
Ship Nationality Class Notes Reference
Andrea Doria  Italian Navy Destroyer Entered the area of operations on 20 July 2024, replacing Italian frigate Virginio Fasan, serving as Flagship since 8 August 2024. [25][21]
Forbin  French Navy Frigate Entered the area of operations in June 2024. [26]
Chevalier Paul  French Navy Frigate [27]
Psara  Hellenic Navy Frigate Replaces Hydra, arrived in the area of operations in June 2024. [28][29][30]
Ships previously participating in Operation Aspides
Ship Nationality Class Notes Reference
Caio Duilio  Italian Navy Destroyer Served as operation flagship until 29 April. [31][22]
Virginio Fasan Frigate Deployed under operation Aspides from 19 April to 20 July, serving as operation flagship from 29 April to 15 June under Italian Rear Admiral Stefano Costantino. [32][22][25]
Federico Martinengo Frigate - [32]
Hessen  German Navy Frigate Embarks two Sea Lynx Mk88A. Left the area of operations on 21 April 2024 after a successful deployment. [33][34][35][36]
Louise-Marie  Belgian Navy Frigate Embarking an NH90. Scheduled to transit the Suez Canal on April 12, deployment postponed due to failed operational and technical tests while transiting the Mediterranean Sea, including an incident where a RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missile was reportedly "stuck" in its launch tube. On 27 April, the issues were resolved and Louise-Marie set course for the area of operations. Louise Marie remained in the area of operations until departing in late June 2024. [37][34][38][39][40][30]
Hydra  Hellenic Navy Frigate In the area of operations from April to June, replaced by HS Psara. [34][23]
Languedoc  French Navy Frigate - [41]
Alsace Frigate - [42]
Tromp  Royal Netherlands Navy Frigate Embarking an NH90. Was deployed under Operation Prosperity Guardian for 25 days from late March 2024 to late April 2024 while en route to the Indo-Pacific, delivering "associated support" for Operation Aspides. During the deployment, Tromp was once raised to general quarters, the first such incident in the Royal Netherlands Navy since the Yugoslav Wars. [43][44]
Karel Doorman Joint support ship Served as operation flagship from 15 June to 8 August 2024.
Deployed from May to August under operation Aspides, embarking a Eurocopter AS532 Cougar and a Swedish surgical team, and delivering "associated support" for Operation Prosperity Guardian.
Deployment to the Red Sea was delayed in early May due to technical issues with the Goalkeeper CIWS, extending its stay in Crete Naval Base for several days, departing for the area of operations on 10 May.		 [45][46][47][48]
[49][50][24][21]

Timeline of events

[edit]

On 27 February 2024, the German frigate Hessen engaged and destroyed two Houthi drones.[51]

On 2 March, the Greek frigate Hydra passed the Suez Canal to join the operation in the Red Sea.[23] On the same day, the Italian destroyer Caio Duilio shot down a Houthi missile over the Red Sea. The missile was within 4 miles (6.4 km) of the destroyer when it was shot down.[52] On 12 March, the Italian Ministry of Defense reported that the Caio Duilio had shot down two Houthi drones in self-defense.[53]

On 13 March, the Greek frigate Hydra shot down two Houthi drones.[54][55]

On 12 April, Belgian frigate Louise-Marie failed technical operational tests in the Mediterranean Sea while en route to the area of operations, delaying her deployment indefinitely. The test failures reportedly included a case where a RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missile got "stuck" in its launch tube.[38][39]

On 20 March, a French Navy helicopter deployed in the area of the Gulf of Aden, the Strait of Bab el-Mandeb and the Red Sea to fight against the Houthi rebels shot down a drone, the first time this had happened.[56]

On 21 March, a German Navy Sea Lynx Mk88A helicopter engaged and destroyed an uncrewed surface vessel (USV) when it approached a civilian convoy under tow.[35] On the same day, the French frigate Alsace shot down three Houthi ballistic missiles.[57]

As of 26 March, the French had fired 22 Aster missiles.[58]

On 6 April, the German frigate Hessen intercepted a missile launched from Houthi-controlled territory.[59]

On 25 April, the Greek frigate Hydra fired shots at two drones as part of its mission in the Gulf of Aden. According to reports, the incident occurred while the frigate was deployed to protect a merchant vessel in the maritime route. The Greek frigate reportedly shot at two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using its 127 mm cannon: one drone was shot down, and the other altered course away from the merchant vessel.[60]

On 27 April, the issues affecting the deployment of Belgian frigate Louise-Marie were resolved, and the ship set course to the area of operations in the Red Sea.[40]

On 8 May, the Netherlands Ministry of Defence announced Karel Doorman was suffering from technical issues with one of its weapons systems, delaying the deployment into the Red Sea. Independent reports confirmed the issues were with the Goalkeeper CIWS, which was deemed fully operational upon departure from the Netherlands on 21 April. After departing Crete Naval Base on 2 May, the vessel was spotted there again on 4 May, where it awaited repairs until setting sail for the area of operations on 10 May.[49][48][50]

On 13 June, the merchant vessel Verbena was struck by a Houthi missile attack. A heavily wounded crewmember was evacuated to Karel Doorman for medical treatment.[61]

On 15 June, Force Command transitioned from Italian Rear Admiral Stefano Costantino to Dutch Commodore George Pastoor, serving the role from aboard Karel Doorman.[24]

On 7 July, the Greek frigate Psara repelled a Houthi-launched drone strike of four drones, downing two of them.[62][63]

On 20 July, the Italian destroyer Andrea Doria joined the area of operations, replacing the departing Italian frigate Virginio Fasan[25]

On 8 August, command transitioned from Dutch Commodore George Pastoor aboard Karel Doorman, departing the area, to Italian Commodore Massimo Bonu aboard Italian destroyer Andrea Doria.[21]

On 21 August 2024, the entire crew of the tanker Sounion was rescued while the ship was drifting about 77 nautical miles to the west of Al Hudaydah port, using the French frigate Chevalier Paul to evacuate the crew to nearby Djibouti on 22 August 2024.[27] While engaged in rescue operations, the Chevalier Paul sighted an approaching Houthi explosive boat and successfully engaged and destroyed it with the frigate's 20 mm Narwhal guns.[64]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Security and freedom of navigation in the Red Sea: Council launches EUNAVFOR ASPIDES". www.consilium.europa.eu. Council of the European Union. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  2. ^ "Great day for the Freedom of Navigation". European Union Naval Force - Operation Aspides. Retrieved 24 May 2024 – via Facebook.
  3. ^ "Aspides mission officially established". Agence Europe. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  4. ^ "Greece takes helm in EU naval mission in the Red Sea". hurriyetdailynews. 27 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
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  6. ^ Bray, Julian; Guerry, Yannick (2023-11-25). "Second Israeli-owned ship attacked by Iran-backed forces as shadow war intensifies". TradeWinds. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  7. ^ Gambrell, Jon (2023-12-12). "A missile fired by Yemen's Houthi rebels strikes a Norwegian-flagged tanker in the Red Sea". AP News. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
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  10. ^ Uysal, Selin (16 February 2024). "The EU's New Red Sea Naval Mission: Implications and Challenges". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  11. ^ Rose, Sunniva (2024-02-15). "EU's Aspides mission to the Red Sea will be based in Greece". The National. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
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  15. ^ "EUROPEAN COUNCIL LAUNCHES "EUNAVFOR ASPIDES"". eleuohq.mil.gr. HELLENIC EUROPEAN UNION OPERATIONS HEADQUARTERS. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  16. ^ Nyheter, S. V. T. (2024-02-22). "Svensk militär ska skickas till Röda havet". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-02-22.
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  44. ^ Karreman, Jaime (24 April 2024). "Zr.Ms. Tromp één keer naar 'gevechtswacht' in verband met mogelijke aanval". Marineschepen.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
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  48. ^ a b Karreman, Jaime (8 May 2024). "Zr.Ms. Karel Doorman nog niet naar Rode Zee door problemen wapensysteem". Marineschepen.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
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  51. ^ "Rotes Meer: Fregatte »Hessen« wehrt ersten Huthi-Angriff ab". spiegel.de (in German). Der Spiegel. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  52. ^ Wintour, Patrick (3 March 2024). "Italian warship forced to shoot down Houthi missile in Red Sea". The Observer.
  53. ^ "La nave Duilio abbatte due droni nel mar Rosso". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 2024-03-12. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024.
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  55. ^ "Greek Navy's Hydra class frigate Hydra shoots down 2 Houthi drones". Navy Naval News Navy Recognition. 2024-03-13. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
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  57. ^ Vavasseur, Xavier (2024-03-21). "French Navy Air Defense FREMM Intercepts 3 Ballistic Missiles". Naval News.
  58. ^ "Economie de guerre : En coulisses, le fabricant du canon Caesar a mis les bouchées doubles". 26 March 2024.
  59. ^ "German military vessel intercepts Houthi missile in Red Sea". Reuters. 6 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
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  61. ^ @EUNAVFORASPIDES (14 June 2024). "On June 13, an air medvac was conducted..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2024-06-16. Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via Twitter.
  62. ^ "Zr.Ms. Karel Doorman levert hulp bij afwenden drone-aanval in Golf van Aden (video)". Defensie.nl (in Dutch). 8 July 2024. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  63. ^ EUNAVFOR ASPIDES [@EUNAVFORASPIDES] (7 July 2024). "On July 7 2024 in the Gulf of Aden, HS PSARA, while providing close protection to a merchant vessel, engaged 4 UAVs which were posing a significant threat to the freedom of navigation" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024 – via Twitter.
  64. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (2024-08-22). "Mer Rouge : Une frégate française a détruit un drone de surface qui menaçait le pétrolier grec M/V Sounion". Zone Militaire (in French). Retrieved 2024-08-22.
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